2-Levelling procedures
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![Page 1: 2-Levelling procedures](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c115b4af9f14298b462b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BS FS
What is levelling?
• A measurement process whereby the difference in height between two or more points can be determined
Difference in height H=BS-FS
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When do we level?
• Typical examples include : To establish new vertical control (BM or TBM)
To determine the heights of discrete points
To provide spot heights or contours on a plan
To provide data for road cross-sections or volumes of earthworks
To provide a level or inclined plane in the setting out of construction works
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Definitions
• Level surface A surface over which water will not flow The direction of gravity is always normal to a
level surface
• Horizontal surface A horizontal surface will be tangent to a level
surface Over short distances (<100 m) the horizontal
surface and the level surface will coincide
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Definitions (cont.)
limit of practical coincidence (~100 m)
direction of gravity
level surface
horizontalsurface
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Reading an “E-face” staff
0.3
0.33
0.339
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Collimation error
• Occurs when the line of sight (as defined by the cross-hairs) is not horizontal
• Leads to an incorrect staff reading
horizontal line
line of sighterror
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Two-peg test
• Identifies whether the level has a collimation error
• Allows the collimation error to be determined
• See the plane surveying web site for the two-peg test procedure
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More definitions
• Datum A reference surface to which the heights of
all points in a survey or on a site are referred
May be arbitrary or a national height datum
In Australia we have the Australian Height Datum (AHD)
The surface which defines the AHD is (approximately) Mean Sea Level (MSL)
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More definitions
• Reduced Level (RL) The height of a point above the datum
• Benchmark (BM) A stable reference point of known RL Usually used as the starting and finishing
point when levelling
• Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) A point placed (e.g. peg, nail, spike) to
provide a temporary reference point
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More definitions
• Backsight (BS) Always the first reading from a new
instrument station
• Foresight (FS) Always the last reading from the current
instrument station
• Intermediate sight (IS) Any sighting that is not a backsight or
foresight
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More definitions
• Change point (CP) Location of the staff when the level is
moved Change points should be...
Stable Well defined Recoverable e.g. sharp rock, nail, change plate, etc...
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Rules for levelling
• Always commence and finish a level run on a Benchmark (BM or TBM)
• Keep foresight and backsight distances as equal as possible
• Keep lines of sight short (normally < 50m)
• Never read below 0.5m on a staff (refraction)
• Use stable, well defined change points
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Levelling procedures
