2007 ICNS-1 MEW 5/2/2007 MIT Lincoln Laboratory MPAR Trade Studies Mark Weber 12 October 2007.
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Transcript of 2007 ICNS-1 MEW 5/2/2007 MIT Lincoln Laboratory MPAR Trade Studies Mark Weber 12 October 2007.
2007 ICNS-2MEW 5/2/2007
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Lincoln Laboratory ATC Program History
1970 1980 1990 2000
Discrete Address Beacon System Mode S
Surveillance and Communications
Microwave Landing System
Beacon Collision Avoidance System TCAS
Moving Target DetectorAirport Surface Detection Equipment
ASR-9 SLEP
Parallel Runway MonitorGPS Applications
ADS-BMode S
Surface CommsAirport Surface
Traffic Automation
Terminal ATC AutomationNASA ATM Research
Storm TurbulenceTerminal Doppler Weather Radar SLEP
ASR-9 Wind Shear ProcessorNEXRAD Enhancements
Multi Function Phased Array RadarIntegrated Terminal Weather System
Aviation Weather ResearchWake Vortex
GCNSS/SWIM
Communication,Navigation and
Surveillance
Automation
Weather
UAS
Corridor Integrated Weather System
Runway Status Lights
Proc. Augmentation Card
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-3
MEW 5/2/2007
Today Future
National Air Surveillance Infrastructure
ASR-9ASR-9 ASR-11ASR-11
ARSR-3ARSR-3
TDWRTDWR
ARSR-4ARSR-4
ASR-8ASR-8
ARSR-1/2ARSR-1/2
NEXRADNEXRAD
FAA transition to Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) dictates that the nation re-think its overall surveillance architecture. Needs:
Weather (national scale and at airports)
ADS-B integrity verification and backup
Airspace situational awareness for homeland security
ADS-B
MPAR
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-4
MEW 5/2/2007
Today’s Operational Radar Capabilities
Function
Maximum Range for Detection of
1m2 Target
Required Coverage
Range Altitude
Angular Resol.
Az El Waveform*
Scan Period
Terminal Area Aircraft
Surveillance(ASR-9/11)
60 nmi 60 nm 20,000' 1.4 5o
>18 pulsesPRI ~ 0.001 sec 5 sec
En Route Aircraft
Surveillance(ARSR-4)
205 nmi 250 nm 60,000' 1.4 2.0>10 pulsesPRI ~ 0.001 sec 12 sec
Airport Weather(TDWR) 212 nmi 60 nmi 20,000' 1 0.5
~50 pulsesPRI ~ 0.001 sec 180 sec
Nationwide Weather
(NEXRAD)225 nmi
250 nmi 50,000' 1 1
~50 pulsesPRI ~ 0.001 sec >240 sec
Weather surveillance drives requirements for radar power and aperture size
Aircraft surveillance functions can be provided “for free” if necessary airspace coverage and update rates can be achieved
Active array radar an obvious approach, but only if less expensive and/or more capable than “conventional” alternatives
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-5
MEW 5/2/2007
Outline
• Perspectives on operational needs
• A specific MPAR concept
• Summary
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-6
MEW 5/2/2007
Key Questions
• What are the operational driver’s for the “next generation” ground weather radar network?
– Improved low altitude coverage, particularly at airports?– Volume scan update rate?– Capability to observe low-cross section phenomena (e.g clear
air boundary winds)?– High integrity measurements, devoid of clutter, out-of-trip
returns, velocity aliasing, etc.?
• What are requirements for the ADS-B backup system?
• Are additional non-cooperative aircraft surveillance capabilities needed to maintain airspace security?
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-7
MEW 5/2/2007
U.S. Airport “Weather” Radars
Current WSR-88D network does not provide the near-airport low altitude coverage or update rate (30 – 60 sec) needed by terminal ATC
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-8
MEW 5/2/2007
Airport Weather Radar Alternatives Analysis
AirportOver ARENA
TDWR ASR-9 NEXRAD
ADW9793
8559
8290
ATL9689
8361
9497
BNA9896
8269
9283
BOS9794
9295
8696
BWI9895
8563
1010
CLE9896
9191
9795
CLT9998
8456
00
CMH100100
8772
1010
CVG9999
8977
1010
DAL9791
4340
8275
DAY9895
8873
6714
DCA9895
8664
8898
Wind Shear Detection Probability
ITWS “Terminal Winds” Accuracy
Without TDWR With TDWR
TDWR ASR-9
LLWAS
AirplaneLidar
NEXRAD
Sensors Considered
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-9
MEW 5/2/2007
Preliminary Findings
• Easy to make the case for high capability airport weather radar at pacing airports (e.g. NYC, ORD, ATL, DFW, ....)
