20 August 2019 Report of Working Group 5 A sustainably ...file.iocwestpac.org/UN Decade Regional...

WG5 Report 20 August 2019

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Report of Working Group 5 A sustainably harvested and productive ocean

(ensuring the provision of food supply and alternative livelihoods) Co-conveners:

• Hiroaki Saito, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan: [email protected] • Somboon Siriraksophon, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, SEAFDEC, Thailand;

[email protected] • Francisco Werner, NOAA Fisheries, USA: [email protected]

Rapporteurs: Steven Bograd (NOAA SWFSC, USA), Terry Schaefer (NOAA OAR, USA), Desiree Tommasi (NOAA SWFSC, USA), Phoebe Woodworth-Jefcoats (NOAA PIFSC, USA) Background The Working Group (WG) met in Tokyo (Japan) at the Regional Planning Workshop for the North Pacific and the Western Pacific Marginal Seas. The meeting’s agenda, supporting documents, relevant links, and preliminary reports are available at http://iocwestpac.org/calendar/905.html. The report of WG5 presented during the plenary report-out session at the meeting in Tokyo is available online as http://file.iocwestpac.org/UN%20Decade%20Regional%20Workshop/documents/ppt/WG5%20summary%20report.pdf WG5’s charge was framed by the Ocean Decade’s Societal Outcome: “Society now depends on the ocean more than at any time before. It is a vital source of nourishment, supporting directly the livelihood of about 500 million people, especially in the poorest nations, and, indirectly, the global population. Ocean economies are among the most rapidly growing and promising in the world, providing benefits to many sectors of great economic value, such as fisheries, biotechnologies, energy production, tourism and transport, and many others. The Decade should create a better understanding of the interactions and interdependencies of the environmental conditions and processes, the use of resources and the economy. A major task in context of the development of the ocean economy will be in documenting the potential impacts from environmental changes on the established and emerging maritime industries and their ability to generate growth, especially for LDCs (Least Developed Countries) and SIDS (Small Island Development States). Defining safe and sustainable thresholds for economic operations in the ocean will help policy-makers and stakeholders in implementing a truly sustainable blue economy. New research should develop and flesh out sustainable blue-green growth agendas and link it to efforts in ecosystem protection.” 1. General descriptions on the conduct of the WG discussions, including the

participation (from which communities?), and conveners’ considerations about how to conduct WG discussions etc.

In preparation for the in-person meeting a Questionnaire (see Appendix 1 herein) was emailed to all attendees who indicated they would be participating in the Tokyo on-site WG5 meetings. We received 18 responses received; not all responses were received complete. Based on the


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responses we received and following meetings with other WGs prior to the start of the Regional Planning Workshop, the co-conveners prepared the following agenda for a 6-hour discussion (3 hours on the afternoon of August 1st, and 3 hours on the morning of August 2nd.

Thursday 1 August (3 hours)

1. Introduction of Conveners and Agenda 10 min 2. Overview of the Regional Uniqueness 15 min 3. Reviews of WG5 charge 20 min

• General description • 7 Overarching questions • 11 Gaps and Priorities • Report-out structure

4. Gaps and Priorities in detail 45 min Categorize 11 gaps into 2 groups, tentatively:

o Group A: Climate/ecological systems (Q’ns 1-6; See Appendix 1) o Group B: Socio-ecological systems (Q’ns 6-11; See Appendix 1)

BREAK

5. Breakout group discussion: 60 min Group A Group B:

6. Report out: Gaps and Priorities 30 mins

Friday 2 August (3 hours) 1. Brief reviews/new outputs (overnight inspired ideas) 15 min 2. Seven (1+6) questions focused on the Gaps & Priorities of Day 1 15 min 3. Breakout 2 Groups: (each group discuss 6 gaps) 60 min

Group A’: Group B’:

BREAK 4. Report out from Groups A’ and B’ 30 min 5. Plenary discussion and reviews 30 min 6. Final report wrap-up (co-conveners and rapporteurs) 30 min


