2004 CSMCRI Experience With Reverse Osmosis Membranes And

8/8/2019 2004 CSMCRI Experience With Reverse Osmosis Membranes And

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E L S E V I E R Desalination 165 (2004) 201-208DESALINATION

www.elsevier.com/tocate/desai

C S M C R I e x p e r ie n c e w i th re ve rs e o s m o s i s m e m b r a n e s a ndd e s a l i n a t i o n : c a s e s t u d i e s

S.V. Joshi*, P .K. G ho sh, V.J. Shah, C.V. Devm urari, J .J . Tr ivedi, Prakash Ra oCentral Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar 364 002 (GujaraO IndiaFax: +91 (278) 256-6511; email: [email protected]

Rece ived 18 January 2004; accepted 2 Feb ruary 2004

A b s t r a c tDesc r ib ed h e r e in i s a ca se s tu d y o f l o n g - t e r m r ev e rse o smo s i s p l an t o p e r a t io n b ased o n T FC me mb r an e t ech n o lo g yd e v e l o p e db y C SM C R I , B h av n ag a r , I nd ia . T h e p l an t su p p l ie s sa fe d r in k in g wa te r co n ta in in g 1 7 5 p p m to th e p o p u la t io no f t h e Kasa ri v i l lag e . Th e p l an t p r o v id es 2 0 0 0 L /h d esa l in a t ed wa te r co n ta in in g 1 7 5 p p m sa lt s, wh ich i s d e sa l in a tedf r o m 1 8 00 p p m sa l in e wa te r a t 2 0 0 p s i o p e r a t in g p re ssu r e . A r ap id d ec l in e o f p r o d u c t ra t e wa s o b se r v ed in t h e in it ia l4 m o n th s o f o p e r a t io n ; h o w ev e r , t h e p r o d u c t r a te an d sa lt r e j ec t io n h av e r em a in ed s t ead y a f t e r t h e 4 m o n th s t il l th e

repor t ing per iod .Keywords:R ev er se o sm o s i s ; Th in - f i lm co mp o s i t e mem b r an e ; Kasa ri v i l lag e ; C ase s tu d ie s

I . I n t r o d u c t i o nI n d i a i s a c o u n t r y w h o s e w a t e r s i t u a t i o n i s

v e r y u n p r e d i c t a b l e . T h e l i t t l e r a i n t h a t f a l l s o nd i f f e r e n t r e g i o n s i s d i f f i c u l t t o c a p t u r e a n d s t o r e.M o s t o f t h e v i ll a g e s a r e h i g h l y s t r e s se d d u e t o t h ei n s u f f ic i e n t q u a n t i t y a n d p o o r q u a l i t y o f d r in k i n gw a t e r t h e y g e t f r o m l o c a l s o u r c e s . T h e r e a s o nm a y b e t h a t t h e r e m o t e v i l l a g e s f a c e t h e p r o b l e m so f a l a c k o f e l e c t r i c i t y , t r a n s p o r t f a c i l it i e s a n d a*Corresponding author.

w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m . T h e s u p p l y o f s a fed r i n k in g w a t e r b y m e a n s o f r ev e r s e o s m o s i s ( R O )i s o n e o f th e r e l ia b l e a n d c o n v e n i e n t w a y s o fs o l v i n g t h e w a t e r p r o b l e m i n n o - s o u r c e s a n dp r o b l e m v i l l a g e s o f I n di a . G e n e r a l l y t h e p o p u -l a ti o n i n s u c h v i l la g e s i s 1 0 0 0 to 3 0 0 0 . C S M C R I ,B h a v n a g a r , h a s c o m m i s s i o n e d a n d s u c c e s s fu l lyo p e r a t e s s m a l l- to m e d i u m - s i z e d R O p l a n t s i nv i l la g e s b a s e d o n i t s t e c h n o l o g y o f c o n v e r t i n gb r a c k i s h w a t e r i n t o s a f e d r i n k i n g w a t e r a n ds u p p l y i n g i t t o t h e l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n [ 1 - 3 ].

