2. Interspecific Competitionhomepages.wmich.edu/~malcolm/BIOS3010-ecology/... · BIOS 3010: Ecology...
Transcript of 2. Interspecific Competitionhomepages.wmich.edu/~malcolm/BIOS3010-ecology/... · BIOS 3010: Ecology...
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Dr. S. Malcolm BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: slide 1
BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: Processes: Interspecific competition
• Lecture summary: – Definition &
examples. – Lotka-Volterra
model: • Structure. • Competition
coefficients. • Predicted outcomes.
James P. Rowan, http://www.emature.com
Semibalanus balanoides
Chthamalus stellatus
Alan J. Southward, http://www.marlin.ac.uk/
Dr. S. Malcolm BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: slide 2
2. Interspecific Competition:
– Like intraspecific competition, competition between species can be defined as:
• "Competition is an interaction between individuals, brought about by a shared requirement for a resource in limited supply, and leading to a reduction in the survivorship, growth and/or reproduction of at least some of the competing individuals concerned"
– For example, Connell's 2 species of barnacle (asymmetrical interference/contest) in Fig. 8.2 and slides
– Gause's Paramecium species of Fig. 8.3 and, – Tilman's diatoms (exploitation/scramble) of Fig. 8.5 – Connell's "the ghost of competition past" = the current
product of past evolutionary responses to competition!
Dr. S. Malcolm BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: slide 3
3. Basic outcomes of competition: • These interactions illustrate the two basic outcomes of competition:
– 1) coexistence: • if two competing species coexist in a stable environment, then they
do so as a result of niche differentiation (of their realized niches) = character displacement (Figs 7.18, 8.23 & 8.25a)
– 2) competitive exclusion - the "competitive exclusion principle" or "Gause's principle:”
• if there is no niche differentiation, then one competing species will eliminate or exclude the other.
• Thus exclusion occurs when the realized niche of the superior competitor completely fills those parts of the inferior competitor's fundamental niche which the habitat provides.
• see Fig. 7.4 of exclusion in reed species.
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Dr. S. Malcolm BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: slide 4
4. The Lotka-Volterra model of interspecific competition:
• Based on the logistic equation that describes sigmoidal population growth as a result of intraspecific competition:
dN/dt = rN((K-N)/K) – (after Volterra, 1926 & Lotka, 1932) with the inclusion of the
competition coefficients α and β we can represent population size changes for the two competing species as:
dN1/dt = r1N1((K1-N1-α N2)/K1) – and
dN2/dt = r2N2((K2-N2-β N1)/K2)
Dr. S. Malcolm BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: slide 5
5. Competition coefficients:
• The competition coefficient α is the effect on species 1 of species 2 (also written as α12):
– If α <1 then interspecific competition has less impact than intraspecific competition.
– If α >1 then interspecific competition has more impact. • Conversely, β is the effect on species 2 of species 1
(also written as α21): – N1 & N2 are the population sizes of species 1 & 2. – r1 & r2 are intrinsic rates of natural increase for spp. 1 & 2. – K1 & K2 are the carrying capacities for species 1 & 2.
Dr. S. Malcolm BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: slide 6
6. Lotka-Volterra competition model - zero isoclines:
– Zero population growth isoclines (dN/dt = 0) are shown in graphs of N2 on the y-axis plotted against N1 on the x-axis in Figs. 8.7 and 8.9.
• When this is true for species 1, then r1N1(K1-N1-αN2) = 0 and K1-N1-αN2 = 0
• Therefore N1 = K1-αN2 • When N1 = 0, N2 = K1/α (the result of pure interspecific
competition at A in Fig. 8.7a) • When N2 = 0, N1 = K1 (the result of pure intraspecific
competition at B in Fig. 8.7a) to give the zero isocline of Fig. 8.7a
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Dr. S. Malcolm BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: slide 7
7. Four outcomes of the Lotka- Volterra competition model:
• From Figure 8.9 the 4 outcomes are expected to be: – 1) species 1 wins (competitive exclusion) (8.9a)
• species 1 is a stronger interspecific competitor (K1 >K2/β, therefore K1β >K2) even though intraspecific competition within species 1 is stronger than the interspecific effect of species 2 (K1/α > K2, therefore K1 > K2α)
• (converse of 1)
– 3) either species 1 or species 2 wins (8.9c) • (interspecific competition greater in both species than intraspecific
competition - the outcome depends on starting densities)
– 4) coexistence (8.9d) • (both species have less competitive effect on the other species than they do
on themselves: K1 > K2α, and K2 > K1β - gives a stable equilibrium)
Dr. S. Malcolm BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: slide 8
Figure 8.2: Intertidal distribution of two barnacle species
Dr. S. Malcolm BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: slide 9
Figure 8.3: Intra- and interspecific competition in Paramecium spp.
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Dr. S. Malcolm BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: slide 10
Figure 8.5: Competition between diatoms & silicate availability
Dr. S. Malcolm BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: slide 11
Figure 7.18 (3rd ed.): Character displacement (mandible variation) in ant communities
Data for Veromessor pergandei
Dr. S. Malcolm BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: slide 12
Figure 8.23: Character displacement (gill rakers) in sticklebacks
benthic limnetic
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Dr. S. Malcolm BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: slide 13
Figure 8.25a: Character displacement of freshwater snail shell lengths
Hydrobia ulvae
Hydrobia ventrosa
Dr. S. Malcolm BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: slide 14
Figure 7.4 (3rd ed.): Asymmetrical competition between cattail species in Michigan
Dr. S. Malcolm BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: slide 15
Figure 8.7: Zero isoclines of the Lotka-Volterra competition equations for species N1 and N2
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Dr. S. Malcolm BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: slide 16
Figure 8.9: Lotka-Volterra competition model outcomes
Dr. S. Malcolm BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 6: slide 17
Barnacles, July 2006, Kintyre, Scotland