2003 Orchard View · •Rhizomes (raspberries) •Stolons or runners (strawberries) •Seeds...
Transcript of 2003 Orchard View · •Rhizomes (raspberries) •Stolons or runners (strawberries) •Seeds...
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2003 Orchard View
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Fruit & Orchard Production in
Northern Nevada
Michael G. Janik
www.michaelsapples.com
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Reference Books
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Choices
• Bare root vs. potted trees
• Price and shipping considerations
• Spring or Fall planting
• My preference: bare root, plant in spring
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How Fruit Trees and Berries Are
Propagated
• Rhizomes (raspberries)
• Stolons or runners (strawberries)
• Seeds (colonial times)
• Grafting (Clones of fruit trees with
desired characteristics)
• Scions, Buds and Rootstocks
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Natural Graft
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Rootstocks
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Ready to Graft
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First cut showing cambial ring
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Second cut on rootstock and scion
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Whip and tongue graft
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Secure graft with grafting rubber
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Graft Secured
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Wrap with grafting tape; wax top
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Planting in Nursery Rows
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Sprout on graft
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Bare Root Apple Whip
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Sources for Trees
• Local nurseries
• Chain Discount Stores
• Mail order nurseries
• www.gardenwatchdog.com
• www.davesgarden.com
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Pollination, Pollenizers (other variety), Pollinators (bees)
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Selection Criteria
• What you and your clients want
• What the trees need and want
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Personal (Customer)
Needs and Likes
• What type of fruit do you like?
• Continuous supply—early, late, keepers
• Needs—Tastes—Uses
– Fresh
– Baking/Cooking
– Sauce/Juice
– Preserves, Jams, Jellies
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Preserves, jams, jelly, pies
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Other ways to store fruits and berries
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Fruit Tree Needs and Likes
• Climate—Hardy to USDA zones 2-6
• Chill Hours—hrs 32-45°F +800 hrs
• Soil—pH 6.5 n NV pH 8.5
• Water—~2.5 gal/week, young trees
• Nutrition—No need to fertilize, except
• Location—Sunshine > 8 hrs/day
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Varieties for Northern Nevada
• UNR Cooperative Extension handout
• Other cold weather varieties to try
• Farm trails and fruit tastings
• My variety recommendations to date
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Farm Trails—Stabile’s Hillview Farm
Watsonville, CA
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Apples
• Choose an early ripening, a late, & a keeper (or 2)
• Handout varieties plus:– Granny Smith,
Jonathan, Arkansas Black
– Honeycrisp, Fuji
– Smokehouse, Newtown Pippin
• Apple Hill, Placerville, CA
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Pears
• Red Bartlett
• Seckel, Bosc, d’Anjou
• Pick, store, ripen, consume
• Filoli Gardens
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Stone Fruits
• Cherries, plums, peaches, nectarines
• Late blooming, early ripening!
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Apricots• Why don’t they
produce here????
• Extension handout
• Tomcot, Manchurian
• Harrow series: Harogem, Hargrand, Har* Ontario
• University of Minnesota, Utah, etc
• NAFEX
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Cherries • Sweet• Bing, Van,
Black Tartarian,
• Royal Ann, Utah Giant, Rainier
• Kristin
• „Sour‟ or“Pie” or“Tart”
• Montmorency
• Morello
• Northstar
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Plums
• European and Japanese
• Green gage, Reine Claude
• Stanley, Italian prune, President
• Satsuma, Santa Rosa
• Hybrids and Pluotapripeacahrines
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Peaches/Nectarines
• PEACHES
>1000 chill hrs
-Reliance
>850 chill hours—
-JH Hale
-Elberta
-Early Elberta
-Veteran
• NECTARINES
-Snow Queen
-White Tiger
Miniatures
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Small Fruits• Blueberries
– 5.0 pH
– Elliot, Norsky, Patriot,
check northern catalogs
• Raspberries/Blackberries
– Investigate pruning
methods
– Thorns or Thornless
– Need to control vigorous
spreading roots
– Heritage (Aug through
Oct)
– Autumn Bliss
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Strawberries
• Europe, North American, Chile
• Hybrids; good taste, large
• Tribute, Tristar
• Musk, Woodland, Alpine; great taste,
small
• Mara du Bois, Fragissimo
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• Grapes
– Table grapes, wine grapes
– Grapes for Northern Nevada
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Currants and GooseberriesRed Lake
Consort
Ben Lomond
NutsPecans (native northern)
Walnuts (Black)
Almond (Hall’s Hardy)
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Getting Started
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Take a Soil Sample!
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Soil prep
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M & MMulch and Manure (composted horse)
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Bitter pit—Ca deficiency
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Zinc Deficiency
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Chlorosis (Fe deficiency)
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Chlorosis
on
Cucumber
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Causes of mineral deficiencies
• Soil deficient of particular mineral
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Causes of mineral deficiencies
• Soil deficient of particular mineral
• OVERWATERING!!!!
