2. PiXL Independence KS5 Biology Cells Booklet · PiXL Independence – Level 2 5 questions, 5...

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PiXLIndependence:Biology–StudentBooklet

KS5

Topic-Cells

Contents:

I. Level1-MultipleChoiceQuiz–20credits

II. Level2-5questions,5sentences,5words–10creditseach

III. Level3-BiologyinTheNews–100credits

IV. Level4-ScientificPodcast–100credits

V. Level5-Videosummaries–50creditseach

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PiXLIndependence–Level1MultipleChoiceQuestionsALevelBiology–Cells

INSTRUCTIONSScore:/20

• Readthequestioncarefully.• Circlethecorrectletter.• Answerallquestions

Part1–Cellstructure&Microscopy

1. Whichorganelleisresponsibleforproducingfats? a RoughER

b SmoothER c Golgiapparatus d Nucleolus

2. Whereareribosomesmanufactured? a Nucleolus b Centrioles c Vacuole d RoughER

3. Whichoftherowsshowsthecorrectpairsofunits? a 1mm=0.1cm 1nm=0.001µm 1cm=

1,000,000nm1µm=1000mm

b 1cm=

10,000,000nm1nm=0.000001mm 1mm=1000µm 1µm=0.0001cm

c 1µm=0.01mm 1nm=0.01µm 1cm=10,000,000nm

1mm=0.1cm

d 1mm=0.1cm 1nm=1000µm 1cm=1,000,000nm

1µm=1000nm

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4. WhichtableshowsthecorrectcomparisonofprokaryotesandEukaryotes? a Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

Nucleus û üNakedDNA ü ûRibosomes ü üRoughER û üCellmembrane ü ü

b Eukaryotes ProkaryotesNucleus ü ûNakedDNA ü üRibosomes ü ûRoughER ü ûüCellmembrane ü ü

c Eukaryotes ProkaryotesNucleus ü ûNakedDNA û üRibosomes ü üRoughER ü ûCellmembrane ü ü

d Eukaryotes ProkaryotesNucleus ü ûNakedDNA ü üRibosomes ü üRoughER ü ûCellmembrane ü ü

5. Whichofthefollowingorganellescontainhydrogenperoxide? a Centrioles b Lysosomes c Ribosomes d Mitochondria

6. WhichofthefollowingcontainDNA?(maybemorethanonecorrectanswer) a Mitochondria b Chloroplast c Ribosome d Prokaryote

7. WhichofthefollowingproteinscombinewithDNAtoformchromatin? a Collagen b Chaperones c Histones d Glycoproteins

8. Thecytoskeletonhasmanyfunctionswithinthecell,fromprovidingsupport,facilitating

movementofmoleculesaroundthecellorprovidingmovementinstructureslikeundulipodia.Whichofthefollowingtypesofskeletonfacilitatesmovementofmoleculeswithinthecell?

a Microfilaments b Microtubules c Intermediatefibre d Macrotubules

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9. WhatisthecorrectfunctionoftheGolgiapparatus? a Synthesisoflipids b Modifiesandpackagesproteins c Manufacturesribosomes d Siteofproteinsynthesis

10. AEukaryoticcellhas7.2x107basepairsofDNAperchromosome.

Eachbasepairis0.36x10-9m.Thediploidnumberofadogcellis78.CalculatethelengthofDNAinthecell.

a 2.02m b 0.023m c 2.02cm d 1.56x1019

Part2–Cellmembranesandcelldivision

11. Whatisthefunctionofcholesterolinthecellmembrane? a Tomakethemembranelessfluid

b Tomakethemembranemorefluid c Tomakethemembranemorefluidathightemperaturesandlessfluidatlow

temperatures d Tomakethemembranelessfluidathightemperaturesandmorefluidatlow

temperatures

12. Transmembraneproteinshavedifferentregions.Whichstatementiscorrectfortransmembraneproteins?

a Withinthephospholipidbilayer,theaminoacidsexposedtothephospholipidshavehydrophilicRgroupsandtheregionswithintheprotein,butnotexposed,havehydrophobicRgroups.

b TheregionsontheoutsideofthecellcontainaminoacidswithhydrophobicRgroupsandtheregionsontheinsidecontainaminoacidswithhydrophilicRgroups.

c WithinthephospholipidbilayertheycontainaminoacidswithhydrophilicRgroups.RegionsexposedontheoutsideandinsidecontainaminoacidswithhydrophobicRgroups.

d WithinthephospholipidbilayertheycontainaminoacidswithhydrophobicRgroups.RegionsexposedontheoutsideandinsidecontainaminoacidswithhydrophilicRgroups.

