2003 ANNUAL UPDATE - link.springer.com978-1-4757-5548-0/1.pdf · ANNUAL UPDATE 2003 Editor J ......
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INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE 2003 ANNUAL UPDATE VINCENT
Transcript of 2003 ANNUAL UPDATE - link.springer.com978-1-4757-5548-0/1.pdf · ANNUAL UPDATE 2003 Editor J ......
INTENSIVE CARE
MEDICINE
2003
ANNUAL UPDATE
JEAN~LOUIS VINCENT
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
INTENSIVE CARE
MEDICINE
ANNUAL UPDATE
2003
Editor
J ean..-Louis Vincent MD, PhD, FCCM, FCCP
Head, Department of Intensive Care Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels
Brussels, Belgium
With 176 Figures and 96 Tables
~Springer
Jean-Louis Vincent, MD, PhD, FCCM, FCCP Head, Department of Intensive Care Erasme Hospital Free University of Brussels Route de Lennik 808 B-1 070 Brussels Belgium
ISBN 978-1-4757-5550-3 ISBN 978-1-4757-5548-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-5548-0
Printed on acid-free paper.
©Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH. except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or schol-arly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editor nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 SPIN 10954263
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Contents
Epithelial-Endothelial Alterations
Role of Epithelial ICAM-1 in Endotoxin-Induced Lung Injury 3 (B. Beck-Schimmer, R. C. Schimmer, and T. Pasch)
Pulmonary Endothelium-Bound Enzymes in the Normal and the Diseased Lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
(S.E. Orfanos, A. Kotanidou, and C. Roussos)
Endothelial Cell Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill 21 (S. V. Baudouin)
Sepsis: Mechanisms and Therapy
Reconciling Clinical Criteria and the Use of Genetically Engineered Animals in Sepsis Research . . . . . . 35
(G. Albuszies, C. Ince, and P. Radermacher)
Human Genetics and Human Sepsis: Is the Tail Wagging the Dog? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
(D. Burgner and M. Levin)
Microarray Technology in Sepsis: Tool or Toy . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 (S. Russwurm, H. P. Deigner, and K. Reinhart)
Update on Anti-Endotoxin Therapies (R. Stephens and M. Mythen)
65
An Update of Childhood Meningococcal Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . 76 (]. Ramet, N. Najafi, and A. Benatar)
The Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Risk of Sepsis and ARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
(E. L. Burnham, M. Moss, and G. S. Martin)
VI Contents
Supplementing Arginine during Sepsis: from Theory to Clinical Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
(M. Poeze and M.J. Bruins)
Coagulation Abnormalities
Severe Thrombotic Microangiopathy in Critically Ill Patients . 109 (F. Pene, Y. E. Claessens, and f. P. Mira)
Heparin in the Treatment of Critically Ill Patients on the ICU Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
(M. Levi, A. Cornelie de Pont, and E. de Jonge)
Endogenous Anticoagulants and the Role of Heparin in the Treatment of Severe Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
(C.J. Wiedermann and C. Pechlaner)
Is Recombinant Activated Factor VII a Universal Hemostatic? . 136 (P. Diprose, R. Gill, and M. Herbertson)
Infectious Challenges
Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: Associated Risks and Preventive Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
(H.F.L. Wertheim and J. A.J. W. Kluytmans)
Current Dilemmas in the Management of Adults with Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia . .. .... . .. .. 162
(J. Rello, f. A. Paiva, and C. S. Dias)
Evaluation of Non-Resolving and Progressive Pneumonia ... . 175 (R. Menendez and A. Torres)
Candida in Lung Specimens from Non-Neutropenic ICU Patients: Infection or Colonization? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
(E. Azoulay and B. Schlemmer)
A Reappraisal of Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
(A. Heininger, W.A. Krueger, and K.E. Unertl)
Management of Catheter-Related Sepsis in the ICU ... ..... 209 (B. Mourvillier and f. F. Timsit)
Empiric Antibiotics in Critical Illness: Do they Help or Harm? 219 (M.A. Aarts and J. C. Marshall)
Contents VII
Acute Respiratory Failure
Mortality Rates in Patients with ARDS: What Should be the Reference Standard? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
(N.D. Ferguson, F. Frutos- Vivar, and A. Esteban)
Sigh in Acute Respiratory Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 (N. Patroniti, G. Foti, and A. Pesenti)
The Conditioning of Medical Gases during Spontaneous Breathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
(D. Chiumello, N. Bottino, and P. Pelosi)
Recent Innovations in Mechanical Ventilatory Support . . . . . . 264 (N. Macintyre)
Expiratory Flow Limitation in Mechanically Ventilated Patients 272 (A. Koutsoukou, C. Roussos, and]. Milic-Emili)
Respiratory Muscle Unloading during Mechanical Ventilation . 280 (]. Beck, ]. Spahija, and C. Sinderby)
High Frequency Oscillation (HFO): Physiological Basis for a Potentially 'Optimal' Protective Ventilatory Strategy . . . 288
(A. Rossi, T. E. Stewart, and V. M. Ranieri)
Withdrawal from Mechanical Ventilation in Patients with COPD: The Issue of Congestive Heart Failure
(B. Cabello and]. Mancebo)
Inhalation Therapies
295
Inhalation Therapy during Mechanical Ventilation . . . . . . . . 305 (E. Kondili, C. Alexopoulou, and D. Georgopoulos)
