CHAPTER I 1

THE ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF RHETORIC FIGURES IN

THE WESTERN TRADITION.

"Rhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing

in any given case the avilable means of persuasion".

Aristotle 1

"Rhetoric, the art of persuasive communication, has long

been recognized as the systematisation of natural

eloquence". Brian Vickers. 2

The best available sources for the early history of Greek

rhetoric are Spengcl, Ueatermann and Cope. Spengel's Artium

Scrlptorca I18281 and Weatermann'a Gearkite der - Berdtsankeit (1833 -5) are two important contributions in this field, as

pointed out by John Edwin Sandys in his 2 History of Classical

~ c h o l a r s h i ~ ~ . Cope has a series of articles on this subject

written in the Cambridge Journal of Classical and Sacred

Philology: (1855 - 7). Other important works which sketch a

historical overview include Attische Beredsankeit (1868) by

Professor Blass, Attic Orators (1876) by sir Richard Jebb and

De Oratore by Cicero. - .......................................

I Aristotle. Rhetoric and Poetics. W. Rhys Roberts, trans.

( New York : The Modern Library, 1954) 2 4 .

1: Brian Vickers, Defence of Rhetoric ( London :

Clarendon Prees, Oxford ,1988) 1.

John Edwin Sandys, A_ History of Classical Scholarship

Vol. 1 (New York : Hafner Publishing Company.1967) 67

The famoua heroes in Homerlc poema are dau-rlbad as oratore

aa well aa warrlure. Achilles is lntroduced as a

"Speaker of words, as well aa a doer of deeds". 4

Neetor la a melllfluoua orator from whoae lips

"Sweeter than honey flowed the stream of speech" 5

Odyaaeua 1s commended for hi* "deep voice" aud for his

"vb-da that fall like flakes of wintry anow" 6

Almoet half of the 'Illlad and more than two thlrds o. the

Odyeaey are devoted to speechee by the charactera. - Scholars are of opinion that rhetorlc aa a ~yatematic art

orglnated in the Greek towns of Clclly. The tyrants who ruled them

vere expelled between 471 and 463 B.C. W.:despread lltigatlon was

neceaeary to re-eatabllah the ownership of the land. I t was one

Corax with hla deacdple Tyalan who aet up an institution in -/

Syracuse in order to handle judlcial dlaputea. Tyalan is believed

to have defined the word 'rhetoric' for the flrat tlme ae

'demlurpoe' or 'artificer' which meana - ' of perauaalon ' -- Corax was followed by the Sophieta, who virtually took

control of the eltuation. Gorglaa, who came to Athens from Cicily

In 427 B.C contributed a great deal to the development of

rhetorlc aa art. It was at thla tlme that the eyatem of ldipe

Jurlea (201 to 501 cltlaene) evolvad. In the abaence of publlc

proaecutorm, citizens had to argue thalr caaea themaelvea and that

too in r aingle epeech. Georglau writes about the prominence of

rhetoric as fbllowa : .......................................

Eomer, Iillad IX. 4 t 3 ,

Homep, Illid.

15 Homer, Odveaer 111. 222.

Page 37

Rhetoric is in very truth the greatest boon, for it

brlngs freedom to mankind in general and to each man

d.>minlon over others ir. hls own country . . . I mean

the power to convlnce by your words 'he Judges of the

court, the senators in councll, the people in the

&3sembly,or in any other gathering of a citize! body. 7

It was Gorglae, who had G e e a taught by the Slcllian Tynlan,

who introduced orb-ory into Greece, when he vlslted Athens as an

ambassador in 427 B.C . He came there as an envoy to seek the

s?r:>port of Atht:ria for h i s native town of Leontlril agal~rdt the

attack of Syracuse.

The Clcilian historian, dlodorus tells us,

The Athenians, clever as they were and fond of

oratory, were struck by the singular dletlnctlon of the

style of Gorgias, wlth its pointed ,antitheses, its

symmetrical clauses, its parallellsms of structure and

its endlng8, which were then welcouted owing to their

novelty. 8

The Flgures of epeech used by Gorglas, according to Sandye, f

are claselfled do 'Contraet of Sense', 'Parallellam of Structure'

and 'Parallellsrn of Sound'. The last la eubdivlded lnto three

gro~.>s, "according as the 'Parallelldm of Sound' affecte the

Gorglas, trans. W . D Woodhouse i n ?lt~to, 1963. Ae quoted

In Brian Vickqfn. p. 7.

