2004.08.23 - SLIDE 1MOBILE MEDIA WORKSHOP PRESENTATION Prof. Marc Davis University of California at...

2004.08.23 - SLIDE 1MOBILE MEDIA WORKSHOP PRESENTATION

Prof. Marc DavisUniversity of California at Berkeley

School of Information Management and Systems

Garage Cinema Research

http://garage.sims.berkeley.edu

Mobile Media Metadata:

The Future of Mobile Imaging


Garage Cinema Research

• Research and develop technology and applications that will enable daily media consumers to become daily media producers

• Theory, design, and development of digital media systems that– Create descriptions of media content and structure

(metadata)– Use metadata to automate media production and

reuse


What is the Problem?

• Today people cannot easily find, edit, share, and reuse media

• Computers don’t understand media content– Media is opaque and data rich– We lack structured representations

• Without metadata (descriptions of media content and structure), manipulating digital media will remain like word-processing with bitmaps


Signal-to-Symbol Problems

• Semantic Gap– Gap between low-

level signal analysis and high-level semantic descriptions

– “Vertical off-white rectangular blob on blue background” does not equal “Campanile at UC Berkeley”


Signal-to-Symbol Problems

• Sensory Gap– Gap between how an object appears and what it is– Different images of same object can appear

dissimilar– Images of different objects can appear similar


Computer Vision and Context

• You go out drinking with your friends• You get drunk• Really drunk• You get hit over the head and pass out• You are flown to a city in a country you’ve never been to

with a language you don’t understand and an alphabet you can’t read

• You wake up face down in a gutter with a terrible hangover

• You have no idea where you are or how you got there• This is what it’s like to be most computer vision systems

—they have no context

• Context is what enables us to understand what we see


METADATA

Traditional Media Production Chain

M E T A D A T A

PRE-PRODUCTION POST-PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION

Metadata-Centric Production Chain


Research Projects

• Media Streams– A framework for creating metadata throughout the media

production cycle to enable media reuse• Active Capture

– Automates direction and cinematography using real-time audio-video analysis in an interactive control loop to create reusable media assets

• Adaptive Media– Uses adaptive media templates and automatic editing functions

to mass customize and personalize media• Mobile Media Metadata

– Leverages the spatio-temporal context and social community of media capture to automate metadata creation for mobile media

• Social Uses of Personal Media– Analysis of social uses of media to predict future uses and

shape the design of next-generation personal media devices and applications


Asset Retrieval and Reuse

Automated Media Production Process

Web Integration and

Streaming MediaServices

FlashGenerator

MMS

XHTML

Print/PhysicalMedia

ActiveCapture

1Automatic

Editing3

Personalized/Customized

Delivery

4

Adaptive Media Engine

2 Annotationand Retrieval

Reusable Online Asset Database

Annotation ofMedia Assets


The Coming Media Revolution

• Media capture devices become programmable and networked

• Metadata creation and use become integrated throughout media production and reuse

• Media production changes from being a mechanical process to a computational process

• Media becomes programmable and networked

• Daily media consumers become daily media producers


Research Projects










Moore’s Law for Cameras2000

Kodak DC40

Nintendo GameBoy Camera

$400

$ 40

2002

Kodak DX4900

SiPix StyleCam Blink


Capture+Processing+Interaction+Network


Camera Phones as Platform

• Media capture (images, video, audio)

• Programmable processing using open standard operating systems, programming languages, and APIs

• Wireless networking• Personal information

management functions• Rich user interaction modalities• Time, location, and user

contextual metadata


Camera Phones as Platform

• In the first half of 2003, more camera phones were sold worldwide than digital cameras

• By 2008, the average camera phone is predicted to have 5 megapixel resolution

• Last month Casio and Samsung introduced 3.2 megapixel camera phones with optical zoom and photo flash

• There are more cell phone users in China than people in the United States (300 million)

• For 90% of the world their “computer” is their cell phone


Campanile Inspiration


Mobile Media Metadata Idea

• Leverage the spatio-temporal context and social community of media capture in mobile devices– Gather all automatically available information at the

point of capture (time, spatial location, phone user, etc.)