Presented at the EuroMed 2004 conference on Desalination Strategies in South Mediterranean Countries: Cooperationbetween Mediterranean Countries of Europe and the Southern Rim of the Mediterranean. Sponsored by the EuropeanDesalination Society and Office National de l'Eau Potable, Marrakech, Morocco, 30 May-2 June, 2004.0011 -9164/04 /$- See f ront ma t te r 20 04 E lsevie r B.V. Al l r ights re se rveddoi; 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.023


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202 S. tl. doshi e t al . / Desal inat ion 165 (2004) 20 1-2 08M e m b r a n e r e s e a r c h i s b e i n g c o n d u c t e d i n

Ind ia by ve ry f ew na t iona l l abo ra to r i e s andun ive rs i ti e s. As com pared g loba l ly , comm erc i a lac t iv i t ies seem to be res t r ic ted to only desa l i -na t ion o r was t ewa te r t r ea tmen t and no t t o anys ign i fi can t l eve l. W i th t he sup por t o f Gove rnm en to f Ind i a and C ounc i l o f Sc i en t i f ic and Indus t ri a lR e s e a rc h ( C S I R ), N e w D e l h i , C S M C R I w a s a b l et o d e v e l o p R O t e c h n o l o g y f o r b r a c k i s h w a t e rdesa l ina t ion .

The f i r s t desa l ina t ion p lant was bu i l t in 1972based on ce l lu lose ace t a t e t ubu la r t echno logy tosupp ly d r ink ing wa te r t o t he s t a f f o f t he Ag r i -cu l tu re Un ive r s i ty , who o the rw i se were d r ink ingsal ine water . Later on ce l lu lose ace ta te sp i ra lmo du les (2 .5" and 4" d i am e te r 1 m) w ere deve l -oped in 1977 , and seve ra l p l an t s o f d i ff e r en tcapaci t ies inc luding the proto ty pe un i t ins ta l led ina mob i l e van [4 ] were i n s t a l l ed i n v i l l agesto p rov ide sa f e d r ink ing wa te r .

M e a n w h i l e , C S M C R I h a s d e v e l o p e d t h i n -f il mc o m p o s i t e m e m b r a n e ( T F C ) t e c h n o l o g y f o rb rack i sh wa te r and ve ry sa l i ne wa te r desa l ina tion[5] . The f i r s t 500 L/d proto type p lant based onT F C m e m b r a n e w a s i n s ta l le d a t C P C L , C h e n n a i ,in 1996, fo l low ed by a 5000 L/d p lant in 1997 tot rea t mun ic ipa l te r t i a ry t r ea t ed sew age wa te r , t hep r o d u c t o f w h i c h w a s u s e d a s p r o c e ss w a t e r in ar e f ine ry . Af t e r succes s fu l d emo ns t r a t i on o f t h i s

p l an t fo r m ore t han a yea r , a 40 ,000 L /d capac i typ l an t was i n s t a l led a t t he s ame p l ace . I n Novem -be r 2003 the 1 M LD RO p lan t wa s i n s ta l led byC S M C R I a t C P C L , C h e n n a i , w h i c h w a s s p o n -s o r ed b y t h e C e n t e r f o r H i g h T e c h n o l o g y , N e wDelhi . This p lant t rea ts 1 MLD ter t ia ry t rea teds e w a g e w a t e r t o p r o d u c e p r o c e s s w a t e r f o r t here f ine ry . The in i ti a l pe r fo rma nce r e su l t s a r e g ivenin Tab le 1 .

In t he l a st 5 yea r s a f ew m ore sm a l l -capac i typ l an ts w ere i n s t a ll ed i n w a te r - sca rce v il l ages top rov ide d r ink ing wa te r t o t he peop le ; t hey a r eope ra t ed a t l ow p res su re i n t he r ange o f 200 to250 ps i t rea t ing water f rom 2 ,000 to 10 ,000 pp msal in i ty a t a 95% sa l t re jec t io n level . The se p lantshave been ru nn ing e xcep t iona l ly we l l i n v i ll agesand p rov ide sa f e d r ink ing w a te r .

The pape r desc r ibes t he pe r fo rmanc e re su l ts o fone o f t he RO p lan t s i n ope ra t ion fo r 16 mon thsin the v i l lage of Kasar i in the Rajas than s ta te inInd ia. Based on o u r expe r i ence fo r ope ra t i ng ROplan t s i n t he v i l l ages fo r p rov id ing sa fe d r ink ingwa te r , and the r e l i ab i l it y o f t h i s t echno logy , i nadd i t ion to fu l f i llmen t o f t he r equ i r emen t s o f t hepeop le , s ta t e gove rnm en t s a r e comin g fo rward top r o m o t e t h e t e c h n o l o g y f o r t h e s u p p l y o f w a t e r i nrura l a reas .