– Large delay aversion benefits associated with high quality measurements of adverse winds and precipitation (>$10M per year per airport)
• Business case for “TDWR-like” capability at smaller airports less convincing
– Alternative solutions may provide adequate safety margin– Weather related delay benefits small
• Implications for MPAR– Scalability key to realizing cost-effective solutions– Airport-specific integrated observation system configurations
will be appropriate in some cases (e.g. western U.S. “dry sites”)
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-10MEW 5/2/2007
ADS-B Backup Separation Services Map
SeparationAirspace Type Altitude Range Coverage Area
5 nm YesEn Route SSR 250 nm 2,820,000 nm2
3 nm No 661,000 nm260 nmTerminal PSR 3 nm YesTerminal SSR 40 nm 314,000 nm2
No coverage
SeparationAirspace Type Altitude Range Coverage Area
5 nm BeaconEn Route SSR 200 nm 2,820,000 nm2
3 nm Pilot 661,000 nm2 40 nmTerminal PSR
3 nm BeaconTerminal SSR 60 nm 314,000 nm2
No coverage
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-12MEW 5/2/2007
RSP Derived from En Route Radar Capabilities*
Currently Acceptable(sliding window SSR)
Latest Technology(monopulse SSR)
Registration Errors
Location Bias 200’ uniform any direction
Azimuth Bias 0.3 uniform
Range ErrorsRadar Bias 30’ uniform
Radar Jitter = 25’ Gaussian
Azimuth Error Azimuth Jitter = 0.230 = 0.068
Data Quant.(CD2 format)
Range 760’ (1/8 NM)
Azimuth 0.088 (1 ACP)
Uncorrelated* Sensor Scan Time Error 10-12 sec
Transponder Error
Range Error(ATCRBS)
250’ uniform = 144’
RSP Analysis
Location Error = 1.0 NM 0.30 NM
Separation Errors(at 200 NM @ 600 kts)
= 0.8 NM = 0.25 NM
90% < 1.4 NM 99% < 2.4 NM99.9% < 3.3 NM
90% < 0.43 NM
99% < 0.76 NM99.9% < 1.02 NM
*Only applies for multiple sensors *Supports 5 nmi separation
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-13MEW 5/2/2007
RSP Derived from Terminal Radar Capabilities*
Currently Acceptable(sliding window SSR)
Intermediate(primary radar)
Latest Technology(monopulse SSR)
Registration Errors
Location Bias 200’ uniform any direction
Azimuth Bias 0.3 uniform
Range ErrorsRadar Bias 30’ uniform
Radar Jitter = 25’ Gaussian
= 275’ Gaussian
= 25’ Gaussian
Azimuth Error Azimuth Jitter = 0.230 = 0.160 = 0.068
Data Quant.(CD2 format)
Range 95’ (1/64 NM)
Azimuth 0.088 (1 ACP)
Uncorrelated* Sensor Scan Time Error 4-5 sec
Transponder Error
Range Error(ATCRBS)
250’ uniform = 144’ N/A 250’ uniform
= 144’
RSP Analysis
Location Error = 0.20 NM 0.15 NM 0.10 NM
Separation Errors(at specified range
@ 250 kts)
= 0.16 NMat 40 nm
= 0.12 NMat 40 nm
= 0.08 NMat 60 nm
90% < 0.28 NM 99% < 0.49 NM99.9% < 0.65 NM
90% < 0.20 NM
99% < 0.35 NM99.9% < 0.46 NM
90% < 0.13 NM 99% < 0.23 NM
99.9% < 0.32 NM
*Only applies for multiple sensors *Supports 3 nmi separation
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-14MEW 5/2/2007
MPAR RSP Analysis
4.4 antenna beamwidth meets Terminal RSP Separation Error4.6 antenna beamwidth meets En Route RSP Separation Error4.4 antenna beamwidth meets Terminal RSP Separation Error4.6 antenna beamwidth meets En Route RSP Separation Error
20:1 Monopulse
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-15MEW 5/2/2007
Enhanced Regional Situation AwarenessSystem Elements
Ground BasedSentinel Radars
ElevatedSentinel Radars
FAA RadarsAnd Data Bases
Wide Area 3-D
NORADTADIL-J
Visual
Hi-Res EO Sites
Hi-Perf EO/IR and Warning Systems
Mode-SRCVR
Redundant Networks
US
ER
SF
US
ION
SE
NS
OR
S
Air Situation Decision Support Display and Camera Control
Fan-out to Multiple Users
Redundant Networks
Primary FacilityFusion and Aggregation
Evidence Accrual andDecision Support
PortableAir Situation Display
• Lincoln facilities provided infrastructure for rapid system development
– Radar and camera sites– FAA data feeds and fusion– Network connectivity
• Lincoln developed Integrated Air Picture, Decision Support, ID, and Visual Warning deployed for operational use in NCR