– Use metadata similarity and media analysis algorithms to find similar media that has been annotated before

– Take advantage of this previously annotated media to make educated guesses about the content of the newly captured media

– Interact in a simple and intuitive way with the phone user to confirm and augment system-supplied metadata for captured media


MMM Demo Video


From Context to Content

• Context– When

• Date and time

– Where• CellID refined to

semantic place

– Who• Cellphone user

– What• Activity as product of

when, where, and who

• Content– When was the photo

taken?– Where is the subject of

the photo?– Who is in the photo?– What are the people

doing?– What objects are in

the photo?


Space – Time – Social Space

SPATIAL

SOCIAL

TEMPORAL


What is “Location”?


Camera Location vs. Subject Location

• Camera Location = Golden Gate Bridge

• Subject Location = Golden Gate Bridge

• Camera Location = Albany Marina

• Subject Location = Golden Gate Bridge


Kodak Picture Spot


Themed Kodak Picture Spot


Location Guesser Concept

• Calculate weighted sum of features– Most recently “visited” location– Most “visited” location by me in this CellID

around this time– Most “visited” location by me in this CellID– Most “visited” location by “others” in this

CellID around this time– Most “visited” location by “others” in this

CellID


Mobile Media Metadata Project (MMM)

• Develop and test our technology for mobile media metadata creation, sharing, and reuse

• Develop application scenarios that use this technology

• Study the usage patterns of applications for mobile media metadata creation, sharing, and reuse


MMM Fall 2003 Project

• Numerous application ideas for mobile media capture and sharing (at least seven documented in detail with persona and scenario descriptions and annotated storyboards)

• A metadata framework for describing and sharing mobile media

• A database of annotated captured media• A prototype of one of the student application

scenarios• A write-up of the project including student

feedback, assessment of application ideas, and recommendations for further research and development


MMM Research Issues

• Metadata and media creation, sharing, and reuse– Ontology design– Vocabulary control– Leveraging spatial, temporal, and social

context to infer media content– Determining similarity – Application ideas and use scenarios– User interfaces


MMM Research Issues

• Ontology of photography– Who owns/accesses/changes pictures of me?– Who owns/accesses/changes my pictures?– Who owns/accesses/changes my metadata?– Who owns/accesses/changes metadata about

me and/or my media?

• Mobile media application design methods– HCI methodology for mobile media design– Social science methodology for design of

future applications


MMM Initial Application Ideas

• Metadata creation sharing, and reuse of media and metadata from various users connected in space, time, and affinity

• Content-based access to mobile media assets enabling– Networked photo albums– Personalized media messages– Personalized media CallerID– Matchmaking services– Ecommerce

• Location-based and travel applications for using networked media assets and metadata– Networked travel albums– Networked travel guidebooks


Over 150 MMM Application Ideas

• Real time party ratings with pictures• Forgotten historical site cataloguing• Mapping wireless access on campus for

public• Picture/video comparison to map location• Tagging people• "Audio graffiti" audio tour of the world• Game: Spot the terrorist• Amateur photo contest.• Mobile American Idol• Affair detection• Do I sue or not? Online car estimates

• Family tree builder/viewer• Human Clock: Pictures of people

showing the time• Human Weather: What are people

wearing in San Francisco?• Reality show that is following someone

around for a night going out and party that people could watch online

• Family tree builder/viewer• Human Clock: Pictures of people

showing the time• Human Weather: What are people

wearing in San Francisco?• Reality show that is following someone

around for a night going out and party that people could watch online

• Translation. Take a picture of something, and get the word for it in the local language. Or enter a word in your own language to get a picture which you can show to a native

• Directions/locations. Illustrated travel guides, an interactive visual Lonely Planet

• Indie reporting. News coverage via amateur reporters. The blackout provided some interesting examples

• Some "leveling game" like taking photos of people wearing gap jeans on the street, if you get enough, you win a pair, and go onto the next level


MonkeyBotster

• Monkeybotster aims to allow you to access interesting events that have occurred in someone's past as well as contribute things from the present through two degrees of social separation (your friend's friends can see your events but not your friend's friend's friends, etc.)