Trials of Surfactant Replacement Therapy in Patients with ARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
(M.]. Schultz,]. Kesecioglu, and B. Lachmann)
Surfactant Therapy: Beyond a Rescue Therapy for ARDS . . . . 331 (].]. Haitsma, R. A. Lachmann, and B. Lachmann)
VIII Contents
Perioperative Complications
High Risk Surgical Patients: Why We Should Pre-Optimize ... 341 (B. Vallet, G. Lebuffe, and E. Wiel)
Pain Control in the Intensive Care Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 (S. Brett and U. Waheed)
Respiratory Failure Post-Coronary Bypass Surgery ......... 355 (S. Yende and R. Wunderink)
Postoperative Respiratory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 (G.K. Albaugh and R.P. Dellinger)
Myocardial Ischemia or Cardiac Failure: Which Constitutes the Major Perioperative Risk? . . . . . . . . . . 377
(P. Older and A. Hall)
Cardiac Crises
Acute Coronary Syndromes .... . .................... 391 (!.F. Coutts, S. R. Redwood, and A. Rhodes)
Pre-Hospital Reperfusion Strategies to Optimize Outcomes in Acute Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
(P. Goldstein)
Glucose, Free Fatty Acids, and Insulin Following Acute Myocardial Ischemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
(H. B. van Wezel and S. W. M. de ]on g)
Quantifying Left Ventricular Ejection Effectiveness . . . . . . . . . 436 (M. R. Pinsky)
Cardiogenic Shock ................................ 447 (S.M. Hollenberg)
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Inhibition of the Sarcolemmal Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger: A Potential Treatment for Resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest .. 461
(R.]. Gazmuri, I.M. Ayoub, and]. Kolarova)
Contents IX
Immediate Defibrillation for Out-of-hospital Ventricular Fibrillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
(P. E. Pepe, f. G. Wigginton, and R. L. Fowler)
Monitoring Systems
Cardiac Output Monitoring: Will New Technologies Replace the Pulmonary Artery Catheter? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
(J.A.L. Pittman and K.f. Gupta)
Assessment of Cardiac Preload and Volume Responsiveness using Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
(M. Slama and f. L. Teboul)
Early Transesophageal Echo Doppler Approach in Trauma: Emergence of a New Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
(0. Richard, f.M. Caussanel, and Y. Lambert)
Management of Circulatory and Respiratory Failure Using Less Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . 508
(F. Michard and A. Perel)
Minimally Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . 521 (W. T. Peruzzi, R. Gould, and L. Brodsky)
Oxygen Availability
Microvascular Alterations in Patients with Circulatory Failure 535 (D. De Backer, f. Creteur, and M.f. Dubois)
Critical Tissue Oxygen Thresholds for the Induction of Apoptosis in Critical Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
(B. Venkatesh, G. Gobe, and T.f. Morgan)
Reflectance Spectrophotometry and Tissue Oxygenation in Experimental and Clinical Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
(M.P. Buise, f. van Rommel, and C. !nee)
The Case for Tissue Base Excess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 (T.f. Morgan and B. Venkatesh)
Clinical Use of Venoarterial PC02 Difference in Septic Shock . 574 (J. L. Teboul and X. Monnet)
X Contents
Fluid Therapy
Hypovolemia: An Integration of Organ System Physiology . . . 585 (D. L. Traber)
New Light on Volume Therapy in the Critically Ill? . . . . . . . . 594 (!.Boldt)
Ethyl Pyruvate: A Novel Anti-inflammatory Agent ... . ..... 604 (M.P. Fink)
Clinical Use of Artificial Oxygen Carriers (N. Dettori, R. Kocian, and D. R. Spahn)
Is There a Role for Red Blood Cell Transfusion
615
in the Critically Ill Patient? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 (H.L. Corwin, M.D. Hampers, and S.D. Surgenor)
Transfusion Triggers (L. T. Goodnough)
Renal Failure
630
Use of Dopaminergic Agonists for Renal Protection in the ICU 637 (P.T. Murray)
Interpreting the Mechanisms of CRRT in Sepsis: The Peak Concentration Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
(C. Tetta, R. Bellomo, and C. Ronco)
SLEDD and Hybrid Renal Replacement Therapies for Acute Renal Failure in the ICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
(W. Van Biesen and N. Lameire)
Brain-lung Interactions
Advanced Airway Management in the Neurologically Injured Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
(A. Gabrielli, L.J. Caruso, and A.]. Layon)
Treatment Conflicts between the Injured Brain and the Lung . 701 (T. Lescot, L. Abdennour, and L. Puybasset)
Contents XI
Ventilatory Management in Head Injured Patients . . . . . . . . . 710 (P. Pelosi, G. Apostolou, and D. Chiumello)
Neurological Crises
Induction of Ischemic Tolerance in the Brain: A Novel Neuroprotective Strategy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
(A.M. Brambrink and J.P. Korner)
Positron Emission Tomography: Anticipated Usefulness in Critical Care Settings . . . . . . . . . . 737
(F. Lamontagne, F. Benard, and 0. Lesur)
Measurement of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow by Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Indocyanine Green Dye Dilution . . . . . . . . 747
(E. Keller, A. Nadler, and H. Alkadhi)
Invasive Multimodal Online Monitoring in Severe Stroke Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758
(T. Steiner and F. Meisel)