13. Thepermeabilityofcellmembranesvarieswithtemperature.Plantscontainingpigmentintheirvacuolesareusefulmodelsformeasuringtheeffectsoftemperatureoncellmembranes.Investigationstypicallyshowtwophases,agradualincreaseinthelossofpigmentbetween0oCand40oCandarapidlossofpigmentabove40oC.Whichisthebestexplanationforthechangesseenbetween0oCand40oC?

a Thecellmembranemeltsandintrinsicproteinsdenature,leavingholesforthepigmenttoescape.

b Pigmentisactivelytransportedoutofthecellatafasterrateathighertemperature. c Pigmentmoleculeshavemorekineticenergyandthereisafasterrateofdiffusionout

ofthecell. d Thecellmembranedenaturesleavingporesforthepigmenttoescape.

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14. Whichtablecontainsasetofcorrectstatementsabouttransportacrossthemembrane? a Direction Details

Activetransport Fromhightolowconcentration

RequiresATPthroughChannelproteins

Facilitateddiffusion

Fromlowtohighconcentration

NoATP–RequiresCarrierproteins

Simplediffusion Fromlowtohighconcentration

NoATP–smallnon-polarmoleculessuchasO2,CO2movebetweenphospholipids

Exocytosis Insidetooutsideofthecell

RequiresATPandmovementofcytoskeletontomovelargemolecules

Receptormediatedendocytosis

Outsidetoinsideofthecell

Triggeredbyligands/signalmolecules/antigenstoengulflargermolecules

b Direction DetailsActivetransport Fromlowtohigh

concentrationRequiresATPthroughCarrierproteins


Fromhightolowconcentration

NoATP–RequiresChannelproteins

Simplediffusion Fromhightolowconcentration

NoATP–smallnon-polarmoleculessuchasO2,CO2movebetweenphospholipids






c Direction DetailsActivetransport Fromlowtohigh

concentrationRequiresATPthroughChannelproteins



NoATP–RequiresCarrierproteins


NoATP–smallnon-polarmoleculessuchasNa+&H2Omovebetweenphospholipids






d Direction DetailsActivetransport Fromlowtohigh

concentrationRequiresATPthroughCarrierproteins



NoATP–RequiresChannelproteins


NoATP–smallnon-polarmoleculessuchasNa+&H2Omovebetweenphospholipids

Exocytosis Outsidetotheinsideofthecell



Insidetotheoutsideofthecell


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15.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutOsmosisiscorrect?

a Crenationoccurswhenthehydrostaticpressureofthecellislessthantheoncoticpressure

b Acellbecomesturgidwhenthehydrostaticpressureofthecellisgreaterthantheosmoticpressure

c Acellbecomesflaccidwhenthehydrostaticpressureofthecellisgreaterthantheosmoticpressure

d Acellremainsthesamesizewhentheoncoticpressureandthehydrostaticpressureactinthesamedirection.

16. WhathappensduringtheG2Phaseofthecellcycle? a DNAreplication b Cellorganelles(apartfromchromosomes)areduplicated c Thecellsplitsintotwo d Duplicatedchromosomesarecheckedforerrors

17. WhichtableshowsthecorrectdetailsforMitosisandMeiosis a Mitosis Meiosis

Kinetochoreattachestocentromere ü üHomologouschromosomesformpairs û üFormshaploiddaughtercells û üIndependentassortmentofchromosomesoccurs

û ü

b Mitosis MeiosisKinetochoreattachestocentromere ü ûHomologouschromosomesformpairs û üFormshaploiddaughtercells û üIndependentassortmentofchromosomesoccurs

ü û

c Mitosis MeiosisKinetochoreattachestocentromere ü ûHomologouschromosomesformpairs û üFormshaploiddaughtercells ü üIndependentassortmentofchromosomesoccurs

û ü

d Mitosis MeiosisKinetochoreattachestocentromere ü üHomologouschromosomesformpairs û üFormshaploiddaughtercells ü üIndependentassortmentofchromosomesoccurs

û ü

18. Independentassortmentgeneratesvariation.Thisoccurstwiceintheformationofgametes.Inacellwith5chromosomes,howmanydifferentgeneticcombinationswouldbegeneratedduringmeiosis?

