2000 Chp 4 Culture
Transcript of 2000 Chp 4 Culture
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Chapter 4
Differences
in Culture
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4-2
What Is Culture?
Culture - a system of values and norms that are
shared among a group of people and that when
taken together constitute a design for living
wherevalues are abstract ideas about what a group believes
to be good, right, and desirable
norms are the social rules and guidelines that
prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations
Society- a group of people who share a
common set of values and norms
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What Are Values And Norms?
Values provide the context within which a
societys norms are established and
justified and form the bedrock of a culture
Norms include
folkways - the routine conventions of
everyday life
mores - norms that are seen as central to thefunctioning of a society and to its social life
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How Are Culture, Society,
And The Nation-State Related?The relationship between a society and a
nation state is not strictly one-to-one
Nation-states are political creations
can contain one or more cultures
A culture can embrace several nations
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What Determines Culture?
The values and norms of a culture evolve
over time
Determinants include
religion
political and economic philosophies
education
language
social structure
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What Determines Culture?
Determinants of Culture
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What Is A Social Structure?
Social structure - a societys basic social
organization
Consider
the degree to which the basic unit of social
organization is the individual, as opposed to
the group
the degree to which a society is stratified intoclasses or castes
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How Are Individuals
And Groups Different?
A group is an association of two or morepeople who have a shared sense ofidentity and who interact with each other in
structured ways on the basis of a commonset of expectations about each othersbehavior
individuals are involved in families, workgroups, social groups, recreational groups,etc.
Societies place different values on groups
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How Are Individuals
And Groups Different?
In Western societies, there is a focus on theindividual individual achievement is common
dynamism of the U.S. economy
high level of entrepreneurship
But, creates a lack of company loyalty andfailure to gain company specific knowledge
competition between individuals in a company insteadof than team building
less ability to develop a strong network of contactswithin a firm
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How Are Individuals
And Groups Different?
In many Asian societies, the group is the
primary unit of social organization
discourages job switching between firms
encourages lifetime employment systems
leads to cooperation in solving business
problems
But, might also suppress individualcreativity and initiative
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What Is Social Stratification?
All societies are stratified on a
hierarchical basis into social categories,
orsocial strata
individuals are born into a particular stratum
Must consider
1. mobility between strata
2. the significance placed on social strata in
business contexts
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What Is Social Stratification?
1. Social mobility - the extent to which individualscan move out of the strata into which they areborn caste system -closed system of stratification in
which social position is determined by the familyinto which a person is born
change is usually not possible during anindividual's lifetime
class system - form of open social stratification position a person has by birth can be changed
through achievement or luck
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What Is Social Stratification?
2. The significance attached to social strata
in business contacts class consciousness - a condition where people
tend to perceive themselves in terms of theirclass background, and this shapes their
relationships with others
an antagonistic relationship between
management and labor raises the cost ofproduction in countries with significant class
differences
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How Do Religious And
Ethical Systems Differ?
Religion - a system of shared beliefs and
rituals that are concerned with the realm of the
sacred
Four religions dominate society1. Christianity
2. Islam
3. Hinduism
4. Buddhism
5. Confucianism is also important in influencing
behavior and culture in many parts of Asia
H D R l A d
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How Do Religious And
Ethical Systems Differ?
Ethical systems - a set of moral
principles, or values, that are used to
guide and shape behavior
Religion and ethics are often closely
intertwined
ex. Christian or Islamic ethics
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What Is Christianity?
Christianity
the worlds largest religion
found throughout Europe, the Americas, and
other countries settled by Europeans
theProtestant work ethic (Max Weber, 1804)
hard work, wealth creation, and frugality is the
driving force of capitalism
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What Is Islam?
Islam the worlds second largest religion dating to AD 610
there is only one true omnipotent God
an all-embracing way of life that governs one's being
associated in the Western media with militants,terrorists, and violent upheavals
but, in fact teaches peace, justice, and tolerance
fundamentalists have gained political power andblame the West for many social problems
people do not own property, but only act as stewardsfor God
supportive of business, but the way business ispracticed is prescribed
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What Is Hinduism?