• The example on the plane surveying web site shows… Observation procedures Booking procedures Reduction procedures
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A sample loop
BM A
CP 1
CP 2
CP 3
Kerb
Post
Kerb
Setup 1
Setup 2
Setup 3
Setup 4
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Booking the observations
BM A
CP 1CP 2
CP 3
Kerb
Post
KerbSetup 1
Back Inter Fore Point
BM A
CP 1
1.32
3.98
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Booking the observations
BM A
CP 1CP 2
CP 3
Kerb
Post
KerbSetup 1
Setup 2
Back Inter Fore Point
1.32 BM A
3.98 CP 1
Kerb
Post
CP 2
2.56
1.25
3.65
0.67
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Booking the observations
BM A
CP 1CP 2
CP 3
Kerb
Post
KerbSetup 1
Setup 2
Setup 3
Back Inter Fore Point
1.32 BM A
2.56 3.98 CP 1
1.25 Kerb
3.65 Post
0.67 CP 2
Kerb
CP 3
3.49
2.58
1.54
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Booking the observations
BM A
CP 1CP 2
CP 3
Kerb
Post
KerbSetup 1
Setup 4
Setup 2
Setup 3
Back Inter Fore Point
1.32 BM A
2.56 3.98 CP 1
1.25 Kerb
3.65 Post
3.49 0.67 CP 2
2.58 Kerb
1.54 CP 3
BM A
2.64
3.79
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Reducing levels (Rise and Fall)Back Inter Fore Rise Fall RL Comment
1.32 50.00 BM A
2.56 3.98 CP 1
1.25 Kerb
3.65 Post
3.49 0.67 CP 2
2.58 Kerb
2.64 1.54 CP 3
3.79 BM A
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Reducing levels (Rise and Fall)Back Inter Fore Rise Fall RL Comment
1.32 50.00 BM A
2.56 3.98 2.66 47.34 CP 1
1.25 Kerb
3.65 Post
3.49 0.67 CP 2
2.58 Kerb
2.64 1.54 CP 3
3.79 BM A
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Reducing levels (Rise and Fall)Back Inter Fore Rise Fall RL Comment
1.32 50.00 BM A
2.56 3.98 2.66 47.34 CP 1
1.25 1.31 48.65 Kerb
3.65 Post
3.49 0.67 CP 2
2.58 Kerb
2.64 1.54 CP 3
3.79 BM A
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Reducing levels (Rise and Fall)Back Inter Fore Rise Fall RL Comment
1.32 50.00 BM A
2.56 3.98 2.66 47.34 CP 1
1.25 1.31 48.65 Kerb
3.65 2.40 46.25 Post
3.49 0.67 CP 2
2.58 Kerb
2.64 1.54 CP 3
3.79 BM A
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Reducing levels (Rise and Fall)Back Inter Fore Rise Fall RL Comment
1.32 50.00 BM A
2.56 3.98 2.66 47.34 CP 1
1.25 1.31 48.65 Kerb
3.65 2.40 46.25 Post
3.49 0.67 2.98 49.23 CP 2
2.58 Kerb
2.64 1.54 CP 3
3.79 BM A
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Reducing levels (Rise and Fall)Back Inter Fore Rise Fall RL Comment
1.32 50.00 BM A
2.56 3.98 2.66 47.34 CP 1
1.25 1.31 48.65 Kerb
3.65 2.40 46.25 Post
3.49 0.67 2.98 49.23 CP 2
2.58 0.91 50.14 Kerb
2.64 1.54 CP 3
3.79 BM A
![Page 25: 2-Levelling procedures](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c115b4af9f14298b462b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Reducing levels (Rise and Fall)Back Inter Fore Rise Fall RL Comment
1.32 50.00 BM A
2.56 3.98 2.66 47.34 CP 1
1.25 1.31 48.65 Kerb
3.65 2.40 46.25 Post
3.49 0.67 2.98 49.23 CP 2
2.58 0.91 50.14 Kerb
2.64 1.54 1.04 51.18 CP 3
3.79 BM A
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Reducing levels (Rise and Fall)Back Inter Fore Rise Fall RL Comment
1.32 50.00 BM A
2.56 3.98 2.66 47.34 CP 1
1.25 1.31 48.65 Kerb
3.65 2.40 46.25 Post
3.49 0.67 2.98 49.23 CP 2
2.58 0.91 50.14 Kerb
2.64 1.54 1.04 51.18 CP 3
3.79 1.15 50.03 BM A
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Reducing levels (Rise and Fall)Back Inter Fore Rise Fall RL Comment
1.32 50.00 BM A
2.56 3.98 2.66 47.34 CP 1
1.25 1.31 48.65 Kerb
3.65 2.40 46.25 Post
3.49 0.67 2.98 49.23 CP 2