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After discussing the agenda, there was a discussion of what makes the target region (the North Pacific and Western Pacific Marginal Seas) unique. The following graphic summarizes the highlights agreed to by the WG:

The WG then discussed a summary of the responses received to the Questionnaire (see Appendix 2 herein). In order to establish break-out groups, the WG classified the 11 Knowledge Gaps & Research Priorities into two categories:


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Prior to breaking out into two groups (one on Climate/Ecological Systems and one on Socio-ecological Systems), we discussed (in plenary) ways to decide (systematically, if possible) to categorize/prioritize decadal activities. Two criteria emerged:

• Importance (to include considerations such as ecological, economic, food security, cultural, etc.)

• Feasibility (to include considerations such as scientific capability, scale, available data, political will, etc.)

The plenary (>30 attendees) and breakouts into two groups:

• Climate & Ecosystems (~20 participants) • Socio-ecological Systems (~10 participants)

We summarize next the results of the discussions.

Sample of the categorization/prioritization emerging from break-out discussions. In general terms, Question 7 was considered to be Important and Feasible, whereas Question 11 less so. Question 8 generated a more granular categorization depending on particular factors. Questions 9 & 10, were less granular and more encompassing.


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2. Knowledge and research priorities/questions & Cross-Cutting Themes Break-out group on Climate & Ecosystems. The break-out group grouped their responses into four categories and identified associated priorities: a) Ecosystem Structure & Function: Effective management and maintenance of a

sustainable ecosystem require improved understanding of trophic linkages and impacts of climate variability and change.

Priorities:

• Develop and share advanced technologies with standard methodologies to improve ecosystem monitoring;

• Define ecotypes and monitor biodiversity & ecosystem structure; • Improve modeling to understand spp. interactions and food web structure, population

dynamics of target fishery and keystone spp.

b) Sustainable Fishery: A primary goal to reduce overfishing and realize sustainable use of marine ecosystem services.

Priorities:

• Improve identification of ecosystem thresholds (MSY, tipping points, etc.); • Build capacity in EBM; • Improve stock assessments, especially for data-limited species, shared across the

region; • Improve monitoring of fishery removals, including on-vessel and remote monitoring; • Develop indicators of sustainability; • (Improve enforcement of management - governance)

c) Aquaculture: Primary goal to provide food security through ecologically-friendly and

sustainable aquaculture.

Priorities: • Define chemical & biological impacts, including introduced spp.; • Establish guidelines: waste treatment, chemical substances, GMO & endemic spp.,

monitoring and evaluation, food safety; • Improve regional and biogeochemical modeling to assist aquaculture siting.

d) Climate change impacts: Sustainability requires understanding impacts on fishery

production, distribution, community structure, and catch, as well as on human societies.


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Priorities: • Improved observations and data dissemination; • Improved coupled physical-biological modeling, including forecasts and projections; • Ecosystem impacts of extreme events; • Process studies on impacts of OA, deoxygenation.

Break-out group on Socio-ecological Systems. The break-out group also grouped their responses into four categories and identified the following associated priorities: a) Understanding future of food production (aquaculture and fishing): importance differs by

region.

Priorities: • WPac, coastal/small scale, high per capita fish consumption and high dependence on

fisheries for livelihoods, diet, nutrition, poverty, survival, hunger, food security cultural/subsistence/food security in SIDS (link to SDGs);

• Indigenous communities, subsistence fisheries, among others • NPac important as an economic driver (e.g., Bering Sea)

b) Understanding social structures to enhance resilience of coastal communities and reduce vulnerabilities. [Issues include: resilience/vulnerability of communities, artisanal and/or industrial fisheries, gender, governance/political will, etc.]

Priorities:

• Social justice and equity issues to identify effective policies in light of future climate change (or other, e.g., increase multiuse of ocean resources). Understand relationship between people and resource.

• Feasibility varies by community. Small scale diversity in social structure and social vulnerability.

• Importance varies with social vulnerably of community: important to understand social structure for artisanal fishery/first nation community but different for industrial fishing.

c) Understanding trade-offs between different uses of the ocean and its resources.