Critical Care of Myasthenic Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 (N. ]anjua and S. A. Mayer)
Neuromuscular Abnormalities in Critical Illness . . . . . . . . . . 776 (T. Sharshar, H. D. Outin, and B. de ]onghe)
Emergency Medicine
Interhospital Pediatric Intensive Care Transport . . . . . . . . . . 791 (G. D. Vos and G. Ramsay)
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning (]. Varon and P. E. Marik)
800
Club Drugs: A New Challenge in Clinical Toxicology . . . . . . . 811 (P. Lheureux, A. Penaloza, and M. Gris)
XII Contents
Gl Crises
New Insights into the Pathophysiology and Severity Assessment of Acute Pancreatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
(D.]. van Westerloo, M.]. Bruno, and T. van der Poll)
Necrosectomy for Severe Acute Pancreatitis (A. Leppiiniemi)
838
Acute Liver Failure in the ICU .................. . .... 847 (E. Sizer, f. Wendon, and W. Bernal)
Metabolic Support
Critical Role of Hormones in Traumatic Injury and Outcome . 861 ( T. S. A. Samy, L. W. Rue III, and I.H. Chaudry)
Hyperglycemia and the Lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 (R.f. Cusack, f. Ball, and B.]. Philips)
Glycolysis in Sepsis and other Stress Conditions . . . . . . . . . . 881 (S. Karyampudi and M. Singer)
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its Sulfate (DHEAS) in Critical Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
(A. Beishuizen and A.B.]. Groeneveld)
Vasopressin and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901
(F. Lauzier, N. Gallo-Payet, and 0. Lesur)
Clinical Applications of Indirect Calorimetry in the Intensive Care Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912
(P. Singer and J.D. Cohen)
Management, Education, and Ethics
Can Nosocomial Infections and Iatrogenic Events Serve as Quality-of-Care Indicators in the ICU? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
(M. Garrouste Orgeas, L. Soufir, and f. F. Timsit)
Contents XIII
Hospital and ICU Organizational Structure and Quality of Care for Surgical Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934
(].B. Dimick, P J. Pronovost, and P. A. Lipsett)
Volume and Outcome in Pediatric Critical Care: How Much is Enough? • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
(R. S. Watson and M. E. Hartman)
Human Factors and ICU Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953 (D. T. Huang, f.B. Sexton, and D.C. Angus)
The Risk of Nursing in an Error-Prone Environment . . . . . . . 963 (!. M. Binnekade, M. B. Vroom, and f. Kesecioglu)
Identifying the Patient-at-Risk: Technology and ICU Outreach Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971
(D. C. Scales, f. T. Granton, and W.J. Sibbald)
Multimedia Medical Education and E-Learning . . . . . . . . . . . 982 (M. Antonelli, G. Bello, and M.A. Pennisi)
End-of-Life Care in the ICU: Toward a Newer Concept of Futility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991
(D. Crippen)
Subject Index ................................... 1001
List of Contributors
Aarts MA Dept of Surgery EN 9-234 Toronto General Hospital 200 Elizabeth Street Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4 Canada
Abdennour L Unit of Neuroanesthesiology Dept of Intensive Care Hopital de la Pitie-Salp~trierie 47-83 Bvd de l'hOpital 75013 Paris France
Albaugh GK Section of Critical Care Medicine Cooper Health System One Cooper Plaza-459 Kelemen Camden, NJ 08103 USA
Albuszies G Dept of Anesthesiology University Hospital SteinhovelstraBe 9 89070 U1m Germany
Alexopoulou C Dept of Intensive Care University Hospital of Heraklion Heraklion 71110 Crete Greece
Alkadhi H Institute of Neuroradiology University of Zurich FrauenklinikstraBe 10 8091 Zurich Switzerland
Anantha Samy TS Center for Surgical Research and Dept of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Volker Hall G094 1670 University Blvd Birmingham, AL 35294-0019 USA
Angus DC Room 604 Scaife Hall The CRISMA Laboratory Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh 3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Antonelli M Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Policlinico A. Gemelli Largo A. Gemelli 8 00168 Rome Italy
Apostolou G Dept of Clinical and Biological Science Universita degli Studi dell'Insubria Varese Italy
Ayoub 1M Medical Service (111F) North Chicago VA Medical Center 3001 Green Bay Road North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
XVI List of Contributors
Azoulay E Dept of Intensive Care Hopital Saint-Louis 1 Av Claude Vellefaux 75010 Paris France
Ball J Intensive Care Unit St James' Wing St George's Hospital Blackshaw Road London SW17 OQT UK
Baudouin SV Dept of Anesthesiology Leazes Wing Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 4LP UK
Beck] Dept of Medicine Sainte-Justine Hospital 3175 Chemin de la C6te Ste-Catherine 7th floor Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5 Canada
Beck-Schimmer B Institute of Anesthesiology and Institute of Physiology University of Zurich-Irchel RaemistraEe 100 8091 Zurich Switzerland
Beishuizen A Dept of Intensive Care VU University Medical Center De Boelelaan 1117 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
Bello G Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Policlinico A. Gemelli Largo A. Gemelli 8 00168 Rome Italy
Bellomo C Dept of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation St Bortolo Hospital Viale Rodolfi 31 Vicenza Italy
Benard F Dept of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology Universiz of Sherbrooke 3001, 12 Avenue Nord Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 3J5 Canada