2.58 0.91 50.14 Kerb
2.64 1.54 1.04 51.18 CP 3
3.79 1.15 50.03 BM A
10.01
9.98
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Reducing levels (Rise and Fall)Back Inter Fore Rise Fall RL Comment
1.32 50.00 BM A
2.56 3.98 2.66 47.34 CP 1
1.25 1.31 48.65 Kerb
3.65 2.40 46.25 Post
3.49 0.67 2.98 49.23 CP 2
2.58 0.91 50.14 Kerb
2.64 1.54 1.04 51.18 CP 3
3.79 1.15 50.03 BM A
10.01
9.98
(0.03)
![Page 29: 2-Levelling procedures](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c115b4af9f14298b462b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Reducing levels (Rise and Fall)Back Inter Fore Rise Fall RL Comment
1.32 50.00 BM A
2.56 3.98 2.66 47.34 CP 1
1.25 1.31 48.65 Kerb
3.65 2.40 46.25 Post
3.49 0.67 2.98 49.23 CP 2
2.58 0.91 50.14 Kerb
2.64 1.54 1.04 51.18 CP 3
3.79 1.15 50.03 BM A
10.01
9.98 6.24 6.21
(0.03)
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Reducing levels (Rise and Fall)Back Inter Fore Rise Fall RL Comment
1.32 50.00 BM A
2.56 3.98 2.66 47.34 CP 1
1.25 1.31 48.65 Kerb
3.65 2.40 46.25 Post
3.49 0.67 2.98 49.23 CP 2
2.58 0.91 50.14 Kerb
2.64 1.54 1.04 51.18 CP 3
3.79 1.15 50.03 BM A
10.01
9.98 6.24 6.21
(0.03)
(0.03)
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Reducing levels (Rise and Fall)Back Inter Fore Rise Fall RL Comment
1.32 50.00 BM A
2.56 3.98 2.66 47.34 CP 1
1.25 1.31 48.65 Kerb
3.65 2.40 46.25 Post
3.49 0.67 2.98 49.23 CP 2
2.58 0.91 50.14 Kerb
2.64 1.54 1.04 51.18 CP 3
3.79 1.15 50.03 BM A
10.01
9.98 6.24 6.21
(0.03)
(0.03)
(0.03)
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Reducing levels (Rise and Fall)Back Inter Fore Rise Fall RL Comment
1.32 50.00 BM A
2.56 3.98 2.66 47.34 CP 1
1.25 1.31 48.65 Kerb
3.65 2.40 46.25 Post
3.49 0.67 2.98 49.23 CP 2
2.58 0.91 50.14 Kerb
2.64 1.54 1.04 51.18 CP 3
3.79 1.15 50.03 BM A
10.01
9.98 6.24 6.21
(0.03)
(0.03)
(0.03)
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Loop misclosure
• Misclosure The amount by which the measured height
difference (Hmeas) differs from the known height difference derived from the RLs of the starting and finishing benchmarks (Hknown)
Misclosure = Hknown - Hmeas
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An acceptable misclose?
• Small misclosures in closed level loops are expected because of the accumulation of errors
• If the misclosure is small, it can be adjusted
• If the misclosure is large, the loop (or part of it) must be repeated
• Misclosures can also result from errors in published BM levels and from BM instability
![Page 35: 2-Levelling procedures](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c115b4af9f14298b462b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Testing the misclose
• The amount of misclosure we are prepared to accept depends on the accuracy we are hoping to achieve
• For routine levelling, the third order levelling standard is adopted…
misclosure 12k mm
• where k is the length of the loop in km
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Continuing the example
• The misclosure is +30 mm
• The length of the loop is 0.7 km
• The misclosure limit is…
12(0.7) = ±10 mm
• The misclosure of +30 mm is too big
• The loop must be repeated (or find the error)
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Adjusting the misclose
• Adjustment is carried out to ensure that the measured and known RLs of the closing benchmark agree
• The misclosure is linearly distributed according to the number of set-ups
• The adjustment per set-up for the previous example is (0.03/4)...