LunchMeister

• LunchMeister enables users to share information, opinions, and photos of local restaurants in real time, allowing them to maximize the use of an often limited lunch hour


DARE

• DARE will leverage the camera phones as tools that allow users to play games with and against each other

• The main objective of DARE is to bring different social networks together informally, or as ice breakers and team builders for corporations, school groups and other such groups


Recipe Box

• Recipe Box will facilitate cooking for people who wish to spend less money and time making presentable meals

• Users will be able to select from various recipes in an annotated media database on their mobile phones

• Users can add recipes illustrated with annotated media to the database from their mobile phones


HouseBuddies

• HouseBuddies transforms the mobile phone into a collaborative apartment-hunting device that enables real-time information sharing

• It facilitates a group of friends in their search for a place to live by allowing them to assemble a list of house ads from various sources and collaborate on investigating their housing options


Recreation Evaluation Interface

• Recreation Evaluation Interface enables camera phone users to see what's happening where they are not, and let others in their community know what's happening where they are

• Using real-time data and a reference database, this community can connect with other people with similar interests to maximize their local knowledge, enabling better decision-making about how and where to spend one's time


Wishter

• Wishter would manage– Lists of potential gifts for

friends and family– A “wishlist” of items for

oneself

• It would allow the user to annotate a potential gift with a physical description, the event for which the gift is being considered, and the location where the item was seen

click


Wishter Rapid Development


MMM User Studies

• Deployed MMM prototype with 40 graduate students and 15 researchers for 4 months

• Weekly surveys administered to MMM users– Current usage patterns gathered

• 5 subjects for usability testing with MMM users– User interaction and user motivation addressed

• 8 subjects for first focus group of MMM users– Current annotation habits discussed– User motivation addressed

• 7 subjects for second focus group– Current use of photos (capture, annotation, sharing)


User Interaction Findings

• Network unpredictability – Slow and intermittent connectivity– Frequently dropped service with little

feedback– User work to that point was often lost

– Proposed Solution: Limit continual network interaction by creating a full-client application that can use network in background



• Mobile UI usability– Hardware buttons were not remapped to

support MMM UI functions– Desktop-based prototyping tools and methods

don’t predict usability issues with mobile devices

– Proposed Solution: Use a prototyping methodology that better simulates the specifics of mobile interaction to design user experiences and test usability



• Presentation of faceted hierarchical structure– Lists of 12-15 items should not be exceeded

as selection devices

– Proposed Solution: Create smaller application specific hierarchies to present to the user, (which correlate into a broader general structure on the backend)


Use Patterns and Motivation Findings

• Power-of-Now– Camera phones are always available– Take pictures of ad-hoc subjects– Phototaking happens in daily lived context

• Currently Not Search-Centric– For our users, sharing and browsing are more

important than search and retrieval • Role of the Desktop

– A desktop component adds great value to the mobile application by easing browsing

• Challenges in Offloading Media– Non-MMM users find it difficult and frustrating to try to

get their photos off their cameraphone



• Funnel Effect: Selective metadata annotation

• Two types of annotations:– Content: 1-2 facets

describing the photograph (e.g., Person, Location)

– Comment: a personal remark about the photograph, why they took it, a witty comment, something personal to share

PHOTOS TAKEN

PHOTOS SHARED

ANNOTATED

PHOTOS KEPT



• Integrate or motivate annotation– Tie annotation to some other activity the user

already does in a seamless way• Sharing• Storytelling

– Motivate users to annotate • Demonstrate clear benefit of later reuse• Make annotation intrinsically fun (e.g., image

annotation games)


Application Design Findings

• Input-output application design– Combination of simple small applications into more

powerful applications

• Network effects– Power of many users sharing media and metadata

• Media and coordination/collaboration– Using media to coordinate and collaborate among

groups

• Mobile media and games– Using media to document games– Using games to make media and metadata


Nokia Platform Issues

• Hardware– Keypad layout– Camera

• Development environment– Access to files– Access to camera– Access to contextual metadata (time, CellID, username)– Access to contacts

• Browser– Nokia web browser (caching)

