1Vol: XXX

PM's New 20-PointProgramme

The Prime Minister, Mrs. Indira Gandhi has commended to thenation a new 20-point Programme. Under this Programme, it isproposed to :,1 Increase irrigation potential, develop and. disseminate tech-

nologies and inputs for dry land agriculture ..

2 Make specia:I. efforts to increase production of pulses andvegetable oil seeds.

3 .Strengthen and expand coverage of Integrated Rural Develop-ment and National Rural Employment Programmes.

4 Implement agricultural land ceilings, distribute' surplus landand complete compilation of land records by removing alladministrative and legal obstacles.

5 Review and effectively enforce minimmu wages for agriCulturallabour. '

6 Rehabilitate bonded labour.

7 Accelerate programmes for the development of ScheduledCastes and Tribes.

8 Supply drinking water to' all problem villages.

9 Allothouse"sites to rural families who are without them andexpand programmes for construction assistance to thein.

. . - I

10 Improve the environment of slums, implement programmes. of house building for economically weaker sections, and takemeasures to arrest unwarranted increase in land prices.

(Continued on Cover III)

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,In this iss~c ;"'e,carry~n';anaiyiicalstudy on equit-ablc distribution"';,f irrig~tiori"water. We hope ourreaders, will ,lind t)lis study informativc and enlightening.

.The optimum utilization' of the irrigation potcntial.ciealed' at the: cost of 'hundreds' of-.crores of rupees is. essential for alround agricultural-development in thecountry. It is. not merely enough to provide addi-. tional; irrigation potential; it, is equally important that

.' "the 'water available is,scientifically and equitably utiliz-ed. Unfortunately, this aspect has 'not been given as'much impi:>rtance:iTt' our schewe of things as it shouldhave been.'" Lack 6f -adequate water . managementplanning has led to wastage of a big percentage of

"water'resourc.es 'which .couldhavc helped in increasing:agricultural :production a'rid.prosperity. There is anurgent n~ed to adopt a most scientific and cquitable

"'system' bf' distributing' and"'utilizing irrigation watcrtd' eliminate unproductiye use of water.

.IRRIGATiON IS the basic requisite of agricultural pro-ductivity. Adequate and timely availability. of irri,

gation not only provides an insurance against the fai-. lurc or. delay 'of mon~oons but also promotcs thegrowth of crops and adds to the efficient use of agri-cullural inputs like fertilizers, improved seeds etc. Irri-gation is thus vital to agricultural productivity and hasa direct bearing on raising the living standards of ourfarmers, 'j " : I,

. Realising the importance of irrigation in develop-ing our agricultural productivity; large amounts havebeen spent on increasing the irrigation potential. Thetotal investment on irrigation development till the endof Fifth Plan has bee'n Rs. 9,282 crores. As a result,there has .been tremendous -increase in "the irrigationpotential and the irrigated area has gonc up from 2.26crores hectares in 1950-51 to 5.85 crores hectares in1978-79. ' Even this is less than one-third of the totalcropped area in the country. '

.Editorial

.. ~ .The most recent development Ln.this direction is the

introductio'll (,f' warabandi .or rotational water supplysystem which is presently. ,.being trie,d in AndhraPradesh. Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat andPunJab.:' This system 'ensute~ adequatc, timely and

.,. ,dependable. 'supply of. w.ater to all farmers irrespectiveof the location .of.nie;r farm:'holdin~s and their socio-economic -st_~tus~ancCat Mth~"same,time provides scien-

. tilic a'nd eql!itable. ;ljstrib,ution' of,w~ter thus minimis-ing the wastage of wate~ -alid" farmers; time.

.. ".' . . ,"

" '.CONTENTS

. .I

'.

Navin Chandra 105"iA CASE FOR RURAL INDUSTRIALI:

SATIONV. C. Sinha

SELLING FAMILY PLANNIN~TO,TRIBALS

K. K. Sundaram, R.' DTianii~pani ~na'. N. Nf1rlly,!na~wamy

BOOK REVIEWBadar Alam ,Iqba'

TitE\; SHOW THE WAY' .. ' ..... '....

EDITORS, (MRS.) RATNA IUNEJA

ASSn. EDITORSN. N. SHARMA

SU~EDlTOR' .'... "PAiiAMJEET"(;;'SINGff

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New.Delhi.lIOOOITel: 387983

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dia's lournal' of rural development)

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-rullshetr.