![Page 38: 2-Levelling procedures](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c115b4af9f14298b462b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Adjusting the miscloseMeasured RL
Point Adjustment Adjusted RL
50.00 BM A
47.34 CP 1
48.65 Kerb
46.25 Post
49.23 CP 2
50.14 Kerb
51.18 CP 3
50.03 BM A
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Adjusting the miscloseMeasured RL
Point Adjustment Adjusted RL
50.00 BM A 0.000 50.000
47.34 CP 1 0.008 47.332
48.65 Kerb
46.25 Post
49.23 CP 2
50.14 Kerb
51.18 CP 3
50.03 BM A
=1*(0.03/4)
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Adjusting the miscloseMeasured RL
Point Adjustment Adjusted RL
50.00 BM A 0.000 50.000
47.34 CP 1 0.008 47.332
48.65 Kerb 0.015 48.635
46.25 Post 0.015 46.235
49.23 CP 2 0.015 49.215
50.14 Kerb
51.18 CP 3
50.03 BM A
=2*(0.03/4)
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Adjusting the miscloseMeasured RL
Point Adjustment Adjusted RL
50.00 BM A 0.000 50.000
47.34 CP 1 0.008 47.332
48.65 Kerb 0.015 48.635
46.25 Post 0.015 46.235
49.23 CP 2 0.015 49.215
50.14 Kerb 0.023 50.117
51.18 CP 3 0.023 51.157
50.03 BM A =3*(0.03/4)
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Adjusting the miscloseMeasured RL
Point Adjustment Adjusted RL
50.00 BM A 0.000 50.000
47.34 CP 1 0.008 47.332
48.65 Kerb 0.015 48.635
46.25 Post 0.015 46.235
49.23 CP 2 0.015 49.215
50.14 Kerb 0.023
51.18 CP 3 0.023
50.03 BM A 0.030 50.000
=4*(0.03/4)
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Adjusting the miscloseMeasured RL
Point Adjustment Adjusted RL
50.00 BM A 0.000 50.000
47.34 CP 1 0.008 47.332
48.65 Kerb 0.015 48.635
46.25 Post 0.015 46.235
49.23 CP 2 0.015 49.215
50.14 Kerb 0.023 50.117
51.18 CP 3 0.023 51.157
50.03 BM A 0.030 50.000
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Errors in levelling
• Collimation
• Parallax
• Change point instability
• Instrument instability
• Staff instability
• Benchmark instability
• Refraction
![Page 45: 2-Levelling procedures](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c115b4af9f14298b462b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Errors in levelling
• Staff reading and interpolation errors
• Staff verticality
• Instrument shading
• Temperature on staff
• Booking errors (e.g. using just 1 benchmark)
• Earth curvature
• Magnetic field effects on auto level
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Applications of levelling
• Point heights (relative to a datum)• Height differences (independent of
datum)• Longitudinal sections and cross sections• Data for volume calculations• Contouring• Setting out
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Establishing a new point
Benchmark
New point
RLBM
Datum
RLNEW
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Measuring height differences
Benchmark
RLBM
Datum
H1
H2
H3
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Profiles and cross-sections
RLBM
Benchmark
Datum
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1.100
2.9052.510
A
B C
Plotting contours
The RL’s for points A, B and C have beendetermined by levelling. We are now required to determine the location of thecontours using a 0.5 m contour interval.
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Plotting contoursLINE ABHAB = 2.51 - 1.10 = 1.410DAB = 10 m
1.100
2.510
A
B
A
B
1.41
10 m
1.4
9.93
For the 2.5 m contour :D = 10*(2.5 - 1.1)/1.41 = 9.93
0.9
6.38
For the 2.0 m contour :D = 10*(2.0 - 1.1)/1.41 = 6.38
0.42.84
For the 1.5 m contour:D = 10*(1.5 – 1.1)/1.41 = 2.84
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Plotting contours
LINE ACHAC = 2.905 - 1.100 = 1.805DAC = 14.14 m
For the 1.5 m contour :D = 14.14*(1.5 - 1.1)/1.805 = 3.13
For the 2.0 m contour :D = 14.14*(2.0 - 1.1)/1.805 = 7.05
For the 2.5 m contour :D = 14.14*(2.5 - 1.1)/1.805 = 10.971.100
2.9052.510
A
B C
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Plotting contours
LINE BCDHBC = 2.905 - 2.510 = 0.395DBC = 10 m
no contours cross this line
1.100
2.9052.510
A
B C
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1.100
2.9052.510
A
B C
Plotting contours
1.5
2.0
2.5