• Prototyping tools– Emulator– Wizard of Oz


Research Projects










Social Uses of Personal Photos

• Looking not just at what people do with digital imaging technology, but why they do it

• Goals– Identify social uses of photography to predict

resistances and affordances of next generation mobile media devices and applications

• Methods– Situated video interviews– Review of online photo sites– Sociotechnological prototyping (magic thing,

technology probes)


Preliminary Findings

• Social uses of personal photos– Memory– Creating and maintaining relationships– Self-expression

• Media and resistance– Materiality– Orality– Storytelling


From MMM-1 To MMM-2

• MMM-1 asked– “What did I just take a picture of?”

• MMM-2 adds– “Who do I want to share this picture with?”

CommunityContext

Content

Community


MMM-2 Goals

• Integrated photo sharing and mobile media metadata application– Metadata as by product of sharing– Metadata enables new types of sharing

• Advanced spatio-temporal-social inferencing

• Integrated media analysis functions• RDF backend for ontology and metadata

sharing and reuse• Connected handset and web applications


Sharing Metadata

• From sharing to metadata– A birdwatcher takes a photo in a bird

sanctuary and sends it to her birdwatching group

– What is the photo of?

• From metadata to sharing– A parent takes a photo of his child on the

child’s birthday– Who does he share it with?


MMM-2 Use Scenarios

• Share photo– Rank share lists– Add/delete members of share list– Create new share list

• Annotate photo– Annotate photo on handset– Annotate photo on web– Annotate photo while sharing on handset– Annotate photo while sharing on web


Numberof

Sources100M1 100M

PhotosPer

Source

100K

Scaling Up Photo Sharing100K


MMM-2 Prototype

• Phase 1: MMM-2 Prototype Design– In Process: Spring 2004

• Phase 2: MMM-2 Prototype Development– Summer 2004

• Phase 3: MMM-2 Prototype Deployment– Fall 2004

• Phase 4: MMM-2 Prototype Evaluation– Fall 2004 – Spring 2005


MMM Publications

• CHI 2004– Anita Wilhelm, Yuri Takhteyev, Risto Sarvas, Nancy Van House, Marc

Davis. "Photo Annotation on a Camera Phone." In: Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2004) in Vienna, Austria. ACM Press, 2004.

• MobiSys 2004– Risto Sarvas, Erick Herrarte, Anita Wilhelm, and Marc Davis. “Metadata

Creation System for Mobile Images.” In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys2004) in Boston, Massachusetts. ACM Press, 2004.

– Marc Davis, Nathan Good, and Risto Sarvas. "From Context to Content: Leveraging Context for Mobile Media Metadata (Workshop Paper)." Presented At: MobiSys 2004 Workshop on Context Awareness at the Second International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services in Boston, Massachusetts, 2004.

– Marc Davis. "Mobile Media Metadata (Video)." Presented At: Second International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys 2004) in Boston, Massachusetts, 2004.


MMM Publications

• ICME 2004– Marc Davis and Risto Sarvas. “Mobile Media Metadata for Mobile

Imaging.” In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME 2004) Special Session on Mobile Imaging in Taipei, Taiwan, IEEE Computer Society Press, 2004.

• ACM Multimedia 2004– Marc Davis, Simon King, Nathan Good, and Risto Sarvas. "From Context

to Content: Leveraging Context to Infer Media Metadata." In: Proceedings of 12th Annual ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MM 2004) Brave New Topics Session on "From Context to Content: Leveraging Contextual Metadata to Infer Multimedia Content" in New York, New York, ACM Press, Forthcoming 2004.

– Marc Davis. "Mobile Media Metadata: Metadata Creation System for Mobile Images (Video)." In: Video Proceedings of 12th Annual ACM International Conference on Multimedia in New York, New York, ACM Press, Forthcoming 2004.

– Marc Davis. "Mobile Media Metadata: Metadata Creation System for Mobile Images (Video Description)." In: Video Proceedings of 12th Annual ACM International Conference on Multimedia in New York, New York, ACM Press, Forthcoming 2004.


http://garage.sims.berkeley.edu

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