222-1-

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17

I :~.:. . '-,~.EQUiTABLE DISTRiBUTION OF. . :,. lRRI(;ATION WATER

.~ '"*' ... /: '.,{ '. .'. .' - M. Veilkata Reddy9 .' .....FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT,IN

INTEGRATED RURAL. DEVELOPMENT, ' - B:L.Si:J!1

13..; llOW FARES THE COMMUNITY T.V.,:.. ' ".' B. Subralmianyam and Sai Prasad A'ahari14 PRIORITY CREDIT UNDER THE D.R.!,

, SCHEME

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.I

THE: ~uRP6sE of irrigation is to provide soil'mois-ture in adequate quantities in the, immediatevicinity of plant roots. This purpose, will be defC'atedif correct amount of water is not applied. Excess ofwater may result in salinity and insufficient watcr will'reduce soil moisture level resulting in low yields ofcrops: Water: use,. in terms of net requirement, giosswat,:r application, irrigation frequency and period. has

,Data are drawn from one of the projects, namely,"Land Development and Water Management" under--taken by the Command Area Studies Unit of Institutefor Social 'and Economic Change, Bangalore. Asample of 174 farmers under one distributory in Mala-prabha Command Area is considered for examining'water distribution problems.

In~tituiefor Social and Economic Change, Bangalorc

Warabandi system

W ARABA'NDI could be an appropriate and effective, ,: 'system for obtaining' egalitarian distribution ofirrigation' benefits. It is nothing but rotational water.,supply and is riot alien, to Indian fanner. The signi-ficance, however, lies in ensuring adequate, timely;anddependable water supply to all the farmers irresp~c-

, tive of their farm location.

, '

The broad objective of this paper is to study, the, 'impact of improper distribution of, water on cro,p

yields. The views of farmers on existing wa.ter distri-bution system in an outlet command and their 'aware.ness 'of' water management and willingness to ,followa ncw' system are, highlighted. The problems ofimplementing, Warabandi to avoid unequal distribu-tion and achieve egalj~a:rian benefits are discussed.

lRobert -Chambers, Canal Irrigaiion Management in l;/dia:'Some Areas for Action,- Analysis ani Research:. ,

.Equitable distributionirrigation wat'

Jn the .distribution network of an irrigation project,outlet'is a pivot",l point for implementing water mana'gement.1 It is' at this' po}nt where "irrigation bureau-cracyends and 'farmers' responsibility begins. Distri-bution of ,water below an outlet; essentially, is theresponsIbility of all concerried farmers, It is here amulti-pronged built-in socio,economic orders' of. thesociety operate, causing improper distribution of water.A systematic multi-disciplinary approach is essentialto overc~me plausible hurdles in implementing ascientific method to achieve equity in available water

. utilisation."., .

"

T"HE GROWTH OF agricultural production is inexo-, Jably itiferlinked wi1h irrigafionpotential, be-cansc of' the limited' availability' of', additional landsto bring under cultivation. 'Irrigation ,generally in-cwases productivity per unit of inputs and -intensity of.cropping as well as facilitates cUltivation of those highvalue crops that could not be cultivated under dryconditions, Even so, it may not be 'possible to" ensure'

" maximum economically and socially desired retutnswithout proper distribution and management of avail-able water resources. ,Improper di,slribution may.!eadtoexcessive use of water by head-reach and influential'farmers depriving the legitimate right of those at thet",il-end of an outlet command. Insecurity of watersupply is"likely to result in a vicious circle Of low in-put use, low productivity and hence low incomewidening economic inequalities. Thus there is animperative n,eed to study a suitable system for obtain-ing' equal distribiJtiOll ensuring ma,ximum returns perunit of available water.

4 KURUKSHETRA February 1, 1982

Cotton

higher .yield~_ A large percentage of famiers, espe-cially those growing Maize (62%). Wheat (25%) andCotton (78%) gave greater number of irrigations thadrequired and wasted valuable water.

Cultivators. who have given inad~quate n~mber. of. irrigati

and. also 'adopt a neW system to solve water dIstribu-tion problems ..