Diodorus, as quoted in John Edwln Sandys. p. 77.

Page 38

Ss*ining, or the end or the vhu.2, of the two contrasted _e+-

' ., 9 w0Cds .

Aristotle speaks of Gorgias as having a style with strongly

poetical colouring lo . Gorgias "laid particular stress on the

decorative functions of style " , says Peter Dlxon. 11

Gorglas favoured unusual phraseoloyy and neoloylsms which

resemble the euphuletlc style of John Lyly. But it is important

to t~ote that in the craze for flowery eloquence and fiery

oratory, Gorgias did not care much for truth or morality.

Though the style and figure of speech used by Gorgias was

' retained by hie desciple, the eminent rhetorician, Isocrates (436 -

338 B C), he disparaged his master for the kind of moral

irreaponaibilty, ciaimlny for rhetoric a role higher and nobler

than that of mere persuasion. He stressed very much the

importance of wisdom.

This very same idea was underlined by Socrates and later on his

desclp!e Plato settled this question once and for all in tie - commendable works or' tkretor!~, viz.~>raias and Phaedruer. Both

works of dialogue offer a penetrating study of the theory and

practice of rhetoric current in those dayu. Plato could re-define

rheLoric and he asserted the primacy of wisdom and truth over

verbal skill. He declared that "a real art of peaking . . .

John Edwin Sandys, p. 7 7 .

Aristotle, Rhetoric , trans. l!J.Rhys Roberts (New York :

Random House, 1954) 1 1 1 . ! . 25. Peter Dixon, Rhetoric ( London : Tethuen, 1 9 7 1 ) 8.

Page 3 9

which does not sir-e hold of truzh, docn not exist and never

will *.I2.

In Phaedrus. Plato drew up a new design of rhet:,ric, founded

on a more philosophic basis, resting p-rt?y on dialec*.ic and

p~rtly on psychology.

In his quest to assert the wisdom as the beginning and the end I-. .

of eloquence, Sorrdtes had considered rhetoric some what inferior

to c_alectlcs. But Aristotla, a former pupil of Plato,

contradicted the principle af Socratlc argument and em!haaiu*d

that rhetor!~ was a counterpart of dialectic.

In h i s -- Art or :~,-ual of Rhetoric, whlch Aristotle composed

aro~nd 330 B C, he devotes considerable space to show that

rhi..oric has its own piquancy and rigour, no lees than that of

dialectic. In this context Peter Dixon states thus :

Arfntotle conduct6 the derence of rhetoric with great

subtlety. His tactics include the offering of a new and

refined definition. The function of rhetoric 1s not so

much to persuade as to discover in each case the

exist1r.y means of persuaelon 1 3

Then the ecene shifts from Greece to Rome arid the next

important name among the classical rhetorlclane la Cicero, who

devoted hie whole life to relnetatr oratory on its lofty

Ieocratean pedestal. He has seven important treatiaes on rhetoric

to Lie credit. George Puttenham considers Cicero as the wlsest of

all Roman author8

....................................... I I

l2 Plato, Phaadrud 260. E.

l3 Peter Dixon, Rhetoric p. 8.

Clcero dLd not take up the issues of moral irresponaibillty

as suggested by Socrates. But he emphasi.zed the point that vise

thi.iik!.j and elegant apeaking are clo~aly linked. Thought which

is the subject matter and mat-cia1 for apeech (the 'res') is

actually inseparable from tl.e mndium of language (the 'verba') .

Cicero vbsj followed by Quintillian ( A . D 40 - 96) who wrote

tr1cl,'lnetltutlo pratoria' In two years (92 - 4) which turned out

to G E a monumental trrutlee. Brlan V!ckera writes :

Its length, at about 200,000 words, as long as many

V!ctorian novels, ntdy be discouraging at firdt, but it

P d clearly constructed and a little judicious browsing

will soon locate the sections of greatest interest to

the individual reader. 14

' Institutio ~ratorlakconsiets of twelve books, half of

whick are assigned to the study of rhetoric. The first book deals

with the pre!iminaries regarding the duties of the teachers of

rtrtorlc. Kudiments of the Schools of Rhetorlc are dealt with in

the arcond chapter. The next four books are asslgned to an

lndapth etudy of the art of eloquence.

