Reading Interventions that Work! Barb Denbow Brenda Schulz January 24, 2008.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Chapter 11: Critical Reading...
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Transcript of ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers Chapter 11: Critical Reading...
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Chapter 11: Critical Reading
Breaking Through: College Reading, 8/e
by Brenda Smith
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
What Do Critical Readers Do?
Use direct statements.
Make inferences.
Use prior knowledge.
Use language clues.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Critical Readers Recognize the Author's Purpose or Intent
To inform.
To persuade.
To entertain.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Critical Readers Recognize the Author’s Point of View or Bias
Point of View: Author’s opinion or position on the subject.
Bias: is an opinion or a judgment associated with prejudice.has a negative connotation.may not tell both sides of the issue.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Critical Readers Recognize the Author’s Tone or Attitude
Angry
Cheerful
Depressed
Distressed
Formal
Frustrated
Humorous
Objective
Optimistic
Pessimistic
Serious
Righteous
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Example of Tone
Tiger Woods doesn’t just play golf well, he plays better than anyone in the world. By age 3, the amazing Tiger shot 48 to 9 holes, and at age 8 he won an international junior tournament.The tone is: nostalgic ironic admiring
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Critical Readers Distinguish Fact from Opinion
Fact: a statement that can be proven true or false
Example: The temperature in the class is 78.
Opinion: a statement of feeling that cannot be proven right or wrong
Example: This classroom is always hot and stuffy!
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Critical Readers Recognize Valid and Invalid Support for Arguments
Fallacy: an error in reasoning that can give an illusion of support.
Example: Everybody has these shoes; so should you. [bandwagon]
Propaganda: where fallacies are prevalent, especially in advertisements.
Example: Tiger Woods is in an ad for sports shoes to persuade you to buy them. [testimonial]
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Fallacies in Propaganda
Testimonials
Bandwagon
Transfer
Straw person
Misleading analogy
Circular reasoning
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Testimonials
Celebrities who are not experts
give their support.
Example: Celebrities appear in television advertisements endorsing milk, wearing “milk mustaches.”
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Bandwagon
You will be left out if you do not join the crowd.
Example: All the voters in the district support Henson for Senator.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Transfer
A famous person is associated with
an argument.
Example: George Washington indicated in a quote that he would have agreed with us on this issue.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Straw Person
A simplistic exaggeration is set up to
represent the argument.
Example: The professor replied, “If I delay the exam, you’ll expect me to change the due dates of all papers and assignments.”
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Misleading AnalogyTwo things are compared as
similar that actually are distinctly different.
Example: Studying is like taking a shower; most of the material goes down the drain.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Circular Reasoning
The conclusion is supported by
restating it.
Example: Papers must be turned in on time because papers cannot be turned in late.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Summary Points
What do critical readers do?What is an author’s purpose or intent?What is the author’s point of view?What is bias?What is tone?
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Summary Points
What is a fact?What is an opinion?What is a fallacy?What is propaganda?
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Reading and Studying Ethics
ASK:What is the issue?
What positions are presented?
What support is fact and what is opinion?
What is the conclusion?
What is your reaction?
Now read the selection: Cosmetic Surgery for Pets.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Evaluating Internet Information
ASK:What are the author’s credentials?Who paid for the Web page?What is the purpose of the Web page?How do the biases of the author affect the material?Is the reasoning sound?
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers
Visit the Companion Website
http://www.ablongman.com/smith