Valuation of ecosystem services. Requires development of marine spatial planning (MSP), as well as a temporal component (e.g., temporary closures). Fundamental to decision-making. Feasibility varies by communities and availability of information/knowledge. Issue is not only about trade-offs but also about synergies – consider rewording the title.


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Priorities: • Impacts of blue economy sector activities on fisheries (but also of fisheries on blue

economy sector). Perhaps could be titled “Interactions of fisheries and other blue economy sectors” – related to trade-offs (see Knowledge Gap above).

d) Links between ocean health and human health – Existing and emerging issues affecting

physical health (red tides, mercury, etc.), as well as psychological health (loss of way of life, loss of culture). Importance and feasibility are scale- and location-dependent. (Recommendation to coordinate with WGs 1&2).

Cross-cutting themes (reflecting responses from the Questionnaire and WG discussions in plenary and break-out) a) Capacity building and technology transfer

• To create citizen scientists, increase awareness of environmental change, participate in decision-making process, etc.

• Using social media to reach more people (provide internet access) • Increase science communicators (build scientists’ capacity to communicate to the public) • Expand use of emerging technologies (low cost, low power, easy to maintain – to be

used in remote areas) • Standardizing methods for technology transfer and interoperability, e.g., coastal habitat

mapping and others • Training to empower women in the conduct and delivery of ocean science research and

ocean science governance and diplomacy scientists (e.g. WMU partnership with Canada and Sasakawa Global Ocean Institute)

• Training on regional and global models and use of climate forecasting products b) Partnerships and Financing

• Engage foundations, support multidisciplinary projects on social structures and tradeoffs

• Engage private industry to support work on tradeoffs • Partnerships between developed and SIDS or LDCs and new financing mechanisms

from private sector will be the key to realize sustainable blue-green growth. • Global/regional collaboration involving academia, researcher, policy maker and

development partner


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c) Access to information, data, and knowledge

• Large amounts of freely data already exist, e.g., Sentinel-2 and LANDSAT. Make the

data findable and accessible. Understand what the key barriers are to making data findable and accessible and what can be done to lower those barriers, would be useful, e.g.,

o NOWPAP Data and Information Networking Regional Activity Center (DINRAC) provides data and information for NOWPAP region

o Coastal habitat maps can be used for artisanal fishermen and local people: map on small seagrass distribution for fishermen in one island, Indonesia is used to explain not to deploy gillnet for preventing dugongs from getting entangling up in the net

• Statistical data on ocean related industries should become more readily accessible in the Decades to evaluate the status of blue growth.

• Developing and using more social media and Apps as tools for data access and raising awareness

d) Communication and awareness raising • Raise awareness through:

o Development and increased use of social media and Apps, e.g., Eye on the Reef, International Coastal Cleanup Campaign

o Advance citizen science programs o Engagement with NGOs

• Provide for communication amongst stakeholders


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3. Existing international initiatives/programmes/partnerships in this region that could help address these knowledge gaps/science questions

The following Tables were generated by the two Working Groups during their breakout discussions. This information is preliminary – admittedly incomplete – and subject to modification and enhancement during the implementation phase of Ocean Decade activity.


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4. WG Recommendations for potential new activities/projects/programmes,

and/or further engagement of other institutions or communities, in support of the Decade

• New programs must merge natural and social sciences to be useful

• New initiatives should be community based, bottom-up, and locally focused (e.g., Sea

Grant)

• Develop a Western Pacific initiative for ecologically-friendly aquaculture

• Develop an “XPrize” to address science needs of the region and to leverage private and

public funding

• Enforcement initiative/collaboration btw countries, particular in high-seas

• Mechanisms for considering genetic modified species

• Tools and methods for biodiversity observation & data sharing 5. Other suggestions, if any, on the preparations for and implementation of the Decade. In plenary discussion, the concept of “Satoumi” was suggested as a way to promote the sustainable use of marine ecosystems, and complement the concurrent (top-down) development of legal and management systems. The concept of “Satoumi” is a coastal ecosystem management practice led by local communities including fishermen, the general public, teachers, and other stakeholders, i.e., a bottom-up process to help develop the rule of best-use and conservation of marine ecosystems and seascape. The Working Group’s discussions ended before we were able to take on additional topics.


