20 April 20021 High Performance Design and Construction Energy Efficiency: What is the Target for...

20 April 2002 1

High Performance Design and Construction

Energy Efficiency:

What is the Target

for 21st Century Buildings?

Karl Brown

Deputy DirectorCalifornia Institute for Energy Efficiency

University of California

Office of the President

(photo courtesy Kris Kinney)

20 April 2002 2

High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency

What is the Target for 21st Century Buildings?

80% of the energy load of typical 1999 buildings?

65%?

50%?

35%?

20%?

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<50% of the energy load of typical 1999 buildings

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“Factors of Two” in New Construction

Good Lighting Design > 1.5 vs. < 1 Watt per sq. ft. (Labs)

Elimination of Reheat

Good Air System Design– Low Pressure Drop > 8” is typical, < 4” is good design

(Labs)

– Tight Ducts 30% leakage doubles fan power

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“Factors of Two” in New Construction (Laboratories)

Indirect Evaporative Temper (100%) outside air Pre-Cooling (drop delta T from 30 to 15 degrees

F)

Low-Flow Fume Hoods

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“Berkeley Hood” Low Flow Fume Hood (LBNL)

Energy UseStandard Fume Hood = House

“Berkeley Hood”– Developed by

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

– 50% or less air flow

– Equivalent or improved containment and capture

Test installations– Montana State University

– UC San Francisco

– San Diego State (pending)

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Additional Important Design Features for UC Merced

Control of Solar Load Advanced windows and sun shading

Individual HVAC Control Some faculty offices

Operable Windows Most faculty offices, some small classrooms

Commissioning “…by any other name…”

Energy Performance Monitoring Measure success

Optimize operations

Feedback to design

Academic program

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Energy Monitoring Applications: Building Subsystems

Chiller Performance(illustration courtesy Lee Eng Lock)

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Monitoring Reveals More “Factors of Two” in Efficiency

District Steam (◊) vs. Other Thermal Systems ()Coastal and Central California Climate

Gas Use (Th/yr-gsf)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Complex/Lab Bldg Area

UC/CSU Campus Gas Use vs. Complex Building Fraction (heating degree days is 2nd variable)

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UC Merced Infrastructure Measures

No district steam heating

Chilled water thermal storage

Cluster lab buildings around plant

Large pipes and small pumps

– (not vice versa)

Rational plant sizing

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“Factor of Two” in Plant Design—Typical Scenario

1) Design engineers estimate cooling load at 1,200 tons

2) Campus engineers argue design engineers back to 600 tons

3) Fully occupied and utilized facility never uses more than 300 tons

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Recap of UC Merced Design Measures and Technology

Advanced Lighting Systems* Advanced Windows* Sun Shading Duct Sealing* Efficient HVAC Design Efficient Laboratory Air System Design* Comfort and Indoor Air Quality Standards* Advanced Energy Metering and Control Systems* Systems Commissioning Integrated Planning of Building Loads and Infrastructure Capacity

* Technologies developed with the help of UC through Berkeley Lab and other campuses.

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Clues in the Literature: Canadian C-2000 Program (60%)

– Todesco, G. 1996. “Super-Efficient Buildings: How Low Can You Go?” ASHRAE Journal. 38:12:35-40. Atlanta GA. American Society of Heating Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers.

State of Utah (50-78%)– Case and Windergerden. 1998. “Incentive Program for Energy Efficient Design of State

Buildings”. In Proceedings of the 1996 ACEEE Summer Study of Energy Efficiency in Buildings. Washington D.C. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy

PG&E ACTT Antioch Project (36%)– Hernandez, G.; E. Kolderup; G. Syphers. 1997. ACT2 CSAA Commercial Site Impact Evaluation

Report. San Francisco CA. Eley Associates and Pacific Gas & Electric Co. http://www.pge.com/customer_services/other/pec/act2/act2over.html

LBNL Applications Team: California Lab-type Facilities (50%)– Mills et al. 1996. “Energy Efficiency in California Laboratory-type Facilities”. LBNL-39061.

Berkeley CA. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

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UC MercedEfficient Design Scenario

Energy Load as % of1999 UC Average Benchmark*

Buildings Opening in2004 2005-2007 2008-->

80% 65% 50%

*concurrent with all cooling load shifted off-peak

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UC Merced Load Projection (Maximum Demand)

2004 2007 (2004 plant)

Space (gsf) 0.7 million 1.2 million 8.6 million

Scenario Base (business-as-usual) 3.6 MW 6.3 MW 46

MW

Load Management 2.7 MW 4.8 MW 34 MW

Efficient Design 2.1 MW 3.5 MW 18 MW

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Strategic Energy Planning (Enron/UC/CSU Contract)

Santa Barbara Scenarios

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Interventions

Set firm goals

Establish efficiency as a priority early in programming and budgeting

Select A&E consultants with efficiency as a part of their core practice

Provide resources to engineers and lighting designers early in design

Integrate with infrastructure planning (campus setting)

Value engineering of “margins of safety”

Demand good documentation (commissioning)

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Resources

Benchmarking

LEED™

“Savings By Design”

– statewide public goods fund program

2001 Advanced Lighting Design Guidelines

Design Guide for Energy Efficient Research Laboratories– Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Applications Team

Laboratories for the 21st Century (Labs21) Partnership

– with U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE

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UC Acknowledgements UC Merced

– Chancellor Carol Tomlinson-Keasey

– Cliff Graves

– Bob Badgley

– Chris Adams

– Juan Beltranena

– Cynthia Hughes

– Pam Moody

UC Programs– Scott Samuelsen, UCI

– Jack Brouwer, UCI

– Harrison Fraker, UCB

– John Klopf, UCB

– Jeff Dozier, UCSB

– Dennis Aigner, UCSB

– Mo Lovegreen, UCSB

– Dale Sartor, LBNL

UCOP– Clifton Bowen

– Maric Munn

– Gary Matteson

– Johnny Torrez

– Jim Smith

– Joanne Cate

– Trudis Heinecke

UC/CSU Facilities– Tony Valenzuela, CSU

– Paul Black, UCB

– Adney Bowker, UCD

– Grant Fulgham, UCSB

– Paul Howland, UCI

– George Palmer, UCR

– Keith Roberts, UCD

– Dick Smith, CSU Fresno

– Victor Takahashi, CSU Stanislaus

– Gerry White, UCSD

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For More Information

Karl Brown

[email protected]

510/643-1617

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“If decisions were a choice between alternatives, decisions would come easy. Decision is the selection and formulation of alternatives.”– Kenneth Burke, American literary critic and poet

20 April 20021 High Performance Design and Construction Energy Efficiency: What is the Target for...

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