Benatar A Pediatric Intensive Care Unit AZ-Vrije Universiteit Brussel 101 Laarbeeklaan 1090 Brussels Belgium
Bernal W Liver Intensive Care Unit Institute of Liver Studies King's College Hospital Bessemer Road London SE15 9RS UK
Binnekade ]M Dept of Intensive Care Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Mail stop G3-206 PO Box 22700 1100 DE Amsterdam The Netherlands
Boldt J Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen BremserstraEe 79 67063 Ludwigshafen Germany
Bottino N Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Universita degli Studi di Milano Ospedale Policlinico-IRCCS Via F. Sforza 35 20122 Milan Italy
Brambrink AM Department of Anesthesiology Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz LangenbeckstraBe 1 55131 Mainz Germany
Brett S Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road London W12 OHS UK
Brodsky L Section of Critical Care Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 251 E. Huron Feinberg 8-336 Chicago, IL 60611 USA
Bruins MJ Bioavailability Unilever Health Institute Unilever Research Vlaardingen PO Box 114 3130 AC Vlaardingen The Netherlands
Bruno MJ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef 9 C2-321 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
Buise MP Dept of Anesthesiology Erasmus MC Rotterdam Dr. Molewaterplein 40 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
Burnham EL Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Grady Memorial Hospital 69 Jesse Hill Jr Drive SE Suite 2D-004 Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
List of Contributors XVII
Burgner D Pediatric Infectious Diseases School of Pediatrics and Child Health University of Western Australia Princess Margaret Medical Center GPO Box D184 Perth WA 6840 Australia
Cabello B Dept of Intensive Care Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau Av SAM Claret 167 08025 Barcelona Spain
Caruso LJ Dept of Anesthesiology and Surgery University of Florida College of Medicine PO Box 100254 Gainesville, FL 32610-0254 USA
Caussanel ]M Service d' Aide Medicale Urgente (SAMU 78) Service Mobile d'Urgence et de Reanimation Versailles Hospital 177 rue de Versailles 78150 Le Chesnay France
Chaudry IH Center for Surgical Research and Dept of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Volker Hall G094 1670 University Blvd Birmingham, AL 35294-0019 USA
Chiumello D Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Universita degli Studi di Milano Ospedale Policlinico-IRCCS Via F. Sforza 35 20122 Milan Italy
XVIII list of Contributors
Claessens YE Medical Intensive Care Unit Cochin University Hospital 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques 75679 Paris cedex 14 France
Cohen ]D Department of General Intensive Care Rabin Medical Center Campus Beilinson 49100 Petah Tikva Israel
Cornelie de Pont A Dept of Vascular Medicine/Internal Medicine Academic Medical Centre F-4 Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
Corwin HL Section Critical Care Medicine Dept of Anesthesiology Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center Dartmouth Medical School One Medical Center Drive Lebanon NH 03756 USA
Coutts ]F Department of Cardiology Guys & St Thomas' NHS Trust Lambeth Palace Rd London SE1 7EH UK
Creteur / Dept of Intensive Care Erasme Hospital Free University of Brussels 808 Route de Lennik 1070 Brussels Belgium
Crippen D Dept of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh Medical Center 616 Scaife Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Cusack R/ Intensive Care Unit St James' Wing St George's Hospital Blackshaw Road London SW17 OQT UK
De Backer D Dept of Intensive Care Erasme Hospital Free University of Brussels 808 Route de Lennik 1070 Brussels Belgium
Deigner HP Clinics of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Friedrich Schiller University of Jena BachstraBe 18 07743 Jena Germany
de]ongSWM Department of Anesthesiology Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
de ]onge E Dept of Vascular Medicine/ Internal Medicine Academic Medical Centre F-4 Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
de ]onghe B Dept of Intensive Care Centre Hospitalier de Poissy 10 rue du champ-Gaillard 78300 Poissy France
Dellinger RP Section of Critical Care Medicine Cooper Health System One Cooper Plaza-459 Kelemen Camden, NJ 08103 USA
Dettori N Dept of Anesthesiology University Hospital Lausanne 1011 Lausanne Switzerland
Dias CS Critical Care Dept Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Carrer Dr Mallafre Guasch 4 43007 Tarragona Spain
Dimick]B The John Hopkins Hospital 600 N. Wolfe Street Blalock 685 Baltimore, MA 21287-4685 USA
Diprose P Division of Cardiac Anesthesia Dept of Anesthesia E Level Center Block Southampton University Hospital Southampton S016 6YD UK
Dubois M] Dept of Intensive Care Erasme Hospital Free University of Brussels 808 Route de Lennik 1070 Brussels Belgium
Esteban A Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Hospital Universitario de Getafe Carretera de Toledo Km 12,500 28905 Getafe Madrid Spain
Ferguson ND Dept of Medicine Division of Respirology/Critical Care University of Toronto 200 Elizabeth Street Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4 Canada
Fink MP Dept of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh Medical School 3550 Terrace Street Room 616 Scaife Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