T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f T F C m e m b r a n e s w a sd iv ided in to d i f f e r en t phases : (1 ) d eve lopm en t o f

Table 1Details of the 1 MLD RO plant installed at C PCL, ChermaiDesign Actual Remarks

Feed q uantity, L/m inProduct quantity, L/minFeed conductance,/tsFeed quality, ppmProduct conductivity,#sProduct quality, ppmSR, %Operating pressure , psiRecovery, %No. of 8" modules

624 (1 ML D) 800 (1.15 ML D) +15% (excess)520 (0.75 MLD ) 600 (0.86 MLD ) +15% (excess)3125 2310=2000 = 1475312 230=250 = 150 +2.5% (excess)87.5 90250 19575 7548 32 - 33% (less)


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S. V. Josh i e t al. / Desalination 165 (2004) 2 01 -20 8 203a p o r o u s p o l y s u l fo n e m e m b r a n e ; ( 2 ) d e v e l o p m e n to f a p o l y a m i d e t h i n - f i l m p r o c e s s t o c o a t t h ep o r o u s p o l y s u lf o n e m e m b r a n e ; ( 3 ) d e v e l o p m e n to f s u i t a b l e t e c h n o l o g y f o r l a r g e - s c a l e m a n u -f a c tu r e o f T F C m e m b r a n e s o f 1 m x 5 0 m s i z e;( 4) m e m b r a n e p o s t - tr e a t m e n t s ; (5 ) d e v e l o p m e n to f d i f f e re n t s i z e d s p i ra l m o d u l e s a n d r e l a t e d h a r d -w ar e ; ( 6 ) t e s t i ng o f t he co m p l e t e un i t f o r i tsr e li a b il it y a n d m e m b r a n e p e r f o r m a n c e ; ( 7 ) p l a n ta s s em bl i ng , i n s t a l l a t i on and ope r a t i on . A TFCm e m b r a n e w a s p r e p a r e d f i r st o n l a b o r a t o r y s c a lew h er e a ll the pa r am e t e r s w er e s t anda r d i zed .

S u b s e q u e n t l y t h e m a c h i n e s f o r c o n t i n u o u sc a s ti n g o f p o l y s u l f o n e a n d c o n t i n u o u s c o a ti n g o ft h e th i n f il m w e r e d e v e l o p e d t o m a k e 1 m x 5 0 mp o r o u s p o l y s u l fo n e m e m b r a n e a n d 1 m 25 mt h i n - f i l m c o a t i n g o f p o l y a m i d e b y i n t e r r a c i a lpo l ym er i za t i on , r e s pec t i ve l y . Sp i r a l e l em en t s

f r om 1", 2 . 5" , 4 " and 8" d i am e t e r w e r e deve l o pedu s i n g t h e p r o p e r s e l e c t i o n o f f e e d a n d p r o d u c ts p a c e rs f o r a m a x i m u m 6 0 0 p s i w o r k i n g p r e s su r ef o r b r ack i s h w a t e r des a l i na t i on .

S e v e r al p r o t o t y p e s a n d m e d i u m - s i z e d p l a n t su s i n g d i f fe r e n t t y p e s o f m o d u l e d i a m e t e r s h a v eb e e n o p e r a t e d f o r 6 m o n t h s to 2 y e a r s i n d i ff e r en tp l aces t o t r ea t b r ack i s h w a t e r i n t he s a l i n i t y r angef r o m 2 , 0 0 0 to 1 0 , 0 0 0 p p m . T h e T F C m e m b r a n e su s e d i n t h e m o d u l e s s e p a r a t e a n d r e m o v e d i s -s o l ved s a l t s t o t he ex t en t o f 95% , a l ong w i t ho r gan i c m a t e r i a l s , py r o gen s , s ub - m i c r on co ll o i da lm a t t e r s , v i r u s es and bac t e r i a f r om t he w a t e r .T a b l e 2 s h o w s t h e d e t a i ls o f t h e R O d e s a l in a t io np l an t s i n s t a l l ed by CSM CRI i n l a s t 5 yea r s a td i f f e r en t l oca t i ons t ha t p r ov i de s a f e d r i nk i ngw a t e r t o t he r u r a l m as s es .

Table 2Details o f u ltrafiltration/reverseosmosis plants installed by C SM CRI, Bhavnagar, in the last 5 yearsSr. no. Loca tion of plant State Capacity, L/D Y ea rof ins tal lat ion Sa l ini ty f water, ppm1 Madras Refineries Limited, Tamilnadu 4 0 ,0 0 0 1998 2,000Chennai2 N a i g a u nsuper-cyclone O ri ss a 15,000 1999 5,000affected village)3 Mo cha Gujarat 30,000 2000 8,0004 A l l a h a b a dK u m bh M e la ) U P 3 0 , 0 0 0 1 0 . 1 .2 0 0 1 - 2 9 . 1 .2 0 0 1500 (ultrafiltration)5 Rand hanpu r Gujarat 30,000 2001 1,000 (ultrafiltration)(earthquake affected area)6 Loda i, Ku tch Gujarat 15,000 2001 6,000(earthquake affected area)7 K aly an pu r Gujarat 30,000 2002 8,0008 B h u jo d i, utch Gujarat 2,000 2001 5,000-6,000M andvi, Kutch Gujarat 2,000 2002Nalia, Ku tch Gujarat 2,000 20029 Kasari Rajasthan 50,000 2002 5,00010 Bhu j-GIDE Gujarat 2,000 2003 3,00011 B a rm e r Rajasthan 50,000 2003 3,00012 C P C L , hennai Tamilnadu 10,00 0,000 2003 2,00013 M an da pa m Tamilnadu 2,000 2003 35,000(under construction)