It is interesting to find thal.97 per cent olthe far.mers have an inclination to learn and adopt scientifiewater managcment practices. In a reeent visit to theregion under study, it has been observed that quite afew farmers have shown their concern against low pro-ductivity of a few crops, especially wheat and cotton.Even so, they use more water, as water rate is fixedon p;o rata 'basis of the area owned by a farmer, irres-p'eetive of the quantity used. lt was to1d that advan;tageously located, espeeially top end, farmers normallywill not be present at ti,e time of irrigating their fi.elds,. After diverting water into theirjilots they go away andattend 10 some other works. The result is wastage,of 'water, after' covering the plot, through escape todrains.' Stoppage of water in the absence of concern- .ed farmer by another needy person leads t6 conflictsbetween farmers.

The table reveals yet another i~teresting aspeet offarmer;' reaction .. As high as 83 per cent ,of sample.farmers are aware of Warabondi concept. What theymean 'by Warabandi is using water by turns. It.appea~s that a system cailcd as "roaster irrigationsystem" had been tried in the initial stages of irrigationin the region. This system, however, could not be-come popular due to administrative lapses, resistanCe(and violation by big and influential farmers. Perpetualscarcity of water foi t~ilend farmers, long hours ofwaiting io irrigate even small plots, water disputes Hlldquarrels have made farmers realise the need: for achange in water d~str~bution syst~m"

Many eultivators are not satisfied with the presentwater distribution system (59%)., A glance at Table 2reveals th~t dissatisfaction about the present system isquite high among small farmers when eompared tobig farmers. .Land holding sizcand satisfaction in the

. present system are positively related. This rimy provethe fact that big farmers take undue share in availablewater supply causing unreliable and scarce water sup-ply to tailend and other socially and economicallyweak farmers.

II

AGAINST THIS BACKGROUND, it is imperative to, think about a system that could help solve theseproblems. and achieve greater. irrigation efficiency ..Warabandi (rotational water supply) has been and isbeing tried by some of the state governments in India'especially . Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maha-rashtra, ,Gujarat and Punjab as an alternative to .theunorgani~ed and. traditi.onal s.yste~s,. to solve irrigati.on.~risis and obtain efficient .and equal distribution ofavailable 'water resources) with varying degrees afsuccess.

6

W.','ARABANDr is increasingly. gaining ibureauerats, technocrats and 'socialan effeetivetool for solving water distri'blems in an outlet command. The systempIe to. read but highly complicated to implemfield Iev.el successfully, as it involves a multinary approach.

The basic principles of Warabandi are to :(n Provide assumed, adequate: timel

dependable water ,upply to all the farmings irrespective of their location in anlet command, notwithstanding, land lio!i"ze -ap.d other socia-economic c~nsideratiof a farmer;

(2) Provide. equal and opti~tlm amount of watfor each aere taking into consideration th~rop water require;nent, soil type and otltagroclimatic conditions;

(3) Minimise wastage of time for the cultivatorin securing water to his plot;

(4) Enthuse farmers for taking up scientific laud.development in order to make optimum useof water allotted;

(5) Create a sense of ownership of water amongthe farmers mid prevent unauthorised culti-.vation by influential and advantageouslylocated fanners under -an oullet; ~.. . '

:(6) Make farmers realise that controlled watersupply helps increase in produetivity andavoids :Of minimises deleterious effects ofover-irrigation; and'

'( 7) Achieve eg:Ilitarian distribution of irrigationbenefits.

These principles,sound high, and give an impressionthat Waraband! brings an altogether new irrigated cul-ture .free from' discrimination and inequalities .. Thismay prove to be true, though not immediately, incourse of time, provided the system is built on a well-knit initial base. Four components namely technical,financial, administrative and social together constitutethe preparation of a sound base.

MOST OF OUR lRR1GATiON PROJECTS have not visua-, . lised problems of equitable water distribution,4','

KURUKSEIE'I'R{\ :F~1mlllry 1, 1982

small familieS with 3 or less children; out of therel;pnndenfs who OiPtMfiii small families, jllst aboveone-third of them identified 'better living conditions'~s the reason for their preference. Among those forlarge families; 'prolonging the generation' and 'greatersociul dominance', are the. two identified factors byseven-tenth of them and little below half of them res-pectively.