list of Contributors XIX
Foti G Institute of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit Department of Surgical Science and Intensive Care Milano-bicocca University San Gerardo Hospital Via Donizetti 106 Monza Milan Italy
Fowler RL Dept of Surgery University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Blvd Dallas, TX 75490-8579 USA
Frutos-Vivar F Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Hospital Universitario de Getafe Carretera de Toledo Km 12,500 28905 Getafe Madrid Spain
Gabrielli A Dept of Anesthesiology and Surgery University of Florida College of Medicine PO Box 100254 Gainesville, FL 32610-0254 USA
Gallo-Payet N Endocrinology Service Dept of Medicine Universiz of Sherbrooke 3001, 12 Avenue Nord Sherbrooke, Quebec JlH 3J5 Canada
Garrouste Orgeas M Dept of Intensive Care St. Joseph Hospital Paris France
Gazmuri R] Medical Service (111F) North Chicago VA Medical Center 3001 Green Bay Road North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
XX List of Contributors
Georgopoulos D Dept of Intensive Care University Hospital of Heraklion Heraklion 71110 Crete Greece
Gill R Division of Cardiac Anesthesia Dept of Anesthesia E Level Center Block Southampton University Hospital Southampton S016 6YD UK
Gobe G Dept of Molecular and Cellular Pathology University of Queensland Herston, QLD 4006 Australia
Goldstein P Dept of Emergency Medicine Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Lille Lille 59037 Lille Cedex France
Goodnough LT Division of Laboratory Medicine Washington University School of Medicine 660 South Euclid Avenue St Louis, MO 63110 USA
Gould R Section of Critical Care Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 251 E. Huron Feinberg 8-336 Chicago, IL 60611 USA
Granton J Dept of Critical Care University of Toronto Health Network TGH-10EN-220 200 Elizabeth Street Toronto, Ontario Canada
Gris M Department of Emergency Medicine Acute Poisons Unit Erasme University Hospital Route de Lennik 808 1070 Brussels Belgium
Groeneveld AB] Dept of Intensive Care VU University Medical Center De Boelelaan 1117 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
Gupta K] Dept of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Royal United Hospital Bath BA1 3NG United Kingdom
Haitsma]] Department of Anesthesiology Room EE 2393 Erasmus University Rotterdam Post Box 1738 3000 DR Rotterdam The Netherlands
Hall A Dept of Intensive Care Western Hospital Footscray 3011 Melbourne Australia
Hampers MD Section Critical Care Medicine Dept of Anesthesiology Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center Dartmouth Medical School One Medical Center Drive Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
Hartman ME Dept of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh 606C Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Heininger A Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine University Hospital Tiibingen Hoppe-Seyler Str 3 72076 Ti.ibingen Germany
Herbertson M Division of Cardiac Anesthesia Dept of Anesthesia E Level Center Block Southampton University Hospital Southampton S016 6YD UK
Hollenberg SM Section of Cardiology Cooper Hospital/ University Medical Center One Cooper Plaza Room 404 Camden, NJ 08103 USA
Huang DT Room 604 Scaife Hall The CRISMA Laboratory Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh 3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
!nee C Dept of Anesthesiology Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
]anjua N Depts of Neurocritical Care Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center 710 W 1681h St, Box 119 New York, NY 10032 USA
Kacion R Dept of Anesthesiology University Hospital Lausanne 1011 Lausanne Switzerland
List of Contributors XXI
Karyampudi S Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine University College London Fifth Floor, Jules Thorn Building Middlesex Hospital Mortimer Street London W1 T 3AA UK
Keller E Department of Neurosurgery University Hospital FrauenklinikstraBe 10 8091 Zi.irich Switzerland
Kesecioglu MB Dept of Anesthesiology, Cardiothoracic and Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit Division of Perioperative Medicine and Emergency Care University Medical Center Utrecht Mail stop E03-511 PO Box 85500 3508 GA Utrecht The Netherlands
Kluytmans ]A]W Department of Clinical Microbiology Amphia Hospital Breda Location Langendijk PO Box 90158 4800 RK Breda The Netherlands
Kocian R Dept of Anesthesiology University Hospital Lausanne 1011 Lausanne Switzerland
Kolarova J Medical Service ( 111 F) North Chicago VA Medical Center 3001 Green Bay Road North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
Kondili E Dept of Intensive Care University Hospital of Heraklion Heraklion 71110 Crete Greece
XXII List of Contributors
Korner IP Department of Anesthesiology Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz LangenbeckstraBe 1 55131 Mainz Germany
Kotanidou A Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Medicine University of Athens Medical School Evangelismos Hospital 45-47 lpsilandou Street 10675 Athens Greece
Koutsoukou A Critical Care Department Evangelismos General Hospital 45-47 Ipsilandou Street 10675 Athens Greece
Krueger WA Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine University Hospital Tiibingen Hoppe-Seyler StraBe 3 72076 Tiibingen Germany
Lachmann B Dept of Anesthesiology Erasmus Medical Center PO Box 1738 3000 DR Rotterdam The Netherlands