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204 s. v. Joshi e t al. / D esalination 165 (2004) 201-2082 . P l a n t d e s i g n

RO i s a h igh ly soph i s t i ca t ed t echno logy ,wh ich r equ i r e s advanced in s t rumen ta t ion andha rdware acces so r ie s t ha t r equ i r e w e l l -qua l i f ieds t a f f fo r ope ra ti on o f t he p l an t. Ho we ver , i n ru ra lv i l lages f ac i l it ie s a r e l imi t ed fo r p ow er supp ly ,man pow er , i n fr a s t ruc tu re , e tc . , so t he t echno lo gyshou ld be o pe rab le i n a l imi t ed i n f r a s truc tu re wi thunsk i l l ed ope ra to r s . W i th t h i s i n mind , ou r ROplan t was des igned wi th j u s t t he e s sen t i a lequ ipm en t to run the p l an t.

2.1 . Pre- t reatment s ys t emA s imple p re - tr ea tmen t sys t em cons i s t ing o f a

sand f i l te r and two car t r idge f i l te rs of 10 m icronand 5 mic ron , r e spec t ive ly , was des ign ed fo r themed ium-s i zed RO p lan t. A p res su re - type sandf i lt e r was u sed fo r f i l tr a t ion o f r aw sa l ine wa te r ,w h i c h i s p u m p e d f r o m t h e w e l l a n d c o n t i n u o u s l yf i l te rs par t icula tes and col lo ids f rom the water .How ever , a backwash o f t he s and f i lt e r a ft e r shu t -dow n o f the p l an t eve ry day i s r equ i r ed fo r e ff i -c ient f i lt ra tion . The m icron f i l te rs a re requi red tof i l t e r ou t t he impur i t i e s o f nea r ly 5 mic rons i ns i ze . C lean ing o f t he ca r t r i dge f i l t e r shou ld bedone f r equen t ly and r ep l aced a f t e r abou t 2mon ths o f ope ra t i on ; bu t due to t he l ow cos t o fthese f i l t e r s , more f r equen t r ep l acemen t i sposs ib le .

D e c h l o r in a t io n o f w a t e r i s r e q u i r e d w h e n e v e rthe f eed i s p r ev ious ly ch lo r ina t ed fo r ou r sys t em,a s i t is b a se d o n a p o l y a m i d e T F C m e m b r a n e . A ne q u i v a le n t a m o u n t o f s o d i u m b i su l fi te w a s a d d e dto r educe the ch lo r ine by the dos ing pumpins ta l led before the sand f i l te r . As the peoplefe t ch the pu r i f i ed wa te r eve ry day , no exces swa te r r ema ins i n t he r e se rvo i r , wh ich e l imina t e sthe use o f ch lo r ina t ion o f p roduc t wa te r .2 .2 . Rever s e o s m os i s p l a n t a s s em bl y

The R O p lan t i s com pr i sed o f a h igh -p res su repump; membrane e l emen t s ; p r e s su re ves se l s ;

p re s su re r egu la t i ng va lves ; and an e l ec t r i cal con -t ro l l i ng pane l cons i s t i ng o f an ammete r , vo l t -me te r , f r equency me te r , t imer , f l ow me te r , e t c .T h e p l a n t w a s d e s i g n e d t o a c h i e v e 5 0 % r e c o v e r yof desa l ina t ed wa te r a t an ope ra t ing p re s su re o f250 ps i. The m em bran e e l emen t s a r e 4" and 8" i nd i ame te r and 1 m in leng th , accom mo da t ing1 6 m 2 a n d 4 0 m 2 m e m b r a n e a r e a o f p o l y s u l f o n e -p o l y a m i d e T F C m e m b r a n e p r e p a r e d a t C S M C R I ,B h a v n a g e r , w i t h i n d i g e n o u s k n o w - h o w . T h e R Opres su re ves se l s p rov ided a r e f i l amen t woundf ibe rg la s s - r e in fo rced p l a st ic . The b rack i sh wa te rsys t em i s equ ipped wi th a p re s su re ves se l de -s igned to hou se m em brane e l em en t s a t p r e s su resup to 600 ps i .