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Appendix 1 Questionnaire for WG5 Participants

WG 5: A sustainably harvested and productive ocean ensuring the provision of food supply and alternative livelihoods Name_____________ Email_________________________ Institution_____________ Country_____________ Please return the completed form by 24 July 2019 to the WG co-conveners (Cisco Werner: [email protected], Hiroaki Saito: [email protected], and Somboon Siriraksophon: [email protected]), with a copy to [email protected], and [email protected]) For your reference, you may refer to the draft Roadmap of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030). When addressing the questions (Page 2) and proposed gaps (Page 3) for consideration. You may also wish to know more about the results of the 1st Global Planning Meeting (13-15 May 2019, Denmark) BACKGROUND TO WG5 TOPIC “The main principle is that the Decade will address both deep disciplinary understanding of ocean processes and solution-oriented research to generate new knowledge. This knowledge will support societal actors in reducing pressures on the ocean, preserving and restoring ocean ecosystems and safeguarding ocean-related prosperity for generations to come. The Decade should turn the scientific knowledge and understanding into effective actions supporting improved ocean management, stewardship and sustainable development.” The Roadmap identifies six societal outcomes:

1. A clean ocean 2. A healthy and resilient ocean 3. A predicted ocean 4. A safe ocean 5. A sustainably harvested and productive ocean 6. A transparent and accessible ocean

The outcome we are asking you to focus on and for which we are requesting your input is: A sustainably harvested and productive ocean ensuring the provision of food supply and alternative livelihoods “Society now depends on the ocean more than at any time before. It is a vital source of nourishment, supporting directly the livelihood of about 500 million people, especially in the poorest nations, and, indirectly, the global population. Ocean economies are among the most rapidly growing and promising in the world, providing benefits to many sectors of great economic value, such as fisheries, biotechnologies, energy production, tourism and transport, and many others. The Decade should create a better understanding of the interactions and interdependencies of the environmental conditions and processes, the use of resources and the economy. A major task in context of the development of the ocean economy will be in documenting the potential impacts from environmental changes on the established and emerging maritime industries and their ability to generate growth, especially for LDCs (Least Developed Countries) and SIDS (Small Island Development States). Defining safe and sustainable thresholds for economic operations in the ocean will help policy-makers and stakeholders in implementing a truly sustainable blue economy. New research should develop and flesh out sustainable blue-green growth agendas and link it to efforts in ecosystem protection.”


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No. Questions Response 1 To achieve A sustainably harvested and productive

ocean, what are the knowledge gaps/scientific questions/priority areas (please refer to Page 3 below) that should be addressed in the region through the Decade? Please comment on the list below and add gaps that you consider are missing.

2 What are the existing international initiatives/ programmes/ partnerships, and resources in this region that could help address these knowledge gaps/science questions?

3 What potential international initiatives/programmes/ networks/partnerships, and resources in the region could be developed, established or explored to address these knowledge gaps/science questions?

4 Please elaborate on the roles of the following four cross-cutting themes in addressing these science questions, and share the best practice(s) if any. Four cross-cutting themes: a. Capacity building and technology transfer b. Partnerships and financing c. Access to information, data and knowledge d. Communication and awareness raising

5 Please identify, if needed, additions and/or modifications to the current R&D priority areas as formulated in the Roadmap, and any major marine science for sustainable development that has not yet been highlighted in the Roadmap and the 1st Global Planning Meeting?

6 If feasible, you may wish to provide brief details about willingness, or potential commitment(s) of your institution and/or your country, to the preparations for and implementation of the Decade.

7 As per question 6 above, please briefly provide details about institutions – other than your own – that could potentially commit to preparations and implementation of the Decade.


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No. Knowledge Gaps & Research Priorities Comments 1 Ecosystem function. What is sustainable harvesting at the ecosystem

level rather than at the species level? More research on trophic gaps is needed to better understand the inter-relationships between species.