Quintlllian's vision of the 'Complete Orator' is very

interesting . He will be - the man who can really play his part as a citizen and

Is capable of meeting the demands both of public and

private business, the man who can guldp the State by

his counsels, yive it a firm base by his legislations

and purge lta vlcee by his decisions as a judpe. 15

...................................... 14 Brian Vickera, Defence of getori~. p . 38.

l5 Brian Vickera. p. 42.

Beeidus these maj.r aur:~ors there ,ire a f .w more among the

ancient writers who have made important contributions to the

study of rletoric. These include Tacitus, Seneca, Horace,

Demetrlus, longinua and Kermoprnes

M& Tcxta

The mjor clhdslcal texts on rhetoric are llnted belov.

1. Plato - h ) Corglae (399 T.C)

t) Phaedrus (570 B.C)

2 Arlatotle - Rhetoric (330 B.C)

3. Anonymous - Rhetoric8 ad Caius Nerennium (84 B.C)

4. Cicero - a) De Inventione b) Da Oratora

d) Brutue (44 B.C)

e) Orator (44 B.C)

f ) De Optimo Genere Oratorium (44 B.C)

5. Qulntillian - Institutio Oratoria (A.D 92 - 94) 6. Horace - Epistle to the Pleos ;Ars Poetical

7. Tacitus - De Oratoribue (A.D 97)

8. Seneca - Controversiae

9. Demrtrius - On style

10. Longlnue - PerI Hup~oua (On Sublimity)

I!. Hermoyenes - a) On Ideas o r On Types of Style (Perl

MAJOR -.- ERGLISH ~.'"RKS 0% R E I Z T O R I C F I C ?ES

S i s t e r M a r i a m J c . . e s i l i n h e r b r i l l i a n t s t u d y ' R h e t o r i c in

Sha!c,ispeare 's *'. . .kes a r e v e a l i r ~ g remark or: t h e R e n a i s s a n c e

r h e t o r i c i a n s :

The P e n a l s e a n c e r h e t o i l c i a n s may b e c o n s i d e r e d f o r t h e

moment i n two c l a a a a e : t h o s e who i n a d d l t i o n t o a work

on r h e t o r i c , t r e a t i n g c o m p a r a t i v e 1 y few f i g u r e s o f

s p e e c h , w r o t e a cnmpanlon work on l o g i c ; and t h o s e who

d e a l o n l y w i t h t h e f l g u r e e of e p e e c h , d i ~ L l r ~ g u l s h l r ~ &

lrom a b o u t n i n e t y t o one hundred and e l g h t y f l g u r e e and

who may t h e r e f o r e b e c a l l e d t h e f l g u r i a t s . A

concordaxlce of t h e Tudor f i & u r e s app rox ima ted two

hundred . 16

T h e r e have been a t t e m p t s by some w c h o l a r a , d u r i n g t h e

R e n a i s s a n c e and a f t e r t o p o p u l a r i s e i n E n g l i s h t h e Greek and

L a t i n works on R h e t o r l c . The f o l l o w i n g a r e t h e e x t a n t s i x t e e n t h

c e n t u a r y worke i n E n g l i s h . from which t h e w e s t e r n r h e t o r l c

f l g u r e e a r e enumerated i n t h i s work. These a r e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o

t h e L a t i n worka t h r o u g h a d o p t l o n o r t r a n s l a t i o n :

1 . Leonard Cox - The A r t e o r C r a f t e of Rhetoryke ,London

(1530)

2 . Thomas Wilson - The .' t of R h e t o r i q u e . London (1553)

3 . R i c h a r d S h e r r y - a) A T r e a t l a e o f Schemee and T r o p e s .

London, (1550)

l6 S i s t e r H a r i a m J o s e p h . R h e t o r i c & S h a k e r e p e a r e ' s T&

( New York : H a r c o u r t , B race and World , 1 9 4 7 ) 4 .