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Treatment for mineral deficiencies
• Stop Overwatering!
• Chelated iron on leaves
• Analyze soil/leaves, adjust pH
• Apply Agricultural Sulphur
• Mulch, Mulch, Mulch
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BASIC TRAINING FOR FRUIT
TREES
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Right tool
for the right
job
Loppers
Pruners
Saws
Clean
Sanitized
Sharp
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Size control using rootstocks
• Standard—25 ft and up
• Semi-Dwarf or half-standard
– 8 to18 ft apples, pears
– 15 to 20+ ft stone fruits (cherries, plums, etc
• Genetic Dwarf/Miniatures—5-8 ft
• Varietal vigor
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Standard Semi-dwarf Dwarf
~2.4 times more production per acre
Tree sizes
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Standard Semi-Dwarf
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Dwarf apple orchard
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Dwarf Apple Tree (must be supported)
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Easy access to harvest
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Rootstock Chart
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Planting
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Planting
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Natural
Target
Pruning
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Proper pruning cut, before
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Proper pruning cut, after
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Well-sealed pruning scar
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Natural Target Pruning II
• Always cut back to a bud or branch
• Always angle the cut away from the bud
• Choose growth direction
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Angle cut away from bud
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Select bud growth direction
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Apical Dominance
• Apical dominance is a tree’s response to a pruning cut
• All pruning cuts cause the same reaction in a tree
• Proper pruning uses apical dominance to shape trees
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Apical Dominance
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Pruning
Forms
for
Fruit
Trees
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Training A Central Leader
Tree
• Apples, Pears, plums, and cherries
• Dwarf Pyramid or Pyramid
• French Axe
• Spindle Bush
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1st Year
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Bare Root Tree
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Training Horizontal Limb Growth
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Training using Clothespins 1st year
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before
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2nd year, etc; after
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2nd Year
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2yr dwarf
pyramid
pear
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3rd and Subsequent Years
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Cut out vigorous growth
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Vigorous growth removed
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Regrowth
Next Summer
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Central
leader
pear in
bloom
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Semi-dwarf
Central
Leader
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Summary
Training a
Central Leader
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Training an Open Center Tree
• Stone fruits, esp. peaches, nectarines
• Lowest limb 12-18 inches
• 3-5 limbs at low angle form a vase
shape
• Allows sunlight needed to ripen fruit
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Training an
Open Center
Tree
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1yr Open Center Cherry
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2yr Open Center Cherry
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Open Center
oriental pear
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Open center peach
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Texas peach orchard
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Texas peach tree
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Peach tree at Monticello
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Training a Horizontal Espalier
• Suitable for apples and pears
• Recommend 24-16-16-16 inches
• Opens tree to sunlight and air flow
• Easy to prune
• Easy access to spray, thin, and pick
• Easily covered with bird netting
• Aesthetically attractive
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Pear espalier on south-facing
wall
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Training Anything’s Possible
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Apical
Dominance
Note the near
horizontal limb
angles
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Training Horizontal Limbs--Before
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Training horizontal limbs--after
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1st Year Horizontal
Espalier
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Summer
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Winter
before
pruning
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Winter after pruning
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2nd Year Horizontal
Espalier
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Water Sprouts
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Water Sprouts After Pruning
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Before
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After
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3rd Year Espalier
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Apple Espaliers Third year
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Mature Horizontal
Espalier
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Espalier Pear Ohio
![Page 114: 2003 Orchard View · •Rhizomes (raspberries) •Stolons or runners (strawberries) •Seeds (colonial times) •Grafting (Clones of fruit trees with desired characteristics) ...](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071106/5fe0ef334c0a727e886c285f/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Mature Horizontal espalier
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End of Row
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Apple Espalier early summer
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PV Orchard 2005
![Page 118: 2003 Orchard View · •Rhizomes (raspberries) •Stolons or runners (strawberries) •Seeds (colonial times) •Grafting (Clones of fruit trees with desired characteristics) ...](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071106/5fe0ef334c0a727e886c285f/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Informal or Fan Espalier
![Page 119: 2003 Orchard View · •Rhizomes (raspberries) •Stolons or runners (strawberries) •Seeds (colonial times) •Grafting (Clones of fruit trees with desired characteristics) ...](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071106/5fe0ef334c0a727e886c285f/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Candelabra
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Summary
• Apical Dominance
• Cut to a branch or bud
• Choose bud/growth direction
• Training vs. Pruning
• References, Google It!
• Buy a Pruning Book and Use It!
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Thank you
• Michael Janik
• Reno and Paradise Valley, NV
• www.michaelsapples.com
• Email to receive my monthly newsletter
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Fall