2 What does sustainability at the ecosystem level mean (beyond MSY)? What proportion of fisheries in a given region are acceptably sustainable? What is a tipping point of ecosystem regime shift? How to examine health and resiliency of ecosystem? How do we reverse declining trends?

3 Climate change impacts on fisheries. Stock assessments currently lack basic information about impacts and multiple stressors from acidification, sea level rise, or warming. Life histories of many species are still unknown. Another important issue is how fishing influences the ecosystem structure and the ocean’s ability to take up carbon.

4 Impacts and future of aquaculture What is the impact of aquaculture for marine ecosystem? How to increase aquaculture production in sustainable way?

5 Impacts on the seabed. How impacts from activities such as mineral extraction, fisheries, etc., impact ecosystem health and sustainability.

6 Challenging biases. Current research has geographic biases (e.g., where data is collected, with gaps in the global south, for example), and taxonomic biases (e.g., Regional Fisheries Management Organizations that only conduct stock assessment for a limited number of species). There is also a need for a monitoring schemes across taxa.

7 Understanding the future of food production from the ocean. What is needed for food and nutrition? What is sustainable consumption? How to develop a needs-driven approach to food and nutrition: what are the needs in different regions, what are the sustainable pathways, how to integrate social and cultural considerations in pathways?

8 Understanding the social structures that need to change to enable societal change and governance change. Issues of human impacts, equity and social justice, improving affordable production of algae and oil as replacement for fish. Understanding issues of gender equity and indigenous fishers, informal rights and different impacts of harvesting on different communities.

9 Understanding trade-offs between different uses of the ocean and its resources. Where are the conflicts and synergies between ocean uses in near-shore? Comprehensive information for marine spatial planning is needed. Understanding impacts of tourism on the environment and impacts of adverse environmental impacts on tourism.

10 Impacts of Blue Economy sector activities on fisheries. Fisheries science needs to go beyond traditional models to consider impacts from other Blue Economy sectors, such as offshore mining, energy generation, aquaculture, and deep-sea minerals extraction. The complex interplay between science, policy, and socio-economic development must be better understood and used for sustainable development and social justice.

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Links between ocean health and human health. Links must be established with biological, chemical, and solid pollutants such as plastics, but there are also many questions about the impacts of ocean health on human activities and well-being, such as ocean health impacts on tourism, blue space use, and psychological health.


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Appendix 2 Summary of WG5 Participants’ Response to the Questionnaire

#1 Ecosystem function: What is sustainable harvesting at the ecosystem level rather than at the species level? More research on trophic gaps is needed to better understand the inter-relationships between species. •It is important to consider differences in species diversity among tropical, temperate and boreal areas into account. •Generating harvest advice for data poor species; finding efficient ways of generating harvest advice, thereby allowing for the assessment of more stocks. •Ecosystem approach management, goods and services, trophic interaction with species biocommunication •Effective management and maintenance of a sustainable ecosystem requires an improved understanding of trophic linkages and how climate variability impacts these linkages. •Improved ecosystem models and coupled physical-biological (or end-to-end) models will be needed. •Quantify impact of anthropogenic activities which potentially altered the function of the ecosystem.

#2 What does sustainability at the ecosystem level mean (beyond MSY)? What proportion of fisheries in a given region are acceptably sustainable? What is a tipping point of ecosystem regime shift? How to examine health and resiliency of ecosystem? How do we reverse declining trends? Key questions include: •Are there different response and recovery times to climate perturbations for different ecosystem components?

•Can climate perturbations push an ecosystem past known (or unknown) thresholds? •Can we identify and predict ecosystem ‘tipping points’? •How do we define ‘sustainability’ in an ever-changing system?

•The ideal image of the sustainability differs between countries, and communities.

•Usually, about 30-40% of fisheries in a given region are acceptably sustainable. •Reduce post-harvest loss and improve value chain with objective to reorient from ‘Volume to Value’, MEY (Maximum Economic Yield) •Protection and lawful establishments are possibly effective for inhibiting the declining trends •The establishment of local MPA's would be indeed contributed.