Page 43

b) .. Treatise of the f iguvea of Grammar and Rhetot'lke, Londun (1555)

4. Richard Rai!-.olde - A Bi,:>k called the 'oundatioti of

Rhetorlke, London (1563)

5. He~hry peacham - a) The Carde:n of Eloquence, London

(1577)

b) The Garden of Eloquer~ce converted

and au&,,me.nted by the fit.at author,

London, (1593)

6. Dudley Fennor - The Artea of Logfka and Rhetorike,

Hldd:ebury, (1584)

7. Abraham Fraunce - The Arcadian Rhetorike, London

(1588)

8. Georae Puttenham - The Arte of Engliuh Poeale, Lon4pn

(1589)

9. Angel Dey - The Enailsh Scretorie : with a

declaration of tropea, figures and

schemes, London (1592)

10. John Hoskyns - Dlrrccions of Speech and Style,

Harley MS 6604. (1600)

There la no agreement among the iadividual authors - both Latin and English - as to the definite number of rhetoric figures or the modes of their classification. The folluwing table will

give an idea about the approach of the most important

rhetoricians in !atin arid Enalish, towards a systhmatlc analysis

of the recorded figures of epeech.

T a b l e 1: -- FIGURES OF SPEEC!!

I 1, TROPES I 11 SC!rFRES I i i l SCHEhES I TOTAL I VISE

1 I GRAEZATICAL RXETORICAL 1 I

I of lo: S e n l o r t h o ISyt~.rac!Of [ O f Thought ! 1 I w o r d a ~ t e n c e a ~ g r a p h l l t l c a l / v o r d a l a n d Ampl i f l I I I I c a l I I I i c a t i o n I I

1. ( ktiet . a d . H e r 10 1 I I 1 35 1 20 I 65 1

2 . 1 C l c ; De O r 1 4 1 1 I 1 4 1 1 46 I 91 1

3. 1 Q u . L . n t i l i i a n I 14 I I 1 8 1 2 9 ) 38 1 89 1 I

4. 1 Wilson ! 8 1 1 ( 5 ) 1 6 1 1 2 4 1 4 1 1 80 1

5 . 1 T a l a e u s 1 4 1 I I 1 9 1 10 1 23 1

6 . 1 Fenns r 1 4(8)1 1 1 I 9 1 10 1 23 (27 )1

7 . 1 F r aunce 1 4 ( 8 ) 1 I I 1 9 1 1 0 ( 1 1 ) 1 23 (28 )1

8 . 1 B u t l e r 1 4 ( 1 1 ) l 1 1 3 1 18(10)1 1 0 ( 3 1 ) 1 22 (65 )1

9 . 1 Hoskyns 1 6 1 I 1 3 1 1 3 1 28 I 50 1 ............................................................................ 1 : I S u s e n b r o t u s I 9 1 1 0 1 1 5 1 3 2 1 1 4 1 60 1 132 1 ............................................................................ 11 I S h e r r y 1 5 5 0 1 7 1 8 1 11 1 12 1 41 1 25 1 104 1

1 2 1 S h e r r y 1 5 5 5 1 7 1 8 1 1 2 1 12 1 20 1 60 I 119 I ............................................................................ 1 3 1 Peacham1577 1 9 1 10 1 14 1 42 I 24 1 85 1 184 1

1 4 ' Peacham1593 1 8 ( 10 1 I 1 2 4 1 123 1 165 1

15 1 Pb t tenham 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 6 1 1 8 1 9 1 52 I 107 I ..................................................................... 1 6 I Day 1 7 1 9 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 44 I 9 3 i

S o u r c e : S l s t e r Mariam J o a e p h , R h e t o r i c _/1! S h a k e s p e a r e ' s

m. ( New York : H a r c o u r t , B race & World. 1947) 35

Page 45

ANALYSIS A?JD CLASSIFICATION RHETORIC FIGURES I_N ENGLISH -- ?or practical pdrposes, the line followed by Henry Peacham

in hi3 analysis of rhetoric figures, is follow~d here. It is

considered advleable to stick to one mode for the sake of

contrastive arudy. Peacham's model is accepted, as h~: among the

above writer6 ,is the one who enumerates the largest number of

figures (184).

Prticham's monumental work =(;arden of Eloquence was

published in 1577 and he clalmed it an attempt to provlde an

!%.41ish veralon of the traditional manual of tlretoric ;

"When of late I . . . saw many good books of philosophy and precepts of Wysdome. >set forth in Engl.-h, and very

few of eloquence, I was moved to take this little

Garden in hande ". 17

Peacham acknowledges hla debt to Cicero, Quintillian,

Eraemus, Melanchthon and Thomas Wilson among,others. In addition

'-0 thrae authors whom he acknowled&ra, he is sure to have modelled

hls work on Johannea Susenbrotus's Epltome troporum Scematum.