a 200,000 b 10 c 25 d 1024

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19. Whatisthefunctionofsquamousepithelium? a Itisaconnectivetissue b Producesmucusinthelungs c Ithasciliatomovesubstancessuchasmucusoutofthelungs d Allowsrapiddiffusiontotakeplace

20. Whichstatementiscorrect? a Xylemisavasculartissuewhichhassieveplatesandsievetubecellsandtransports

water b Phloemisavasculartissuewhichislignifiedandtransportsorganicnutrients,

particularlysucrose c Stemcellsinthebonemarrowarereferredtoasmultipotentastheycandifferentiate

intoarangeofdifferentbloodcelltypes d Totipotentstemcellscanformalltissuesinthehumanbody,butnotplacentalcells

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PiXLIndependence–Level25questions,5sentences,5words

ALevelBiology–CellsINSTRUCTIONS

• Foreachstatement,useeitherthesuggestedwebsiteoryourowntextbooktowritea5-pointsummary.AtA-level,answersfrequentlyrequiremorethan1keywordforthemark,soaimtoincludeafewkeywords.

• Itisimportanttostickto5sentences.Itistheprocessofselectingthemostrelevantinformationandsummarizingit,thatwillhelpyourememberit.

• Writeconciselyanddonotelaborateunnecessarily,itishardertorememberandrevisefactsfromabiglongparagraph.

• Finally,identify5keywordsthatyoumayhavedifficultyrememberingandincludeabriefdefinition.Youmightliketoincludeaclipartstylepicturetohelpyourememberit.

Example

Explainhowtocarryoutserialdilutions

Source: SAPS–Serialdilutions–www.tiny.cc/serialdilutions

1. Standardform–use1.0x10andthenthenumberof0s,e.g.1000=1.0x100Numberssmallerthan1.0,e.g.0.01thenuseaminussign..e.g.1.0x10-2

2. (skiptosection5).Tocalculateadilution–Take1cm3ofstockandadd49cm3ofwatertomakeitupto50cm3

3. Therefore,wehave1/50thofthestocksolution.(finalvolume/volumetaken)4. CalculateconcentrationbyOriginalconcentration/dilutionfactor.5. Serialdilutionsareusedwhenyourexperimentonlyworksoveracertainrange.E.g.whenusinga

colorimeter.Reallyconcentratedsampleswillbetoodark.

DilutionfactorThenumberoftimesastocksolutionhasbeendiluted

SerialdilutionTheprocessofmakinglotsofdilutions

Moldm-1unitsformeasuringconcentration(howmanymolesperdm(litre))

Stocksolution–theoriginalsolution,themostconcentratedone

Aliquot–aportionfromthewholesample

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Question1 Explainhowdifferenttypesofimageareproducedbyanelectronmicroscope

Source: Website–http://tiny.cc/semInteractive-www.ammrf.org.au/myscope/

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Question2 Explainhoworganellesworktogethertosynthesizeandexportproteins(detailedproteinsynthesisnotrequired).

Source: Website:www.tinyurl.com/kproteinInteractive-www.johnkyrk.com(selectcellanatomy)

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Question3 Comparetheultrastructureofprokaryotesandeukaryotes.

Source: Website:Khanacademy–www.tiny.cc/khancells(workthroughlinksonleft)Interactive:www.tinyurl.com/cellint2

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Question4 Describehowthecellcycleiscontrolledandregulated.

Source: Websitewww.tinyurl.com/kmitosisInteractive:McGrawhillanimation–www.tiny.cc/cellcycle2-Therearetwofurtherlinksonthelefttouse

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Question5 Explainhowsubstancesaretransportedacrossthecellmembrane.

Source: Website:www.tinyurl.com/ktransport2Interactive:www.tiny.cc/memtransThereareseveralanimationsontheleft,somearemorecomplex.Startwithdiffusion,facilitateddiffusion,primaryactivetransportandendoandexocytosis.

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PiXLIndependence–Level3BiologyinTheNewsALevelBiology–Cells

FakenewsSensationalisednewsstorieshavebeenaroundforsometime,butwiththemassgrowthofsocialmedia,theproblemseemstohavegrowninrecentyears.Attheveryleast,theUSPresidentialelectionhascertainlyhighlightedtheimpactthatmisleadinginformationcanhave.www.tiny.cc/fakenews2Athome,theBrexitvotealsosufferedfromthecirculationofmisleadingnewsstorieswww.tiny.cc/fakenews3Therefore,theabilitytoidentifyrealinformation,trackitbacktothesourcearticleandmakeyourownjudgementisaveryimportantskill.Thisactivitywillhelpyoudevelopthatskill.