V ARlOUS METHO?S of family planning, the .sour-ces of mformation, the: knowledge about mcen-tives, attitude towards family planning and the rea-sons for such an attitude as perceived by the Paniyasdeserve a detailed study. It is significant to note that95 percent of the couples interviewed are fullyaware of vasectomy-the male sterilisation and thismay possibly be. due to the influence of Government's.accentuated efforts to popularise practice of familyplanning. methods. Similarly the tubectomy-thefemale sterilisation is well known to a little abovehalf of them. On the contmry, knowledge aboutIntra-Uterine Device (Female loop) is woefully ina-dequate and poor. Surprisingly, a small number oEcouples know about 'condom' and nine-tenth of themare aware of 'abstinence.' As regards the source,roughly eight-tenth of the respondents (either spon-taneously or after !probing) dedured that they cameto know about family planning programme methodthrough friends and relatives. A bit above one-fourthof them traced their source of information to. familyplanning personnel.

The attitudinal aspect of the study indudedques-lions to ascertain the. tribes' attitude towards' family

(Contd. tram p. 18) .There is also an urgent need for continued improve-

ment in the technology of the production of villageindustries .and in the skill of the village artisa!!s. Hereagain the' Government have to playa positive role. bylaying down the policy framework for research organi-zations and for providing adequate. assistance to theresearch institutes engaged in research for the promo-.tion. of viIiage industries. .

Conclusion

WHAT WE REQUIRE to improve our economy is toutilise our wasted resources properly and fullyfor which' labour-oriented rural industries need conces-sions and not capiial-oriented industries: The Govern.-~ent should stop giving more concessions to the

KURUKSHETRA FebtUary 1, 1982

planning and the reasons for such an attitudc. Shockingl}'mOre than 70 per cellt of them do not possess-any attitude. at all towards family planning and onlyjust abOve one-tenth of them expressed a favourablcattitude, 'Leads to a happy living' is the .identified rea-son for the favourable attitude while the unfavoura-ble attitude is based on' such fallacies as (i) reductionin family income, (ii) interference' with sexual life,and (iii) reduction in community strength.

A little below two-third of the eligible couplespractice family -planning by one method or the otherand this is aJ.fairly good proportion. The male sterili-sation acceptors outnumber other acceptors as theyconstitute nearly half of the total acceptors of familyplanning norm. However,' the higher level of accep-tance in the male sterilisation is not necessarily dueto the favourable attitude towards it. Remarkably,next to sterilisation the second priority goes to 'absti~. nence' with one-third of eliFible couples casting theirpreference for this method.

Conclusion

ACCEPTANCE AND practice of family planning. by the eligible couples .qepends to a very larg'iextent on their .awareness, and knowledge regardingfawly planning methods, availability of sefvIces and 1lfavourable a'ttitude towards family planning practices.As majority of the Paniyas under study do not possessany attitude towards family planning programme,there is a. wider scope for the programme' implemen-ters to create interest in the programme by utilisingappropriate strategies like non-formal education,mass-media personal contact etc.

i~dustries secio~ and divert 90 percent of its p.rojeetedexpenditure to the agriculture. sector. One feelsconfident that comprehensiye and well-integrated pro-gramme . of .rural eleetrificatjon, development andextensjon credit and marketing' facilities, technicalresearch and assistance; supply of. improved ~achineryand equipment, extension of training facilities, .etc.surely assist the industrialisation of rural areas andprovide gainful opportunities for employment in therural .areas. At the same time such development willalso provide solutions to .other socio,economic prob-lems, such as halting the exodus of rural populationto .urban centres, diversification of occupations andrising incomes and, thus, standard of living in ruralcommupitics.

2t

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Book review, .BADARALAM . IQBAL

.,.."

. ,. ,Dynamics of Rural Transformation : A stndy of TamilNadu 1950.1975; CoT. Kurien; arient .Lorigu13n,(P)Ltd" 3/$ Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110002; PageslSI, '. 'IN.INDI~,integrated -rural development p~ograinmehas been,. accepted as'.ol)e of the most' importantaims and objectives of planning, hence, the significanceqf \'Urnl, transforination studi~s can never, be over-emphasised" .', . '

. .n;i ,b90k',under r~~,e'Y90!ltii\l; six ch~pte~ : ,int~o-duction, land, and as~ets, the agricultural transforma-tion, ,the, ~cale_factor prices, wages, and: copsumption .patterns and rural changes in Tamil Nadu; .. an inter-pretation as well as a~ 'index. J The center-piece of'this small book is to highlight the transformation ,ofrural. economy of Tamil Nadu which includes thechanges that 'have taken p1'ace since 1950 upto 1975.