Hinduism
practiced primarily on the Indian sub-continent
focuses on the importance of achieving
spiritual growth and development, which mayrequire material and physical self-denial
Hindus are valued by their spiritual rather thanmaterial achievements
promotion and adding new responsibilitiesmay not be important, or may be infeasibledue to the employee's caste
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What Is Buddhism?
Buddhism
has about 350 millions followers
stresses spiritual growth and the afterlife,
rather than achievement while in this world
does not emphasize wealth creation
entrepreneurial behavior is not stressed
does not support the caste system, individualsdo have some mobility and can work with
individuals from different classes
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What Is Confucianism?
Confucianism
ideology practiced mainly in China
teaches the importance of attaining personal
salvation through right actionhigh morals, ethical conduct, and loyalty to
others are stressed
three key teachings of Confucianism - loyalty,
reciprocal obligations, and honesty - may alllead to a lowering of the cost of doingbusiness in Confucian societies
Wh t I Th R l
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What Is The Role
Of Language In Culture?Language - the spoken and unspoken
(nonverbal communication such as facial
expressions, personal space, and hand
gestures ) means of communication
countries with more than one language often
have more than one culture
Canada, Belgium, Spain
Wh t I Th R l
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What Is The Role
Of Language In Culture? Language is one of the defining characteristics
of cultureChinese is the mother tongue of the largest number of
people
English is the most widely spoken language in theworld
English is also becoming the language of internationalbusiness
but, knowledge of the local language is still beneficial,
and in some cases, critical for business success failing to understand the nonverbal cues of another
culture can lead to communication failure
Wh t I Th R l
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What Is The Role
Of Education In Culture?
Formal education is the medium through whichindividuals learn many of the language,conceptual, and mathematical skills that areindispensable in a modern society important in determining a nations competitive
advantage
Japans postwar success can be linked to itsexcellent education system
general education levels can be a good index for thekinds of products that might sell in a country
ex. impact of literacy rates
H D C lt
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How Does Culture
Impact The Workplace?
Management processes and practicesmust be adapted to culturally-determinedwork-related values
Geert Hofstedestudied culture usingdata collected from 1967 to 1973 for
100,000 employees of IBM Hofstede identified four dimensions that
summarized different cultures
H D C lt
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How Does Culture
Impact The Workplace? Hofstedes dimensions of culture:
1. Power distance - how a society deals with thefact that people are unequal in physical andintellectual capabilities
2. Uncertainty avoidance- the relationshipbetween the individual and his fellows
3. Individualism versus collectivism- the extent towhich different cultures socialize their
members into accepting ambiguous situationsand tolerating ambiguity
4. Masculinity versus femininity -the relationshipbetween gender and work roles
H D C lt
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How Does Culture
Impact The Workplace?Work-Related Values for 20 Countries
H D C lt
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How Does Culture
Impact The Workplace?
Hofstede later expanded added a fifthdimension called Confucian dynamism orlong-term orientation
captures attitudes toward time, persistence,ordering by status, protection of face, respectfor tradition, and reciprocation of gifts andfavors
Japan, Hong Kong, and Thailand scored high onthis dimension
the U.S. and Canada scored low
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Was Hofstede Right?
Hofstedes work has been criticized for several
reasons
made the assumption there is a one-to-one
relationship between culture and the nation-statestudy may have been culturally bound
used IBM as sole source of information
culture is not static it evolves
But, it is a starting point for understanding howcultures differ, and the implications of those
differences for managers
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Does Culture Change?
Culture evolves over time
changes in value systems can be slow andpainful for a society
Social turmoil - an inevitable outcome ofcultural change
as countries become economically stronger,cultural change is particularly commoneconomic progress encourages a shift from
collectivism to individualism
globalization also brings cultural change
What Do Cultural Differences
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What Do Cultural Differences
Mean For Managers?
1. It is important to develop cross-cultural literacy companies that are ill informed about the practices
of another culture are unlikely to succeed in thatculture
To avoid being ill-informed consider hiring local citizens
transfer executives to foreign locations on a regularbasis
Managers must also guard againstethnocentrism
a belief in the superiority of one's own culture
What Do Cultural Differences
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What Do Cultural Differences
Mean For Managers?
2. There is a connection between culture
and national competitive advantage
suggests which countries are likely to
produce the most viable competitors
has implications for the choice of countries
in which to locate production facilities and do
business