StemcellsNewsarticle–www.tiny.cc/stemhoweNHS article – www.tinyurl.com/ydd7bmb2 Discussionarticle–www.tinyurl.com/stemcrit Real article – www.tinyurl.com/stemglas TaskYouneedtoproducea1pageessayontheuseofStemcellstohelppatientswhohavesufferedfromastroke.Thetablebelowwillgiveyouguidanceonhowtodoitwell.Essaysection ActivityIntroduction Readthroughthefirstnewsarticle.Writeabriefsummaryofthe

story.Thenofferabriefevaluationonthearticle,howbelievableisit,discussthepossibleweaknessesinthestory.Donotworryabouthavingtheperfectevaluationatthisstage,itismoreimportanttoshowbytheendoftheessayyouhavedevelopedyourevaluationskill.

Describe ReadtheNHSchoicesarticlewhichgivesanoverviewofthearticleitselfandthecurrentscience.Includeadescriptionofhowstemcellscanbeusedtotreatstrokeandtheimportanceofthistreatment.

Explore Manywebsitesdiscussthetruthbehindsciencenews,nowreadthediscussionarticle.WriteasummaryofsomeofthekeypointsmadeintheGordieHowecasethatyoudidnotconsiderinyouropeningparagraph.Thiswillshowareasyouneedtoconsiderinthefuture.

Evaluate Finally,readthearticlesummarybytheUniversityofGlasgow.Canyouofferanyfinalevaluativethoughtsaboutthetrustworthinessofthisarticle…itiswrittenbyaUniversity…

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PiXLIndependence–Level4ScientificPodcast

ALevelBiology–Cells

ScientificPodcastsThereareseveraltypesofevidenceyouwillbeaskedtoproduceatuniversity.Inadditiontothetraditionalessayandscientificposter,theuseofPodcastsisbecomingincreasinglycommon.Itisactuallyharderthanyouthinktoproduceashortconcise,detailedandaccuratepodcast,thereforethistaskwillhelpyougetaheadofthegamewhenyougettouniversity.CreatingyourPodcastTherearelotsofpiecesofsoftwaretocreatepodcastsandeditthem,however,theeasiestwouldbethevoicerecorderonyourphone,justcheckthatitrunsforlongenoughandyoucansaveitinasuitableformat,e.g.MP3,beforeyoucompleteyourmasterpieceandfindyouneedtodoitagain!Alternatively,getsetupwithAudacitywhichisfreeandwillhelpyoufamiliariseyourselfwithit.TheUniversityofSouthamptonhasproducedsomeexcellentguidanceoncreatingPodcasts,whichyoucanaccessatwww.tiny.cc/podcasts3Herearethreeofthekeytips:

1. Writeoutyourobjectiveandshareitatthestartofthepodcast.2. Giveitstructurelikeyouwouldinanessay.3. Whilstitisimportanttoplanastructure,sometimesitishardertolistentosomeone

whoisreadingthansomeonewhoismorenaturallytalking,therefore,trytohaveanoutlineandallowsomenaturalspeech.

4. Thinkabouttherecording,pickaquietroomandspeakabitlouderthannormal.Doafewtrialrunsandcheckthequality.

ExamplesThenakedscientistsproduceaseriesofpodcasts(andisalsoareallyusefulwebsite).Checkoutanexampleaboutacontagiouscanceratwww.tiny.cc/taz

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WhowasHenriettaLacks?BackgroundInlaboratoriesaroundtheworld,humancellsgrowinculture,quicklyavailableforscientiststoaccess.However,thiswasnotalwaysthecase.Mosthumantissueswillnotcontinuouslygrowinculture.Cancerouscells,however,switchoffthegenesthatnormallylimitexponentialgrowthandcanbegrowninculture.Morethan55yearsago,HenriettaLackshadhertumor