. The author (Prof.) Co.T. Kurien,. the Director of.the 'Institute. of Development Studies, .Madras; has'aimed aL a systematic study. combining both. empiri-

.. ). .cal .and..theoritical. approaches to. identify tlie, genera-lisatiOlI ;:egarding .rural transformation. which hasemerged.'as.a new concept. CQyering.theperio& from1950 to' 1975, i.e. a span of 25 years of planned eco-nomic' _development, -the 'book' attempts. to. make an -analytical 'study, of .( 1) , the changes in land oW)lership'in a period of radical reforin, '(2) the impact of,the,. 'pumpset' and the green. revolution on .agriculturalmodes and on the distribution, of assets. in .the T)Jral.economy; (3) wages,.employment and, cpnsnrilptionpatterns; and (4). the .role"of State Policy,in enlrancing'output and bringing about institutional changes, in thebasic structure of the rural economy of Tainil Nadu.

In the Preface of the bOok, the au'thor opines thatsince 1976 many proposals have been put forward fordistrict and block levels planning ,to bring about rural

22

transfonnation on a large scale and the planners,administrators and. scientists. have also been 'exhorted'to turn their. attentio~' of-rural-areas. But' it is depres- .sing. to note that no much headway has been achieved.

Pro!. 'Kiirien in the Introduction (Chapter I)' has.rightly observed 'that the subsequent chapters are allpart onhe' effoit to underStand the :dynamics' o( ~uraltransformation. Anyone turns to' a theme 'of this _kind is irf]mediately confronied :~it~ 'a v~ri~!y"of pre>-blems, 'The most importani of these is'to conceptua-'lise that entity whose metainoqinosls. one is attemptingto trace. If one is to do justice to ihe theme. at 'all;the entity to be studied must be. the rural .society': He .is also of the view that the' present study,is a.modest,attempt of that kind. and it includes essentially empi-rical documentation and an analysis of a variety ofaspects of the changes in the rural areas,

In Chapter II, the author deals 'with the changes inthe land and asset ownership as well as changes whichhave taken place in the. operational. pattern of landduring the period under' reference,. AccordiDg (0 himthere. is very heavy concentratimi of assets, in ,thehands of, the, wealthiest groups in ,the rural areas and,their relative .share has :increased over ' the decadew.hile that of the first nine decile groups taken togetherhas. deteriorated: This calls an immediate. attention of.the Central and State Governments to take iinmediatesteps to narrowed down this tendency otherwis~ in-tegrated rural development progra.mme will becomeinfructtiotis. ~ . : .' -, ~ -

Next chapter' has been devoted to highlight: the'applied -aspect, .i.e. the 'transformation .that. has, comeUp' in ,agriculture, whic!J-is the main occ,!pation, ofthe rural m'asses. This discussion' also includesihe discussion on production' process, the utilisationof land, changes itl cropping pattern and the modesof production, variation in production and producti-

>.-

KURUKSHETRA. February' 1,;1982

vlty. Added to this, seven,major crops' ohhc State'Irave also been examined at the state level as well as.at the district. levels. This chapte; is the backboneof the whole study, worth reading, intcresting andattempts to highlight some revealing facts about. therural economy of Tamil Nadu.

THE IMPACTOF fhescale factor on the agriculturalprocess is the subject-matter of Chapter IV,which has been divided into two parts. The firstpari deals with. information available at the statelevel whereas the'latter points out the findings of thefarm management studies in Thanjavoor and Coimba-tore districts in relation to the, scal~ factor. Howcver,the author admits that a major constraint in conductingthe study has been the scarcity of con:sistent informa-tion on the scale factor at different points of twe, this

, is why he has made use of whatever information isavailable and has shown the impact of the scale ofoperation on production process, on the nature andconsequences of the rural tmnsforrnation, One ofthe most' important findings is that the agriculturaloperations are fairly uniform among the size groups,but they differ in terms of the utilisation of the basicfactors owned labour and owned land. This chapteris also' an' extensi~n of the subject matter discussedin Chapter III.

Changes in prices, wages and consumption patternhave been discussed in Chapter V whose centfaltheme may be described as the 'welfare' aspect of these.changes and do have three sub~sections, The majormerit of this chapter is that it confines only to descrip-tionand documentation, the choice of the areas ofenquiry has been done in such a good way as to can.centrate attention on the weaker sections. The mainfindings of this endeavour are (a) 'the difference bet-ween retaU 'and farm prices docs not arise from. varia-tions in produdion, (b) as against a more than doub-ling of money wag~s in most instances, rea~ wagesfrom 1951 to 1974 have not bmy declined in thecase of all categories, but have come down rathersubstantially, (c) non-~dults of all categories showbetter performance over time than adults, both men

. and women, (d) the women among field labourersare slightly better off then the men, (e) women amongherdsmen and among other agricultural labourers didnot fare as well as the men in these categories thoughthe number under this category is very small (f) tjlereduction .seen in the concentration ratios must alsobe taken to be deceptive, and (g) the real' expendi-

. ture of the richer section has increased and the dis-parities in consumption pattern ha.ve also gone up.