He has aLao drawn freely from Sherry's Treatise of Schemra - . rLpes

Peacham's Garden of goquence is conaidered to be tkre last

of the pre-Rami: . rhetorics and represents the Renaissar,,:e theor

ot Sty?ietic rhetoric at its height.

The following chart will show how the figures are

c&tegorised in the webtern tradition.

l7 Henry Peacham, The Garden of Eloquence ( Meneton,

England : The Scholar Preas, 1971) A. 1 1 .

Page 46

Tab'e 2

A figure how it is divided.

- - of words . 9 - Tropes I

I I I - - of Sentences. 10 I -- Or Lhobraphical. 14

A figure is I a I

I -- divided into Grammaticall I I I I I -- Syntactical.42 I I - Schemateal &

- -i I - - of Words. 24

I I I - - Rhetoric:al I - of Sentences. 25

I I

- - of Amplification. 60

Source : Henry Peacham, Gardell of Eloquence

The Scholar Press. (Msenston, 1577). B.1.

Some tables of the rraditional m,:thods df classification are

a::~o glven below, whlch would be of great help to understand how

Peacham is indebted to those ancient masters.

Table 3

THE DIVISIONS OF RHETORIC IN TR9

RHETORICA. AD HLRENNIUI?

The three kinds Demonstrat,ive Praise or blame that may

of Oratory (Occasional ) be eiven to a particular

person or persons.

Deliberative Counsel to persuade or

(Political) diaauade the audience

The Divisions

The Parts of

speech

with respect to a

particular course of

action.

Judicial Accusatlon or defence

(forensic) with respect to the law.

Inventio The amassing of one's

material which consists

of thinqa to dlscusa

which are true or

probahily true.

Dispositi o The arrangement of One's

materlal.

Elocutio The clothina of one's

materlal in suitable

words dnd phrases.

Memoria The art of remembering a

speech.

Pronunriatio The art of delivery. by

voice and gesture.

The beginning vhoae

purpose is to prepare

the audience to 1iatt.r~'

with interest.

The exposition o f

pertinent topics,deeda

Exordium

lir.oeuiion

Narrat io

and evrntu .

When one explains what

Page 48

is particularly relevant

to one's case and the

exact nature of one'n

case.

Confirmatio The argument to support

one's point of view.

Confutatio 3he dismissal of

arguvaenta agalnat one's

polnt of vlew.

Concluslo The artistic finish to 8

ayeech.

The division of The three kinds Gravis(supra), mediocris

Elocutio u. ~ t y l e and attcr~uata (humlle)

Exornationes Figures that affect only

Verborum the words.

Exornatlones Figures that vary not

Sententiarum only the words but the

eenae

10 special Exornat lonas These are the tropes Verborum.

Source : Lee X.Sonnino , A_ hand Boo% to 16th - - - - - -r

Rhetorlc ( London: Routledge a Xegan Pau1,1968) 243.

T ~ b l e 4 --

QUINTILLIAN'S DIVISION OF ELOCLITIO INTO TROPES AND SCHEMES.

- The Tropes ! Tranelatio The Schemen

I Sublntellectio I Tranamutat lo I Prononina~lo ( Nominat lo I Abuslo , Traneumptio I Invensio I -- I ' !lluslo I 1 Ir.rlslo I ( Urbanitas 1 ] Negando 1 I Proverblum I I Disaimulatio I -- I I i -- Transgreasio

Dimentiens.

.- 1 Figure Figura of the I Sentence mind, feeling i(dlanoiaa) o r I Concept ions

I I Figurae Figure of 1 Verborium words, I (lexeoa) dictions.

expressions , - - language or style.

Source : Lee A. Sonnlno, 244

Page 50

Table 3 --

SCALIGER'S DIVISION OF THE FIGURES OF RHETORIC

I Tracatio I

'1 Hyperbole I I I

Tropes - < ' i

I I Allegoria

I I I i Ironia I - -

To describe rhings yo vividly as to place them before the eyes of the hearer or reader

-- I Tracat !o I Imago I Simillitudo 1 Comparatlo - -

Excesg, whether the meanin& excedes the fact or the passage is outside the basic form of the work.

-- I Demen?. * "11s I Digressio I Transtlo - -

When the figure works by omission

- - 1 Ci~~cumlocuti.o I Emphasls I Invitio 1 Extenuatlo I Averaio I Prohibitlo - -

I Apologue 1 False I Yyth I Proverb - -

When the words are contrary to the sense.