Lachmann RA Department of Anesthesiology RoomE 2393 Erasmus University Rotterdam Post Box 1738 3000 DR Rotterdam The Netherlands
LambertY Service d' Aide Medicale Urgente (SAMU 78) Service Mobile d'Urgence et de Reanimation Versailles Hospital 177 rue de Versailles 78150 Le Chesnay France
Lameire N Renal Division University Hospital of Ghent De Pintelaan 185 9000 Ghent Belgium
Lamontagne F Medical Intensive Care Unit Dept of Medicine Universiz of Sherbrooke 3001, 12 Avenue Nord Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 3J5 Canada
Lauzier F Medical Intensive Care Unit Dept of Medicine Universiz of Sherbrooke 3001, 12 Avenue Nord Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 3J5 Canada
Layon A] Dept of Anesthesiology and Surgery University of Florida College of Medicine PO Box 100254 Gainesville, FL 32610-0254 USA
Lebuffe G Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care II H6pital Claude Huriez Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille France
Leppiiniemi A Dept of Surgery Meilahti Hospital University of Helsinki Haartmaninkatu 4 PO Box 340 00029 HUS Finland
Lescot T Unit of Neuroanesthesiology Dept of Intensive Care H6pital de Ia Pitie-Salp~trierie 47-83 Bvd de l'h6pital 75013 Paris France
Lesur 0 Medical Intensive Care Unit Dept of Medicine Universi}l of Sherbrooke 3001, 12 Avenue Nord Sherbrooke, Quebec JlH 3J5 Canada
Levi M Dept of Vascular Medicine/ Internal Medicine Academic Medical Centre F-4 Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
Levin M Pediatric Infectious Diseases Imperial College Faculty of Medicine 7th floor, QEQM Wing St Mary's Campus London W2 1PG UK
Lheureux P Department of Emergency Medicine Erasme University Hospital Route de Lennik 808 1070 Brussels Belgium
Lipsett PA The John Hopkins Hospital 600 N. Wolfe Street Blalock 685 Baltimore, MA 21287-4685 USA
Macintyre N Dept of Respiratory Care Services, Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program Duke University Medical Center Box 3911, Room 7451 Duke North Durham, NC 27710 USA
Mancebo J Dept of Intensive Care Hospital de Ia Santa Creu I Sant Pau Av SAM Claret 167 08025 Barcelona Spain
List of Contributors XXIII
Marik PE Dept of Medicine and Critical Care University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Marshall ]C Division of Intensive Care Medicine EN 9-234 Toronto General Hospital 200 Elizabeth Street Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4 Canada
Martin GS Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Grady Memorial Hospital 69 Jesse Hill Jr Drive SE Suite 2D-004 Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
Mayer SA Depts of Neurology and Neurosurgery Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center 710 W 168th St, Box 39 New York, NY 10032 USA
Meisel F Dept of Neurology University of Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 400 69120 Heidelberg Germany
Menendez R Dept of Pulmonary Medicine Hospital Universitario La Fe Valencia Spain
Michard F Medical ICU Bictre Hospital 78 rue du General Leclerc 94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre cedex France
XXIV List of Contributors
Milic-Emili JM Meakins-Christie Laboratories McGill University Montreal, Quebec Canada
Mira]P Medical Intensive Care Unit Cochin University Hospital 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques 75679 Paris cedex 14 France
Monnet X Medical Intensive Care Unit CHU Bicetre Universite Paris XI 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicetre France
Morgan TJ Dept of Intensive Care Mater Misericordiae Hospital Queensland Australia
MossM Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Grady Memorial Hospital 69 Jesse Hill Jr Drive SE Suite 2D-004 Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
Mourvillier B Dept of Intensive Care Hllpital Bichat Claude Bernard Rue Henri Huchard 46 75018 Paris France
Murray PT Section of Nephrology, MC 5100 University of Chicago Hospitals 5841 South Maryland Avenue Chicago, IL 60637 USA
Mythen M Portex Unit 6th Floor Cardiac Wing Institute of Child Health 30 Guilford Street London WC1N IEH UK
Nadler A Dept of Biomedicine University Hospital FrauenklinikstraEe 10 8091 Ziirich Switzerland
Najafi N Pediatric Intensive Care Unit AZ-Vrije Universiteit Brussel 101 Laarbeeklaan 1090 Brussels Belgium
Older P Dept of Intensive Care Western Hospital Footscray 3011 Melbourne Australia
Orfanos SE Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Medicine University of Athens Medical School Evangelismos Hospital 45-47 Ipsilandou Street 10675 Athens Greece
Outin HD Dept of Intensive Care Centre Hospitalier de Poissy 10 rue du champ-Gaillard 78300 Poissy France
Paiva fA Hospital San Joao Porto Portugal
Pasch T Institute of Anesthesiology University of Zurich-Irchel RaemistraEe 100 8091 Zurich Switzerland
Patroniti N Institute of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit Department of Surgical Science and Intensive Care Milano-bicocca University San Gerardo Hospital Via Donizetti 106 Monza Milan Italy
Pechlaner C Medizinische Klinik University of Innsbruck AnichstraBe 35 6020 Innsbruck Austria
Pelosi P Dept of Intensive Care Ospedale di Circolo Fondazione Macchi Via Borri 57 2100 Varese Italy
Penaloza A Department of Emergency Medicine Acute Poisons Unit Erasme University Hospital Route de Lennik 808 1070 Brussels Belgium
Pene F Medical Intensive Care Unit Cochin University Hospital 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques 75679 Paris cedex 14 France