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-16MEW 5/2/2007
Lincoln Perspectives on Role of FAA Surveillance Systems
• Current primary/secondary radars “as is” will provide an essential backbone to homeland air picture and decision support system
• Enhancement recommendations– “Network compatible interface”– External access to unfiltered target detections
(amplitude, Doppler velocity, …)– Target height information would be very valuable
• DoD/DHS will deploy ancillary sensor as necessary to meet specific operational needs
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-17MEW 5/2/2007
Outline
• Perspectives on operational needs
• A specific MPAR concept
• Summary
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-18MEW 5/2/2007
Concept MPAR Parameters
• Active Array (planar, 4 faces)Diameter: 8 mTR elements/face: 20,000Dual polarizationBeamwidth: 0.7 (broadside)
1.0 (@ 45)Gain: > 46 dB
• Transmit/Receive ModulesWavelength: 10 cm (2.7–2.9 GHz)Bandwidth/channel: 1 MHzFrequency channels: 3Pulse length: 30 sPeak power/element: 2 W
• ArchitectureOverlapped subarrayNumber of subarrays: 300–400Maximum concurrent beams: ~160
Aircraft Surveillance
Non cooperative target tracking and characterizationWeather
Surveillance
334 MPARS required to duplicate today’s airspace coverage. Half of these are scaled “Terminal MPARS”
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-19MEW 5/2/2007
Concept MPAR Capability Summary
• Airspace coverage equal to today’s operational radar networks.
• Angular resolution, minimum detectible reflectivity and volume scan update rate equal or exceed today’s operational weather radars
– Ancillary benefits from improved data integrity and cross-beam wind measurement
• Can easily support 3-5 nmi separation standards required for ADS-B backup
• Can provide non-cooperative aircraft surveillance data of significantly higher quality that today’s surveillance radars
– Altitude information– Substantially lower minimum RCS threshold
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-20MEW 5/2/2007
2W Dual Mode T/R Module Parts Costs
• Parts costs driven by SP2T switches and multi-layer PC board fabrication
• Packaging / test costs not included
• Parts costs driven by SP2T switches and multi-layer PC board fabrication
• Packaging / test costs not included
Item Quantity Unit Cost Total CostHPA 2 $2.37 $4.74SP2T 3 $4.00 $12.00LNA 1 $1.69 $1.69BPF 1 $3.00 $3.00Diplx 1 $1.50 $1.50Vect Mod 3 $2.14 $6.42Load 1 $2.00 $2.00Board 1 $20.00 $20.00 Total = $51.35
v
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-21MEW 5/2/2007
Preliminary Parts Cost Estimates
Component Pre-Prototype Full Scale MPAR
Antenna Element $1.25 $1.25
T/R Module $115.00* $51.00**
Power, Timing and Control $18.00 $18.00
Digital Transceiver $12.50 $6.25
Analog Beamformer $186.00*** $55.00****
Digital Beamformer $18.00 $8.00
Mechanical/Packaging $105.00 $25.00
Equivalent Cost per Element - Parts Only
$455.75 $164.50Totals:
* Assumes 8W module incl RF board with sequential polarization
** Assumes 2W module and sequential polarization (updated 18 Sept 2007)*** Assumes standard beamformer in azimuth**** Assumes hybrid tile/brick architecture with RFIC overlapped subarray beamformer
MIT Lincoln Laboratory2007 ICNS-22MEW 5/2/2007
Summary
• As a community, we are making substantial progress in exposing requirements for the Next Generation surveillance radar network
– Multifunction, active array (MPAR) approach continues to be a leading candidate
• Low cost is the key to success of MPAR– ‘Commercial’ approach needed to achieve extremely low
cost goals
• We are ready to solicit input from industry on specific design concepts and cost
• Need to sell concept to policy makers– Compelling operational application demonstration– Business case substantiating agency cost savings