I IrrLsio I Vexatio I Nagatio I Kegando I Interpellatio I Admonitio I Error - -

Page 51

- - I By their I natu, -. I I I

Figlres - 1 According to I their position I ! I I J By reason of I number o r I qcality i

- - I Omlssion ( Adaition

Disorder Paranthesis L!lvsion and rearrhngement Adjunct10 (Zengma)

-- 1 Similer caden>,-- , Rhyme ,-"I* - -

1 - . By reason of Sound. '

Source: Lee A. Sonnino ,245.

DIVISION OF THE WESTERN RHETORIC FIGURES..

As shown in Table 2, rhetoric fioures in the western . -1

tradtion are divided into two main classes vlz. Tropes and

Schruies.

1. TROPES

A Troge in an alteration of a word or sentence from the

proper and natural signification to another, not so proper, yet

haviqg some resemblance and similarity. Tropes are of two kinds ;

Tropes of words and tropes of sentedlr ... i . :

I 1. Metaphora 1 2. Metonimia I

I 3. Synechdoche 1 4. Antonomasia I

1 5. Onomatopoeia 1 6. Catacresis I

1 7. Metalepsis 1 8. Antiphraeis ............................................... I

1 9. Acirologia 1 ............................................... I

B: I Tropes of St,.,.*. .<as I

I 1. A-igoria 1 2. Aenigma I

1 3. Paroemla 1 4. Ironia I

1 5. Sarcasmua 1 6. Hycterlsmus I

1 7. Asteismua 1 8. Dlaslcmus I

1 1 . frHE?lES -- A Sc!.~me is a fashion of writin& or speaklna made new by

some art and removed from the common custom. The difference

between ?he Scheme and the Trope is that in the Trope there ie

a change of algnl:ication, but not in the Scheme

Schaices can be divided lnto two sectione viz. Schemes

Grtmnat ical and Schemes !l!letorical. Schemee Grammatical can again

be divided lnto two classes - Orthographical al~d Syntactical.

SCBEXES ORTHOGRAPHICAL. Urthographlcal Schemes consists of

those figures which show some lexical or phonologlcal devlatlon,

le, by adding or taking away or altering or chanalng both lettera

and syllables in words, contrary to true and usual writinq.

----- --------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I Schemes Ortho~ra.phica1 I

I 1. Prothesis 1 2. A.pharesie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

1 3. Epenthesis 1 4. Syncope ................................... ---------- I

1 5. Paragod I 6. Apocope .............................................. I

1 7.Systole 1 8. Dliastole .............................................. I

1 9. Ecthlipsls 1 10. Synaloepha .............................................. I

I 11. Synaeresis 1 1 2 . Diaresis .............................................. 1 13. Antistoechon I !4. Catathesis .............................................. I

Page 53

Schemes Syntactical are

"those which serve to a fl(gured.construction and a

figured construction is in which sou~athing either

wanteth, reboundeth or is .transposed, from the p! oper , L

place or else altered by chance". 1 8

Syntactical S.:larnes are categorised in'? six different

ordera. They are the followiny :-

i Schemes ' Crammat ical I I ( Syntactical) I

I First Order I 1. Eclipsis I ..................... I

1 2. Polropesis I I Those figurea which 1 3. Zeugma I I cause something 1 4. Syllepsis I I to want 1 5. Prolepsis I I j 6. Anapodoton I . . . . ............................................

I Schemes Grammdtical I I ( Syntactic&l) I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I Second Order I 1. Pleonasmus 1 ..................... I

1 2. Perlssolog'ia I I Those flgurea which 1 3. Macrologla I i conalsts in excess ; 4. Parelcon I I contrary to those of I 5. Epanalepsls I I the first order 1 6. Tautologia I ................................................

................................ 1 Schemes Grammatical I I ( Syntactical) I ...............................................

I Third Order I 1. Nyperbaton I ..................... 1 2 .

I Anastrophe !

I Those figures which 1 3. Hiaterologia I I by bearivp or removing1 4. Hysteron P~'oteron 1 of words from their 1 5. Tmesis ! I proper places, whereby1 6. Parenthesis 1 I making the oration or 1 7. Hypallage I I writing very obscure 1 8. Synchisis I I and unintelligible 1 9. Amphibolo~ia I ................................................

'a Henry Peacham, C 1 1 1 .