Pennini MA Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Policlinico A. Gemelli Largo A. Gemelli 8 00168 Rome Italy
Pepe PE Dept of Emergency Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Blvd Dallas, TX 75490-8579 USA
List of Contributors XXV
PereZ A Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Sheba Medical Center Tel Aviv University 52621 Tel Hashomer Israel
Peruzzi WT Section of Critical Care Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 251 E. Huron Feinberg 8-336 Chicago, IL 60611 USA
Pesenti A Institute of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit Department of Surgical Science and Intensive Care Milano-bicocca University San Gerardo Hospital Via Donizetti 106 Monza Milan Italy
Philips B] Department of Anaesthetics and Intensive Care St George's Hospital Medical School Cranmer Terrace London SW17 ORE UK
Pinsky MR Dept of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh Medical Center 606 Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Pittman ]AL Dept of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital Exeter Devon EX2 5DW UK
XXVI List of Contributors
Poeze M Department of Surgery and Intensive Care Medicine University Hospital Maastricht P. Debyelaan 25 6202 AZ Maastricht The Netherlands
Pronovost P] The John Hopkins Hospital 600 N. Wolfe Street Blalock 685 Baltimore, MA 21287-4685 USA
Puybasset L Unit of Neuroanesthesiology Dept of Intensive Care Hopital de Ia Pitie-Salpetrierie 47-83 Bvd de l'hOpital 75013 Paris France
Radermacher P Dept of Anesthesiology University Hospital SteinhovelstraBe 9 89070 Ulm Germany
Ramet] Pediatric Intensive Care Unit AZ-Vrije Universiteit Brussel 101 Laarbeeklaan B-1 090 Brussels Belgium
Ramsay G Dept of Surgery and Intensive Care University Hospital Maastricht PO Box 5800 6202 AZ Maastricht The Netherlands
Ranieri VM University of Turin Dipartimento di discipline MedicoChirurgiche Sezione di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione Ospedale S. Giovanni Battista Corso Dogliotti 14 10126 Turin Italy
Redwood SR Department of Cardiology King's College London The Rayne Institute Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals London SE1 7EH UK
Reinhart K Clinics of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Friedrich Schiller University of Jena BachstraBe 18 07743 Jena Germany
Rello] Critical Care Dept Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Carrer Dr Mallafre Guasch 4 43007 Tarragona Spain
Rhodes A Dept of Intensive Care St George's Hospital Blackshaw Rd London SW17 OQT
Richard 0 Service d' Aide Medicale Urgente (SAMU 78) Service Mobile d'Urgence et de Reanimation Versailles Hospital 177 rue de Versailles 78150 Le Chesnay France
Ronco C Dept of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation St Bortolo Hospital Viale Rodolfi 31 Vicenza Italy
Rossi A University of Turin Dipartimento di discipline MedicoChirurgiche Sezione di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione Ospedale S. Giovanni Battista Corso Dogliotti 14 10126 Turin Italy
Roussos C Critical Care Department Evangelismos General Hospital 45-47 lpsilandou Street 10675 Athens Greece
Rue LW III Center for Surgical Research and Dept of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Volker Hall G094 1670 University Blvd Birmingham, AL 35294-0019 USA
Russwurm S Clinics of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Friedrich Schiller University of Jena BachstraBe 18 07743 Jena Germany
Scales DC Dept of Critical Care Sunnybrook & Women's College Health Sciences Center 2075 Bayview Avenue Suite D474 Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5 Canada
Schimmer RC Dept of Surgery University of Zurich RaemistraBe 100 8091 Zurich Switzerland
Schlemmer B Dept of Intensive Care Hopital Saint-Louis 1 Av Claude Vellefaux 75010 Paris France
Schultz M] Dept of Intensive Care Medicine C3-326 Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
List of Contributors XXVII
Sexton ]B The University of Texas Team Research Project Department of Psychology The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
Sharshar T Respiratory Muscle Laboratory Royal Brompton Hospital Fulham Road London SW3 6NP UK
Sibbald W] Dept of Critical Care Sunnybrook & Women's College Health Sciences Center 2075 Bayview Avenue Suite D474 Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5 Canada
Sinderby C Dept of Pediatrics Sainte-Justine Hospital 3175 Chemin de la Cote Ste-Catherine 7th floor Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5 Canada
Singer M Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine University College London Fifth Floor, Jules Thorn Building Middlesex Hospital Mortimer Street London W1 T 3AA UK
Singer P Dept. of General Intensive Care Rabin Medical Center Campus Beilinson 49100 Petah Tikva Israel
Slama M Dept of Intensive Care, Nephrology Service CHU Sud Avenue Rene Laennec. 80054 Amiens Cedex 1 France
XXVIII List of Contributors
Soufir L Dept of Anesthesiology St. Joseph Hospital Paris France
Spahija] Dept of Medicine Sainte-Justine Hospital 3175 Chemin de Ia Cote Ste-Catherine 7th floor Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5 Canada
Spahn DR Dept of Anesthesiology University Hospital Lausanne 1011 Lausanne Switzerland
SteinerT Dept of Neurology University of Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 400 69120 Heidelberg Germany
Stephens R Portex Unit 6th Floor Cardiac Wing Institute of Child Health 30 Guilford Street London WC1N IEH UK