2 .3 . P o w e r g e n e r a t i o nThe R O p lan t has a t h r ee -phase , 440 V , 50 Hz ,

3 HP e l ec t r i c mo to r t o d r ive a h igh -p res su repum p fo r a l a rge -capac i ty p lan t . I n v i l l ages wheree l ec t r i c power supp ly i s no t ava i l ab l e , a d i e se lgene ra to r s e t was p ro v ided w i th t he p l an t . A l sowh ere a t h r ee -phase e l ec t r i c supp ly is no t ava i l -ab l e , a sma l l p ro to type p l an t was des igned toope ra t e on s ing l e phase , 220 V p ow er supp ly .

2 . 4 . M on i t o r i ng o f p e r f o r m a n c eA c o n d u c t i v i ty m e t e r a n d a p H m e t e r w e r e

supp l i ed t o check the qua l i t y o f t he f eed andpe rmea te . A w a te r ana lyze r ana lyzes t he f eed andpe rmea ted wa te r s fo r ha rdness and o the r i ons .P l an t pe r fo rm ance i s mon i to red con t inuous ly andda ta r eco rded da i ly fo r p roduc t r a te , s a lt r e j ec ti on ,p r o d u c t r e c o v e r y a n d t e m p e r a tu r e o f f e e d w a t e r.

2 . 5 . Kas a r i de s a l i na t i on p l an tThe RO p lan t sys t em wi th a 30 ,000 L /d capa -

c i ty was des ign ed and m anufac tu red a t t he Ins ti -t u te . A sch emat i c f l ow d i ag ram o f the p l an tdes ign i s show n in Fig . 1 . I t w as ins ta l led in theK a s a ri v i ll a g e , 3 0 k m a w a y f r o m t h e J h u n j h u n u


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S. V. Jos hi e t al. / Des alinatio n 165 (2004) 20 1-2 08 2050 0 0 0

oo

Booster Hig h Pmssm * P~g*~s~

geg~atorBypassh e toRaw Water t~ k

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Fig. 1. Schematic diag ram of Kasari reve rse osm osis desalination plant.

r l ~ p F - ~ u r ~~ m p

d i s t r ic t in th e S t a t e o f R a j a s t h a n . T h e v i l l a g e i ss i tu a t e d in a r e m o t e a r e a w h e r e n o o t h e r s o u r c e o fs w e e t w a t e r w a s a v a i la b l e , e x c e p t f o r a sa l in ew e l l w a t e r f ro m w h i c h p e o p l e w e r e c o n s u m i n gw a t e r f o r d r i n k i n g , c o o k i n g a n d o t h e r d o m e s t i cu s e s . T h e v i l l a g e w a s s e l e c t e d b y t h e R a j a s t h a nS t a te G o v e r n m e n t f o r i n s t a l li n g a p l a n t t o p r o v i d ed e s a l i n a t e d w a t e r . W i t h f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t f r o mt h e D e p a r t m e n t o f S c ie n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y , N e wD e l h i , th e p r o j e c t b e g a n w i t h a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g t oi n s t a ll t h e p l a n t i n th e v i l l a g e a n d t o t r a i n a p e r s o nf r o m t h e s a m e v i l l a g e t o o p e r a t e a n d m a i n t a i n t h ep l a n t f o r a p e r i o d o f 3 y e a r s .

F i g . 1 s h o w s t h e t h r e e h i g h - p r e s s u r e v e s s e l s ,e a c h c o n ta i n i n g tw o 4 " m e m b r a n e e l e m e n ts . T h er a w s a l i n e w a t e r f r o m a l o c a l s o u r c e i s d r a w nw i t h a f il te r p u m p a n d f o r c e d t h r o u g h b o o s t e rp u m p t o a s a n d f i l t e r a t a p r e s s u r e o f 1 5 p s i . A n

o p t i o n a l a r r a n g e m e n t w a s m a d e t o d e c h l o r i n a t ~f e e d w a t e r b e f o r e s a n d f i l tr a t i o n b y c o n t i n u o u s l 3d o s i n g 1 .5 p p m o f s o d i u m b i s u l fi t e. T h e r e a f t e rt h e w a t e r e n t e r s i n t o 1 0 m i c r o n a n d 5 m i c r o tf i lt e r s i n s u c c e s s i o n . F e e d w a t e r f i l t e r e d i n s u c hs y s t e m h a s a t u r b i d i t y o f l e ss t h a n 1 N T U a s th

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