Page 54

- - - . . > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .- - - - - .- - - - I Schemes Grammatical I I ( 5,ntactical) I ...............................................

1 Fourth Order ( 1. Tapinosis I I - -_--__-___--_--_____ I 2 . Comphiologia I I Those figures which 1 3. Cacozelon I I either by want of 1 4. Casemphaton I I aptness and dignity ' 5. Paroeii~Lon I I or rlar by too much 1 6. Perir-raIa i I curiosity and kei.~lesa,l 7. Cacosmtheton I I do make he utterance j 8. Soroesmus 1 i faulty I I

................................ I Schemes Grammat : cal 1 I ( Syntactical) 1

I Fifth Order 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

I I Those figures which I I compounds a sentence I I altogether, ie, use of( I sentence8 without I J conjunctions or one I I sentence knit together1 I with somany I 1 conJunctions and so on[

Asyndeton Polieyndeton Scesis Onomation Byrmos Epitheton Pfiriphraaia Emphas is Lyptote

................................ 1 Schemes Crhematical I I ( Syntactical) 1 . . . ............................................

I Slxth Order I 1. Alleotheta 1

I 1 2 . Antlptoats I

I Those figures which 1 3. Enallage of aenderl 1 account for changing 1 4 . Enallage of number1 I of cases,genders, ( 5. Enallaye of mood 1 I numbers,moods, tenses 1 6. Enallage of time I 1 and persons. I 7 . Enallage of person1 I 1 8. Nendiadis I I 1 9. Antithimeria. I ------ .........................................

SCIIEMES RHETO.? .- ICAL - OR RHETOR T -- C'A!. FIG!:RES .

Fioures of Rhetoric are those which do take away the

weariness of common speech and do fashlon a pleaaant, aharp.

evl<ent and gallant klnd of speaking, giving into matters, great

etrength, perspective and grace.

Page 55

These a r e arrdri:rrd i n t h r e e o r d e r s .

~. - - - - - -

I Sche;.irs R h e t o r i c a l -__________________------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - First g r d u r ] 1. Anaphora (Ten f i g u r e s b e l o n g t o ....................... I t h i s g r o u p )

These f i g u r e s which 1 make t h e o r a t i o n p l a i n , ! 1.1 Epanophora p l e a s a n t and beautiful,] 1 . 2 Ep iphora p e r t a i n i n g r a t h e r t o I 1 . 3 Symploce words t h a n s e n t e n c e s . 1 1 . 4 P l o c e .

I 1 . 5 Diaphora I 1.. 6 E p a n a l e p s i s I 1 . 7 A n a d i p l o s i n I 1 . P E p i z n u x i s I 1 . 9 Diacope I 1.1.0 T r u d u c t i o i 1 2 . Asyndeton 1 3. Polyayndeton 1 4 . A r t i c u l a s 1 5 . Mamburm 1 6 . Compar 1 7 . Horneoptoton 1 8 . i fomotelenton 1 9 . Paregmenon 1 1 0 . Paranomasla ) 11. A:n tanac la s l a 1 1 2 . Zeuema 1 13. Hypozeuxis . 1 1 4 . T a x i s .........................................................

I Schemen R h e t o r i c a l I ......................................................... Second o r d e r I 1. Ecophones is 1 1 4 . Pysma ....................... 1 2 . I m p r a c a t i o 1 1 5 . Hlpophora

1 3 . O b s t e s t a t i o ( 1 6 . Apor i a 1 4. O p t n t i o 1 1 7 . Anacoenoals

Those f i e u r e a which I 5 . O a ~ i n a t i o 1 1 8 . Pdradoxon make t h e o r a t i o n n o t 1 6 . A d h o r t a i l o 1 19. P a r r h e s i a o n l y p l ~ n s a n t and 1 7 . D e h o r t a t i o 1 20. S y n c h o r e s i e p l a u s i b l e , b u t a l s o 1 8. C o n s o l a t i o 1 2 1 . E p i t r o p e v e r y s h a r p and vehement 1 9 . G r a t i a r u m 1 2 2 . D i c a e l o p i a

110. Cornprobat L O 1 23. Apos t rophe 1 11. Epiphonenta ] 2 4 . A p o p l a n e s i s 1 1 2 . I n z e r o p a t i o 1 25. Apos iopen i s 113. Erotenia 1 2 6 . O r d i n a t i o .

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