Abstract

In this experiment, the intrinsic and extrinsic properties of organic compounds were analyzed through the comparative investigations and spectrometric analyses. Physical and chemical properties characterized certain intrinsic physical properties. Simple observations were used at the odor, color, and other physical states. The compounds’ miscibility was experimented by applying the drops or pint of a sample if it was a solid or liquid. The compounds’ flammability was determined by placing 3-5 drops of the liquid sample inside an evaporating dish and quickly igniting it with a match. Solubility of the samples in water was tested by reacting individually with Litmus paper. The following should be done such ascompounds have different water solubility due to their varying polarities, the solubility in acids or base leads to a more detailed information about the compound and the different physical and chemical properties and determining by using infrared spectroscopy.

Introduction Carbon chains in varying sizes and strength has become the basis of most organic compound since carbon atoms easily connect with other atoms easily.The most commonly seen atoms with carbon are hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Hydrocarbons are all insoluble in water because they are easy to distribute and they are not polar. Hydrocarbons are divided into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons: saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds while unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double and triple bonds. These types often have similar physical properties but have different chemical properties such as vapor pressure, miscibility, and flammability.

IR and NMR are also used for a detailed analysis of the organic compounds and to differentiate and identify the compounds by the relationship of the molecules.

Materials and Methods

A.) Materials

The materials required to perform this experiment are:

For solubility properties: samples (DCM, cyclohexane, ethanol, phenol, benzoic acid, ethyl acetate, and ethyl amine), 5% HCl solution, 5% NaOH solution, distilled water, test tubes, calibrated dropper.

For Litmus Paper Reaction: Red and blue litmus paper, samples.

For Ignition Test: matches, evaporating dish, samples.

B.) Methods

For Solubility Properties and Litmus Paper

Adding solvents to

the samples.

Do not heat the mixture. Observe the

solubility of the samples.

Insoluble in water.

If soluble, test with red and blue litmus

paper. Take note of the

litmus papers’ changes.

For Ignition Test

1.) Solubility Properties and Litmus Paper Reactions

Samples were added separately in the test tubes. If the sample was solid, it needs to be grinded in order to increase surface area and it is added by 0.1 g while liquid samples are added by 4 drops. They are then tested for their properties by adding 5% HCl and 5%NaOH solutions separately. The mixtures are not to be heated. Based on the amount of solvent added, the sample was described as very soluble, soluble, slightly soluble, or insoluble. If it

was a liquid, it was described as miscible, slightly miscible, or immiscible.

If the sample was soluble in water, a small amount was taken from it and tested on red and blue litmus papers. The color change of each one was to be noted.

2.) Ignition Test

The sample was placed in a small evaporating dish. Matches were used to light up the samples. If the sample was flammable, the color and burning time of the flame was to be noted.

Results and Discussions

After the procedure, the following results are obtained:

Table 1 shows the experiment results on the samples

Place the liquid and solid samples

seperately in a small evaporating dish.

Ignite the samples

Not flammable Flammabl

e. Note the color

of the flame and

burning time.

Before the experiment, the physical states of the samples were determined in order to properly perform the experiment. The only solid sample was benzoic acid

therefore it was the only one that was grinded in order to increase the surface area. Most of the samples are colorless in nature except for phenol, benzoic acid and ethylamine. For the odor, every sample had varying ones.

After the solubility test on water, only cyclohexane and phenol were immiscible with benzoic acid being slightly soluble. While on 5% NaOH, only cyclohexane, DCM and phenol are immiscible. Lastly in 5% HCltest, most of the samples were immiscible except for ethanol and ethylamine.

For the litmus paper test, most of the samples were acidic except for DCM and

For the litmus paper test, most of the samples were acidic except for DCM andethanol being neutral while ethylamine was basic. It was determined to be basic,

acidic or neutral by simply applying a small amount on red and blue litmus paper. If the blue turned red, it was acidic while if the red one turned blue, it was basic. It was determined to be neutral if no change occurred.

On the ignition test, only ethanol and ethylamine produced a valid flame when ignited with matches.

The infrared analysis was not performed in this experiment due to time constraint and lack of equipment to perform the test.

References

Consiglio, D., Kirouac, B. Organic Chemistry. Oakland, USA: Oakland Schools Chemistry Resource Unit

TestCompounds

Cyclohexane DCM Ethanol Phenol Benzoic Acid

Ethyl acetate

Ethylamine

Condensed structural formula

C6H12 CH 2Cl2 CH 3CH 2OH C6H5OH C7H 6O2 C4H 8O2 CH 3CH 2NH 2

Physical state at RT

liquid liquid Liquid liquid solid liquid Liquid

Color Colorless colorless Colorless reddish white colorless Light yellow

Odor gas-like smell Mild paste smell

Alcohol-smell Paste-smell Gas smell Plastic balloon smell

Formalin smell

Water solubility

Immiscible Miscible Miscible Immiscible Slightly soluble

Miscible Miscible

5% NaOH solubility

Immiscible Immiscible Miscible Miscible Soluble Immiscible Immiscible

5% HCl solubility

Immiscible immiscible Miscible immiscible insoluble immiscible Miscible

Reaction with Litmus Paper

Acidic No effect No effect acidic acidic acidic Basic

Ignition Test No ignition No ignition Ignited No ignition No ignition ignited ignited

University of Colorado, Boulder, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, (2011).IR Spectroscopy Tutorial. Retrieved on September 10, 2013 on http://orgchem.colorado.edu/Spectroscopy/irtutor/tutorial.html

Glagovich, N., Shine, T. (2005). Organic Spectroscopy Laboratory: Utilizing IR and NMR in the Identification of an Unknown Substance. New Britain: Department of Chemistry, Central Connecticut State University.

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Cabay, Marcus E.; Ettlie, Brad J.; Tuite, Adam J.; Welday, KurtA.; Mohan, Ram S. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 79.