Then, in the last 'chapter, a resume cif the findingsof' the study has been presented. .One 'of the 'most

KURUKSHETRA February 1, 1982

rave"llng-findings is: that 'the dovelopment pro~s. ofthe past il'ave generated growth and allluence for thefew and !poverty and insecurity for the many andthese must' be taken as two sides of the same coin'.The author further opines that these process have also'created some' changes 'that., were not desired'. Thepressure on small and marginal farmers to leave theirI,md and to become agricultural labourers is one .ofthem. Similarly, the decrease in the real wages oft~e agricultnral labourers is another. Like wise.,' tht'tendency of mass poverty to continue' and increase isyet another, In the past many attempts have. beenmade to change rural scene but. not much headwaywas achieved.

As THEAU'THORhas ri~ht1y observed that 'no clawis made that these bIts are adequate to dIScoverthe dynamies of rural transformation iii Tamil Nadueven from a limited economic. point of view. For'one thing the data gaps and inadequacies even withinthesc.,somewhat wel1:defined areas are not negligi~leas will be seen in the subsequent pages. Secondlymany important areas have been left out for want ofdata and' because of the time constraints of the pre-sent study. The most glaring of these are the generalareas of manpower utilisation particui'arly in the non-agricultural occupations and .all the issues directlyrelated to the accumulatmn proeess'. 'He has rigbtly'pointed out .that a study of economic change withoutreference to these two, especially the latter, may appear'to be. like Hamlet without the Prince of Denmark'.

Nevertheless Prof. Knrien ha developed an empiri-cal framc:wo~k for rural transformation wherein awealth of data has been compressed. I am' 'of theview, that the author by and large has confined him-self to factual presentation avoiding being partisan andmaking valuable jndgements. And yet, one can s;"research-oriented. mind working here, having tl flair [orfigures and also a penetrative skill that looks throughdata. The author hirnseif very rightly claims. twothings ..: Firstly it is as far. as one's knowledge aboutthis area can be relied upon, the first work of its kindrelating to Tamil Nadu. Secondly, even at the allIndia level, studies. of this kind which bring togetherthe diverse aspects of rural transformation are veryTare indeed and one is yet to come across a majoreffort to analyse the interactions among the differentCOnipoilents of rural ehange.

The real' worth of this study can be judged from' fhefaet th'at the Indian Council for Social Science andResearch (ICSSR) has accepted it as a model forsimilar studies commissioned for--otlier states. Hence,this study is of pioneering nature and the authordeserves appreciation for the same.

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24

They'show the way' ....This feature is based on success stories .viz. achievements gained in vqriqus

spheres of rural development by farmers, iJ1sti~utiol1S) experiments and individuals.There is hardly all orglllnent over the fact that dedicatioll and zeal to put in hardwork can aehie,'c anything. And one achievement inspires 911d ShOll'S the wayto others!

WOe hope our esteemed readers will: send liS theit awn experiences ill thJfield so that oihers can bellefit by them to Itsher ill a better life .for 0111'ruralpeople. (EOlTOR)

Better deal for the viJiage poor

INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME, aCentrally sponsored scheme has brough{ forthvarious benefits to ."the Harijans, ,"vamen, marginalfanners, farm workers ahd rural. artis~ns jiJ ThottiamBlock villages of Tiruchirapalli District during thecurrent financial year of 1981-82 ... Thottiam tops'the list amongst 31 blocks of Tiruchy. District in theimplementation of IRDP. It has 'already exceeded thisvear's subsidv target of Rs. 6 lakhs with the four;norc months" in hand. If the present achievement ofRs. 7.52 lakhs subsidy is an indicator, the total cn,ditoutflow from the banks in the Thottiam Block will-be of the order of Rs. 30 lakhs and the total subsidyamoun"t.accruing to the beneficiaries will exceedRs 10 lakhs through the outlets of Indian OverseasB,;,k's Bran~h' at Tholliam and Theviltupalayam,'Musiri Cooperative Land Development Bank and aScheduled Bank.