•In many cases, basic information, like what the fishery removals are, is not available.


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#3 Climate change impacts on fisheries. Stock assessments currently lack basic information about impacts and multiple stressors from acidification, sea level rise, or warming. Life histories of many species are still unknown. Another important issue is how fishing influences the ecosystem structure and the ocean’s ability to take up carbon. •We can expect continuing climate-driven trends in ocean temperature, stratification, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem productivity, structure & function over the course of the Ocean Decade, in addition to increased frequency of short-term climate perturbations (e.g., the 2014-16 eastern N. Pacific marine heat wave). •Effective management of fisheries and other ocean use sectors is dependent on understanding and being able to predict/project (within an acceptable range of uncertainty) how climate change will impact fisheries. This requires increased observational capacity as well as significant advances in modeling, and thus increased investment in these activities. •Ecosystem health study, assess stock status (pelagic and demersal), monitoring climatic stressors (acidification, SST, salinity incursion, sea level rise), habitat mapping across the life cycle of species.

•Changes in ecosystem structure on fish stocks should also be considered. •Multiple stressors are a big challenge for fisheries sustainability. •Example: sea urchin fishery plays an important role to prevent overgrazing by sea urchins on seaweed and to enhance carbon fixation through protecting seaweed beds in Japan

#4 Impacts and future of aquaculture. What is the impact of aquaculture for marine ecosystem? How to increase aquaculture production in sustainable way? •Increasing aquaculture grounds influence the health of marine ecosystem by inducing deoxygenation, eutrophication, overdose of antibiotics, introducing non-indigenous species/disease. •Need appropriate use of aquaculture siting with physical and BGC models. •In Shizugawa Bay, ecosystem studies and in situ material flow provide a sustainable aquaculture level. #5 Impacts on the seabed. How impacts from activities such as mineral extraction, fisheries, etc., impact ecosystem health and sustainability. •Many seaweeds and sea-grass are influenced seriously (e.g., bottom trawling), and this resulted in even more serious decline of other fisheries resources •Important when we discuss marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond of National Jurisdiction (BBNJ). •EIA (Environmental Impact Assessments), ecosystem health index •Establish standard operations based on potential negative impacts of marine extraction on the ocean.


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#6 Challenging biases. Current research has geographic biases (e.g., where data is collected, with gaps in the global south, for example), and taxonomic biases (e.g., Regional Fisheries Management Organizations that only conduct stock assessments for a limited number of species). There is also a need for a monitoring schemes across taxa. •Each geographic region has its unique taxonomic species, it is necessary to establish a frame or system for sharing the methodologies and data. •Coastal habitat maps to monitor whether fisheries and aquaculture are deteriorating habitats •Need to address natural boundary instead of administrative/national boundaries •The establishment of a uniform data collection format or system would an advantage for the region. •CB (Capacity Building) and (MT (Transfer of Marine Technology) to realize necessary sciences in the Decade #7 Understanding the future of food production from the ocean. What is needed for food and nutrition? What is sustainable consumption? How to develop a needs-driven approach to food and nutrition: what are the needs in different regions, what are the sustainable pathways, how to integrate social and cultural considerations in pathways? •Better management practice (BMP). Improve better access to market, linking supply chain network involving harvesters, retailers, distributors, transporters, and others •Protein, dietary fiber are main nutritional components for human, with that, the fine process products are either available to the society, it is needs to develop one production line from the point view of food chain, and to enhance the value of marine yielded food. •Balance between fishery and aquaculture, the environmental impact of aquaculture should be considered. •Understanding the situation of the small-scale fisheries in the Asia-Pacific areas (a lot of vessels, catching a lot of species, landing a lot of places, and consuming domestically). Trans-Disciplinary Research of the FutureEarth (Co-design, Co-production and Co-delivery) would be one solution. •Inform the consumers on what the future food production and the nutritional contents from the ocean while educating them about possible consumers choices or decisions on the food. Moreover, the information packages should also consider questions on food sustainability, food security as well as possible anthropogenic impacts.


