Welcome to 3.091

3.091 Introduction to Solid State ChemistryFall Term 2004

Lecturer Professor Donald R. Sadoway

Text Chemistry: Structure and Dynamics, 2nd Edition, J.N. Spencer, G.M.Bodner, and L.H. Rickard, Wiley, New York, 2003 (3 volumes)

Lectures Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, 11:00-12:00, (L01) Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, 1:00-2:00, (L02)

3.091 Homework No. 1- assigned September 8- tested September 14

from SBR Core Text:Ch. 1 # 9, 39, 47-51, 62, 88Ch. 2 # 83, 102, 123, 129, 173

- issued along with model solutions

~ 2400 years ago

1776

1776

12, 13, 14 Calchemists

1776

12, 13, 14 Calchemists

13th C India

1776

12, 13, 14 Calchemists

13th C India

pre-ColumbianSouth America

1776

12, 13, 14 Calchemists

13th C India

pre-ColumbianSouth America

discovered1766

discovered1735 1751

discovered1772 1774

discovered1669

John Dalton1803

Daltons Model of the Atom (1803)1. Matter is composed of atoms that are

indivisible and indestructible.2. All atoms of an element are identical.3. Atoms of different elements have different

weights and different chemical properties.4. Atoms of different elements combine in

simple whole number ratios to form compounds.

5. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed. When a compound is decomposed, the atoms are recovered unchanged.

other classifications:* triads 1829, Dbereiner (Jena)

other classifications:* triads 1829, Dbereiner (Jena)

* octaves 1864, Newlands (London)

other classifications:* triads 1829, Dbereiner (Jena)

* octaves 1864, Newlands (London)

* periodic table1869, Mendelef (St. Petersburg)1870, Meyer (Tbingen)

1869

Ga Ge

Tc

Rh

Sc

Hf

eka-boron 45 Sc 45.0eka-aluminum 68 Ga 69.7eka-silicon 72 Ge 72.6eka-zirconium 180 Hf 178.5

1869

Comparison of eka-silicon with germanium

eka-silicon germanium

72 g/mol 72.59 g/mol

5.5 g/cm3 5.36 g/cm3

high m.p. m.p. = 958C

Es forms EsO2 Ge forms GeO2which has high m.p. m.p. = 1100Cand = 4.7 g/cm3 and = 4.70 g/cm3EsCl4 volatile liquid GeCl4 volatile liquidwith b.p. < 100C b.p. = 83Cand = 1.9 g/cm3 and = 1.88 g/cm3

principles of modern chemistry:

* recognize patterns

* develop a quantitative model that - explains our observations- makes predictions that can be

tested by experiment

1.00794-259.34-252.870.08992.2013.5981s1Hydrogen

6.941180.513420.5340.985.392[He]2s1Lithium

9.012182128724711.84771.579.322[He]2s2Beryllium

22.98976897.728830.970.935.139[Ne]3s1Sodium

24.305065010901.741.317.646[Ne]3s2Magnesium

39.098363.387590.860.824.341[Ar]4s1Potassium

88.90585152633364.4691.226.38[Kr]4d15s2Yttrium

87.6277713822.60.955.695[Kr]5s2Strontium

85.467839.316881.5320.824.177[Kr]5s1Rubidium

138.905592034556.1461.105.577[Xe]5d16s2Lanthanum

178.492233460313.311.37.0[Xe]4f145d26s2Hafnium

180.94793017545816.61.57.89[Xe]4f145d36s2Tantalum

183.843422555519.352.367.98[Xe]4f145d46s2Tungsten

186.2073186559620.51.97.88[Xe]4f145d56s2Rhenium

190.233033501222.612.28.7[Xe]4f145d66s2Osmium

192.222446442822.652.209.1[Xe]4f145d76s2Iridium

195.081768.4382521.452.289.0[Xe]4f145d96s1Platinum

196.966541064.18285619.312.549.225[Xe]4f145d106s1Gold

200.59-38.83356.7313.5462.0010.437[Xe]4f145d106s2Mercury

204.3833304147311.852.046.108[Xe]4f145d106s2p1Thallium

207.2327.46174911.342.337.416[Xe]4f145d106s2p2Lead

208.98037271.4015649.782.027.289[Xe]4f145d106s2p3Bismuth

(208.9824)2549629.1962.08.42[Xe]4f145d106s2p4Polonium

(209.9871)302337-2.2-[Xe]4f145d106s2p5Astatine

(222.0176)-71-61.79.73-10.748[Xe]4f145d106s2p6Radon

137.32772718973.5940.895.212[Xe]6s2Barium

132.9054328.446711.8790.793.894[Xe]6s1Cesium

(226.0254)700

Naming the Superheavy Elements1 un2 bi3 tri4 quad5 pent + ium6 hex7 sept8 oct9 enn0 nil

111 unununium Uuu112 ununbium Uub113 ununtrium Uut114 ununquadium Uuq115 ununpentium Uup116 ununhexium Uuh117 ununseptium Uus118 ununoctium Uuo119 ununenium Uue120 unbinilium Ubn

Strathern, Paul. Mendeleyev's Dream: The Quest for the Elements. Thomas Dunne Books, 21 April 2001. ISBN: 0312262043.

Table 1.3 The Structure of Atoms

particle symbol charge (C) mass (kg)

electron e 1.61019 9.111031proton p+ +1.61019 1.6731027neutron no 0 1.6751027

Robert A. Millikan, University of Chicago (1909)Nobel Prize in Physics 1923

Aleksandr P. BORODIN- composer and member of The Five:

Balakirev, Borodin, Cui, Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov

- professor of chemistry, Medico-Surgical Academy, St. Petersburg

- friend of Mendeleyev

todays selection:Polovtsian Dance No. 17 from Prince Igor