2001: A Plants without Seeds Odyssey Michael Patterson, Rebecca Flanagan, and Kellie O’Hearn.
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Transcript of 2001: A Plants without Seeds Odyssey Michael Patterson, Rebecca Flanagan, and Kellie O’Hearn.
2001: A Plants without Seeds Odyssey
Michael Patterson, Rebecca Flanagan, and
Kellie O’Hearn
1. Evidence of Early Plant Evolution2. Monophyletic, Clade, and Synapomorphies3. Evolved Nonvascular Features4. Plant Life Cycle5. Moss Life Cycle6. Vascular Plants7. Evolved Vascular Features8. Vascular Plants9. Nonvascular Analogous Structures10. Homospory and Heterspory11. Nonvascular Plant Clades12. Vascular Plant Clades13. Water14. Evolution of Plants
Scene Selection
1870Dawson• discovered Psilophyton,
means “naked plant”
Kidston and Lang• discovered similar “naked
plant” fossils, named genus Rhynia
1915
Reconstruction of extinct Psilophyton
Reconstruction of Devonian period
Rhynie chert
Evidence of Early Plant Evolution
A monophyletic clade shares synapomorphies.
Ten groups: 7 vascular and 3 nonvascularSynapomorphy of vascular clade: tracheidsNonvascular: No clade
Evolved Nonvascular Features
Evolutionary adaptations have granted nonvascular plants global, widespread existence. Waxy Cuticle & Water
Open Stomata
Gametophytes/Gametangia of the liverwort Marchantia
Plant Life CycleMitosis vs. Meiosis:
Mitosis – formation of gametophytes, sporophytes,
and gametesMeiosis – formation of spores
Gametophyte vs. Sporophyte
Gametophyte – most prominent stage in nonvascular
plantsSporophyte – most prominent
stage in vascular plants
Haploid vs. Diploid:Haploid – one copy of
chromosomesDiploid – two copies of
chromosomes
Antheridium – MArchegonium – F
Rhizoid, Protonema, Bud?
Specific to Mosses
Protected Embryo
Gametophyte vs. Sporophyte
Gametophyte – most prominent stage in nonvascular plants
Sporophyte – most prominent stage in vascular plants
Vascular Plants
Synapomorphy of vascular clade: tracheids
Tracheid – a type of cell that is the preeminent carrier of water of the xylem
PhloemXylem
“Pathway for Transport”
“Rigid Structural Support”
Evolved Vascular Features“Branching, Independent Sporophyte”
A vascular lycophyte sporophyte
Rhizoids and Rhizomes
Evolution
RootsMicrophyll (Simple Leaf)
Vascular PlantsMegaphyll (Complex Leaf)
Adiantum (fern)
Lycopodium (club moss)Stomata
Nonvascular Analogous StructuresVascular Nonvascular
Stems, xylem and phloem Small growth pattern, capillary action and diffusion
Roots and leaves, acquisition of nutrients and products of
photosynthesis
Symbiotic relationship with fungi, facilitating absorption of
water and nutrients
Homospory & Heterospory
HeterosporyHomospory
Nonvascular Plant Clades
Left: Leafy GametophyteRight: Thalloid Gametophyte
Short sporophytesSmall sporangia
Liverworts
Possess stomata
Primitive ‘vascular system’:
Leptoids – sugarHydroids – water
Protonema -> Buds -> Apex -> Sporangia
Mosses
Hornworts
Simple gametophytes
Large, plate-like chloroplasts
Lack of transport system
Symbiotic fungal relationship
Vascular Plant Clades
Lycophytes
Dichotomous roots
Microphylls
Sporangia – Structures called Strobili, Sporophylls
Horsetails
Megaphylls
Whisk Ferns
Small Scales or Small Megaphylls
Gametophytes live underground, rely on
symbiotic relationship with fungi
Leptosporangiate ferns
Sporangia appear on stalk, undersides of leaves in bundles
called Sori
Possess true leaves, roots, and stems
Megaphylls
Only lycophytes have dichotomous roots.
All seedless plants (both nonvascular and vascular) require water in order for the sperm to successfully
reach the egg.
The Evolution of Plants
ReferencesSadava, David, et. al. Life: The Science of Biology. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, 2011. Print.
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