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#8 Understanding the social structures that need to change to enable societal change and governance change. Issues of human impacts, equity and social justice, improving affordable production of algae and oil as replacement for fish. Understanding issues of gender equity and indigenous fishers, informal rights and different impacts of harvesting on different communities. •Governments can play the regulation role in the societal and market. •It is very important to consider artisanal fisheries •Ocean governance in achieving the “triple bottom line” of environmental, economic and social sustainability •Some of the most significant threats to ocean health operate at large scales. Governance arrangements between nation states based on the appropriate commitments to ocean sustainability will play a critical role in determining whether we are collectively successful in addressing those threats. •The clearer is the cultural structure, which the local population lies, the easier is to understand the connections between the exploration of the resources and its impacts. #9 Understanding trade-offs between different uses of the ocean and its resources. Where are the conflicts and synergies between ocean uses in near-shore? Comprehensive information for marine spatial planning is needed. Understanding impacts of tourism on the environment and impacts of adverse environmental impacts on tourism. •Fisheries management is still transitioning from single-species assessments to an ecosystem-based approach. The next step for effective management of ocean resources is to consider a portfolio of uses in addition to fisheries, and to develop management strategies that can balance sector trade-offs and be adaptable to changing climate conditions. •Integrated Ecosystem Assessments (IEAs) provide one framework to accomplish these goals, but are a long way from being implemented, even in the developed countries. Renewed efforts should be undertaken during the Ocean Decade to build upon these frameworks and ensure transferability to LDCs. •Trade-offs between the different users are stimulants to the ocean resources and markets. •Conflicts or synergies between offshore wind turbine and fisheries, deep-sea water use and aquaculture, coastal ecosystem conservation and fisheries or aquaculture or tourism. These should be considered. •The IYS covers this theme in “Human Dimension” to investigate the cultural, social, and economic elements that depend upon sustainable salmon populations.


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•Environmental and socio-economic trade-offs should both be scoped in. Governments will also be interested in how the benefits from different activities may be distributed across different populations within society. •MSP (Marine Spatial Planning) is a tool to address the complex issue that is the relationship between human activities and the exploration of resources provided by the ocean. Allocating the right activity in an appropriate local and time is the challenge of the MSP process. #10 Impacts of Blue Economy sector activities on fisheries. Fisheries science needs to go beyond traditional models to consider impacts from other Blue Economy sectors, such as offshore mining, energy generation, aquaculture, and deep-sea minerals extraction. The complex interplay between science, policy, and socio-economic development must be better understood and used for sustainable development and social justice. •Offshore mining, new energy generation, aquaculture, and deep-sea minerals exploitation are positive in this field. Integration of science, policy, and socio-economic development is needed for sustainable development and social justice. •All the blue economy sectors should consider sustainable use of marine resources and ecosystems. •A theoretical framework for the appropriate role-sharing and integration of various management measures by ocean-related ministries/agencies should be established. •It is very important that fisheries science collaborate with blue economy sectors by providing scientific knowledges on impacts of blue economy sector development. •Tools to evaluate tradeoffs between activities and understanding cumulative effects will also be important. Models for estimating the distribution of benefits associated with different economic activities will be important to issues of social justice and regional stability. •This knowledge gap is relevant. I believe to integrate social sciences research would be very positive and would enhance so much in the understanding of how to develop a sustainable plan for the ocean.


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#11 Links between ocean health and human health. Links must be established with biological, chemical, and solid pollutants such as plastics, but there are also many questions about the impacts of ocean health on human activities and well-being, such as ocean health impacts on tourism, blue space use, and psychological health. •There should be promotion on research initiatives with particularly themes on marine biology as biological tools to achieved health ocean environment in the region. Furthermore, the investigations also may extend to explore the links between coastal community economic on coastal and human health. •Ocean health is crucial to the yields of foods for human and human health. It’s necessary to strength the impacts of blue space use to guarantee the ocean health. •Minamata disease in the 1960s in Japan must not be repeated in other areas. •Awareness campaigns and wastes management facilities

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