biopsied.Unknowingly,thesecellswereculturedandarenowstillusedinlaboratoriesaroundtheworld,knownastheHeLa(HenriettaLacks)line.Henriettaneverknewaboutthecells,shewasapoorladyandneverreceivedanycompensationforprovidingacelllinethatbiotechnologycompaniesselltolaboratoriesallovertheworld.Nordidshegiveconsent.Asthepaceofbiotechnologyresearchincreases,othersituationsarise.Forexample,whatifyouweretheonlypersonwhohadarareversionofagenethatprovidedresistancetoacancerorpreventedZikavirus.ThenwhatifabiotechcompanytookasampleofyourbloodandspentmillionsmakingthenextmiracledrugfromyourDNAtemplate?Whoshouldbenefit,theBiotechcompanywhocarriedouttheresearchoryouthatdidn’tevenknowaboutyourgene?Couldyoubeforcedtoprovideblood?Weareonthevergeofanerawheregenescanbepatented,butwhoshouldowntherights?SourcearticleNaturenews:http://www.nature.com/news/deal-done-over-hela-cell-line-1.13511#/timeline1orusewww.tiny.cc/hela1Article2-https://www.healthtalk.umn.edu/2014/11/11/origin-of-hela-cells-continues-to-impactresearch-ethics/orwww.tiny.cc/hela2TaskAtuniversityinterviews,youwilloftenbeaskedtodiscussethicalissuesinscience.Thisisoneexamplethatyoucoulddiscuss.ReadthetwoarticlesonHenriettaLacks.ThenproduceapodcastusingtheguidancebelowDescribe DescribethestoryofHenriettaLacks.

Explain Explainwhycancercellscanbecultured.Discuss Discussthekeyethicalissuesinvolvedinhumanresearchand

theuseofgeneticandcellularmaterial.

Figure1Cellcultures

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PiXLIndependence–Level5Videosummaries

A-levelBiology–CellsCornellNotesAtAlevelandUniversity,youwillmakelargeamountsofnotes,butthosenotesareonlyofuseifyourecordtheminasensibleway.OnesystemforrecordingnotesisknownastheCornellnotessystem.Thismethodencouragesyoutoselectrelevantinformation,ratherthantryingtowriteatranscriptofeverythingsaid.Moreimportantly,itforcesyoutospendafewminutesreviewingwhatyouhavewritten,whichhasbeenscientificallyproventoaidlearningandmemoryretention.Theidealistowriteeverythingononepage,butsomestudentsmayprefertotypeandotherswilltohandwritetheirnotes.Whicheveroptionyouuse,remembertheaimistosummariseandcondensethecontentwithafocusontheobjectivesthatyouaretryingtolearnandunderstand.TherearethreemainsectionstotheCornellnotes

1 Cue/Objectives–Thiscanbedonebeforeorafterthelecture.Youmayhavebeenprovidedwiththeobjectivesoryoumayneedtodecidewhattheywereoryoumaywanttomakethelinktoyourlearningifthisisanadditionaltaskorlectureyouareviewing,suchasthisvideo.

2 Notes–Inthisspaceyourecordconcisely,simplythethingsyouareLESSlikelyremember-TheNEWknowledge.

3 Summary–Themostimportantstepthatiscarriedoutafterthelectureorvideo.Thishelpstoreinforcelearning.

Background

Thefollowingseriesofvideoslinktoyourlearning.Thefirstvideoshowsinamazingdetailtheinnerworkingofthecell.Itwillreallyhelpyouappreciatetheextraordinarycomplexityofthecell.ThesecondvideoisaTedtalkwhichdiscussestheuseofstemcells.Thefinalvideodiscussestheroleofsugarsonthecellmembrane.

SourcearticleVideo1–Thesecretlifeofthecell(BBC)BBC:www.tiny.cc/secretcell/http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x4fjy56Video2–TransplantcellsnotorgansTedEdtalks:https://www.ted.com/talks/susan_limorwww.tiny.cc/tedstemVideo3–WhatthesugarcoatingonyourcellsistryingtotellyouTedEdtalkshttps://www.ted.com/talks/carolyn_bertozzi_what_the_sugar_coating_on_your_cells_is_trying_to_tell_youorwww.tiny.cc/cellsugar

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Task:YouneedtoproduceasetofCornellnotesforeachofthevideosgivenabove.Usethefollowingobjectivetoguideyournotetaking,thislinkstoyourlearning.

1. Discusshowtheorganelleswithinthecellworktogethertotransportsubstances,communicateandcarryoutcellfunctions

2. EvaluatetheroleofstemcellsinthetreatmentofdiseasessuchasHeartdiseaseandblindness

3. Explainhowmoderndrugscaninterferewiththegrowthofatumor

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TitleDate

Objectives

Summary

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2. PiXL Independence KS5 Biology Cells Booklet · PiXL Independence – Level 2 5 questions, 5...

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