In all, 870 rural benefi~iaries have 'so far receivedthe loan amount of Rs. 20.82 lakhs; of which the

. subsidy' aI)1ount comes to the tune of Rs. 7.72 lakhs,

. under the IRDP in ThottiaI)1 Block. '. Of them, 341Harijans were also benefited.

Animal.husbandry activities such as TaISmg Milch.Animals,Sheep units,. Goat units, Duckery unitsand Piggery units were given higher priority. Asagainst the total loan amount of Rs. 20.81'lakhs,

. Rs. 18.95 lakhs were disbursed for the aforesaideconomic activities.

Minor'lrrigation (purchase ofoil'e~gine) fetchedthe loan amount of Rs. 85,000. Rs. 81,000 were

. loaned 'for agricultural .activities such as purchase ofpower sp~ayer, bullock cart, tyre cart and p1?ughbullocks. Rural artisans such as' polters, tallors,handloom -weavers and fishermen received Rs. 21,000for improving their petty business activities .

./' - -F. P.O., Tiruchira/!alli

KURUKSHETRA February I, 1982.

OUR IMPORTANT'REFERENCE BOOKS.. .. - ~ - . - .INDIA-A Reference Annual 1981

Library editionPaperback

An-authentic compilation and a rich source of.material for research scholar, students, officials, journalists,.cademicians, professionals and others. Library edition

PaperbackFINANCIALCO'NTROL IN A WELFARE STATE (Including Public Sector Un'dertakirigs) by B.B. Lal

An excellent book on ~hedecentralisation of financial powers at the centre.

MSS MEDIA IN INDIA 1979.80

I?eals with various -media organisations both go\'ernmental arid non-governmental.HANDBOOK OF INDIA, THE (Revised edition)

Gives basic information about lq.dia. its impor!ant tourist centres, internal travel, Government regulations etc.Profusely illustrated, contains a tourist map.

mDIAN PARLIAMENT, THE

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DELHI- HISTORY & PLACES OF INTEREST (Revised edilion)

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KU:RpKSH.ffiTRA'February I, 1~S2

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11 . Maximise power generation, improve the fnnctioning of elec-.tricity authorities and electrify' ail' ';;i1iitges.

12 Pursue vigorously programmes' of afforestation, social andfarm forestry'and the development of bio-gas and other alter-native energy sources.

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(Continued from Cover II) - '., ; - ~-. '-

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/f'

Promote famjJy planning on Ii volnntary basis as a people'smovement. ';

Substantially :tugment nniversal primary health care facilities,and control of leprosy, T.B. and blindness.

Accelerate programmes of welfare for women and children andnutrition programmes for' pregnant women, .nursing mothersand children, specially in tribal, hill and backward :treas.

Spread universa(elementary education :forthe age-group 6-14,with spelOial emphasis on' girls, .and simultaneously involvestudents and. volnntary agencies in programmes for the removal .of adult illiteracy. .' ,

Expand the public ~istribuiion system through ,more fair priceshops, including mobile shopsin:far-f1nng areas and shops tocater to industrial workers, students 'hostels, and make avail~able to students text-books and 'exercise books .on a prioritybasis. and.topromote.a. strong consumer' protection movement

. 18 Liberalise investment procedures. and streamline industrialpolicies to ensure timely completion of projects. Give handi-crafts, . handlooms, small and village industries all .facilitiesto grow and to update their technology.

19 (!ontinue strict action against smugglers, hoarders and taxevaders and check black money.'

20' Improve the working of the public eiIterprisesby increasingefficiency; capacity utilisation and the generation of internalresources.

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COVERPM's NEW 20-POINT PROGRAMMECONTENTSEQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF IRRIGATION WATER - M. VENKATA REDDYFINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT - B.L. SAHHOW FARES THE COMMUNITY T.V. - B. SUBRAHMANYAM & SAI PRASAD ALAHARIPRIORITY CREDIT UNDER THE D.R.I. SCHEME - NAVIN CHANDRA JOSHIA CASE FOR RURAL INDUSTRIALISATION - V.C. SINHASELLING FAMILY PLANNING TO TRIBALS - K.K. SUNDARAM, R. DHANDAPANI & N. NARAYANASWAMYBOOK REVIEW - BADAR ALAM IQBALTHEY SHOW THE WAY...