Stewart TE University of Toronto Department of Medicine Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto Canada
Surgenor SD Section Critical Care Medicine Dept of Anesthesiology Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center Dartmouth Medical School One Medical Center Drive Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
Teboul ]L Medical Intensive Care Unit CHU Bicetre Universite Paris XI 94275 Le Kremlin-Bid~tre France
Tetta C Dept of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation St Bortolo Hospital Viale Rodolfi 31 Vicenza Italy
Timsit ]F Dept of Intensive Care Hopital Bichat Claude Bernard Rue Henri Huchard 46 75018 Paris France
Torres A Dept of Pulmonary Medicine Institut Clinic de Pneumologia i Cirugia Tonicica Hospital Clinic Villarroel 170 08036 Barcelona Spain
Traber DL Investigative Intensive Care Unit University of Texas Medical Branch 610 Texas Avenue Galveston, TX 77555-0833 USA
Unertl KE Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine University Hospital Tiibingen Hoppe-Seyler StraBe 3 72076 Tiibingen Germany
Vallet B Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care II Hopital Claude Huriez Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille France
Van Biesen W Renal Division University Hospital of Ghent De Pintelaan 185 9000 Ghent Belgium
van Bommel] Dept of Anesthesiology Erasmus MC Rotterdam Dr. Molewaterplein 40 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
van der Poll T Dept of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef 9 C2-321 ll05 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
van Westerloo D] Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef 9 C2-321 ll05 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
van Wezel HB Department of Anesthesiology Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef 9 ll05 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
Varon] Pulmonary and Critical Care Section University of Texas Health Science Center 2219 Derrington Houston, TX 77030 USA
Venkatesh B Dept of Intensive Care Royal Brisbane Hospital Herston, QLD 4029 Australia
Vas GD Dept of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Intensive Care University Hospital Maastricht PO Box 5800 6202 AZ Maastricht The Netherlands
List of Contributors XXIX
Vroom MB Dept of Intensive Care Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Mail stop G3-206 PO Box 22700 llOO DE Amsterdam The Netherlands
Waheed U Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road London W12 OHS UK
Watson RS Dept of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh 606C Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Wendon] Liver Intensive Care Unit Institute of Liver Studies King's College Hospital Bessemer Road London SE15 9RS UK
Wertheim HFL University Hospital Erasmus MC Dr. Molewaterplein 40 Rotterdam The Netherlands
Wiedermann C] Medizinische Klinik University of lnnsbruck AnichstraBe 35 6020 Innsbruck Austria
WielE Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care II Hopital Claude Huriez Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille France
XXX List of Contributors
Wigginton ]G Dept of Surgery University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Blvd Dallas, TX 75490-8579 USA
Wunderink R Physicians Research Network University of Tennessee 1265 Union Ave-501 Crews Memphis, TN 38104 USA
Yende S Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care The University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN 38104 USA
Common Abbreviations
AIDS
ALI APACHE
APC
ARDS
ATP
BAL
BiPAP
CBF
CNS
COPD
CPAP
CPP
CRP
CSF
CT
DIC
DNA
D02 EEG
EKG
EVLW
FRC
GCS
G-CSF
HIV
ICAM
ICH
ICP
ICU
IFN IL
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Acute lung injury
Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation
Activated protein C
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Adenosine triphosphate
Bronchoalveolar lavage Bilevel positive airway pressure
Cerebral blood flow
Central nervous system
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Continuous positive airway pressure
Cerebral perfusion pressure
C-reactive protein
Cerebrospinal fluid
Computerized tomography
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Oxygen delivery
Electroencephalogram
Electrocardiogram
Extravascular lung water
Functional residual capacity
Glasgow coma scale
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor
Human immunodeficiency virus
Intercellular adhesion molecule
Intracranial hypertension
Intracranial pressure
Intensive care unit
Interferon
Interleukin
XXXII Common Abbreviations
1/R Ischemia-reperfusion IV Intravenous LPS Lipopolysaccharide MAP Mean arterial pressure MOF Multiple organ failure MRI Magnetic resonance imaging NAD Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NF-KB Nuclear factor kappa-B NO Nitric oxide NOS Nitric oxide synthase PAC Pulmonary artery catheter PAl Plasminogen activator inhibitor PAOP Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure PEEP Positive end-expiratory pressure pHi Gastric intramucosal pH PSV Pressure support ventilation RBC Red blood cell RNA Ribonucleic acid ROS Reactive oxygen species SIRS Systemic inflammatory response syndrome SVR Systemic vascular resistance TBI Traumatic brain injury TLC Total lung capacity TNF Tumor necrosis factor VAP Ventilator-associated pneumonia VILI Ventilator-induced lung injury
vo2 Oxygen consumption WBC White blood cell ZEEP Zero end-expiratory pressure
