2 IAS 2021 · 2020. 11. 25. · 2 IAS 2021 GEOGRAPHY TEST SERIES 2021 PROGRAMME dEtAils It’s...

IAS 20212

GEOGRAPHY TEST SERIES 2021

PROGRAMME dEtAils

It’s unique mix of Test Series & Content Enrichment. �It will have three levels of assessment ie. Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 to �Test Aspirants.Each test will be followed by detailed discussion where focus will not be only �to discuss answer but also try to inculcate critical thinking in Geography.Also Model Answers and relevant Study Materials will be provided after the �Tests.Level 1 will be oriented to test the basic understanding of the subject and �microscopic coverage of syllabus and also add on materials will be given for contents enrichment.Level 1 will consist of 8 Tests and each Test consists of 5 Questions. �Level 2 is mainly focuses on interlinking of the topics with Contemporary �Issues. In this stage exhaustive coverage of last one years Geography related current affairs will be done.Level 2 will consist of 4 Tests and each Test consists of 10 Questions. �All the tests of Level 1 and Level 2 will have one additional question of India �map marking.There will be exclusive map marking Live Session and pre-recorded video �assistances for Map markings of Paper 2.Level 3 will be purely on the lines of UPSC Mains Examination. �Level 3 comprised of 4 Full Length Tests. �

TEST SERIES-2021 www.iasscore.in 3


tEst sCHEdUlE

LEVEL 1

tEst - 1 29 November, 2020Economic Geography + Population and Settlement + Models and Theories

tEst - 2 13 december, 2020Perspectives in Human Geography + Regional Geography

tEst - 3 27 december, 2020 Geomorphology + Oceanography

tEst - 4 10 January, 2021Climatology + Biogeography + Environmental Geography

tEst - 5 24 January, 2021 Physical Settings + Resources)

tEst - 6 7 February, 2021 Agriculture + Industry

tEst - 7 14 February, 2021 Cultural Settings + Settlements + Political aspects

tEst - 8 21 February, 2021Transport, communication and trade + RDP + Contemporary Issues

LEVEL 2

tEst - 9 6 March, 2021Geomorphology + Climatology + Oceanography + Physical Settings

tEst - 10 13 March, 2021Perspectives in human Geography + Population & Settlement + Settlement + Regional Planning + RDP

tEst - 11 20 March, 2021Economic Geography + Resources + Agriculture + Industry + Transport, communication and Trade + Models and Theories

tEst - 12 25 March, 2021Biogeography + Environmental Geography + Contemporary Issues + Cultural Setting + Political Aspects

IAS 20214


LEVEL 3 - FULL LENGTH TESTtEst - 13 AFtER PREliMs Full Mock 1- Paper-1

tEst - 14 AFtER PREliMs Full Mock 1 - Paper-2

tEst - 15 AFtER PREliMs Full Mock 2 - Paper-1

tEst - 16 AFtER PREliMs Full Mock -2 Paper-2

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Sub-Topic Listing

LEVEL-1

IAS 20216


TEST NO. 1

29 NOVEMBER, 2020

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY +

POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT

+ MODELS AND THEORIES

Economic Geography: 1. World Economic Development; �

Resources and distribution; �

Spatial variation of Energy crisis; �

Von Thunen’s agricultural location �model;

Industrial location theories of Weber, �Hoover and Smith.

Population and Settlement: 2. Growth and distribution of world �population;

Spatial analysis of Demographic �attributes worldwide; Disaster led migration; �Language-Endangered Hotspot; �Population theories of Malthus, Marx �and DTT; Types and patterns of rural �settlements; Environmental issues in rural �settlements; City model by E.W.Burgess, Homer �Hoyt and Harris and Ullman; CBD; Distance decay principle in �Indian cities

TEST NO. 2

13 DECEMBER, 2020

PERSPECTIVES IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

+ REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY

Thought1.

Systems Analysis; �

Areal differentiation; �

Dichotomy and Dualism; �

Environmentalism; �Positivism; �Feminism; �Quantitative revolution; �Paradigms in Human Geography �



TEST NO. 3

27 DECEMBER, 2020

GEOMORPHOLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY

TEST NO. 4

10 JANUARY, 2021

CLIMATOLOGY + BIOGEOGRAPHY + ENVIRONMENTAL

GEOGRAPHY

Geomorphology: 1. Earth’s Interior Structure; �Origin and Evolution of the Earth’s �crust; Geomagnetism basics; Plate Tectonic theory; �Sea floor Spreading; �Convective cell Theory; �Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcanoes, Hot �spot, Mantle plume, Super Plume, Accreted Terranes; Concept of Isostasy, Airy and Pratt �theory of Isostasy; Recent views on Mountain building; �Factors controlling landform �development;

Endogenetic and Exogenetic forces �

Oceanography: 2. Ocean Bottom topography of Pacific, �Atlantic and Indian Ocean; Temperature distribution of the �Oceans; Salinity distribution of the Oceans; �Heat budget and Salt budget of the �Oceans; Oceanic Deposits; �Oceanic water movements- Waves, �Currents and Tides; Marine Resources- Biotic, mineral and �energy resources.

Climatology1. Introduction to atmosphere, Basic �heating and cooling process;

Global temperature patterns; �

Heat budget of the Earth; �

General circulation pattern of the �atmosphere;

Atmospheric stability and instability; �

Regional Planning: 2. Concept of Region; �

Types of Region and methods of �Regionalism; Perroux and Boudeville. �

IAS 20218


TEST NO. 5

24 JANUARY, 2021

PHYSICAL SETTINGS +

RESOURCES

Physical Settings:1. India as a Geographic unit; �

India’s frontiers; �

Geological structure; �

Physiography; �

Drainage system of India; �

Evolution of the Himalayan and �Peninsular Rivers;

Soils; Natural vegetation. �

Resources: 2. Water Resources; �Biotic and marine resources; �Forests; �Wildlife; �Distribution of National park, wildlife �sanctuaries and Biosphere reserves

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Planetary and local winds; �Monsoon; �Jet streams and Rossby waves; �Hydrological cycle; �Adiabatic process; �Clouds; �Types of Precipitation; �Process of Rainfall; �Distribution of Rainfall. �

Biogeography:2. Soil Forming Factors; �Soil component; �

Soil profile; �

Pedogenic regimes; �

Soil classification; �

Distribution of Major soils �

Environmental Geography3. Ecosystem and Biomes; �

Terrestrial Flora and Fauna; �

Major Biomes; �

Ecology and Environment; �

Global and regional ecological �changes and imbalances.



TEST NO: 6

07 FEBRUARY, 2021

AGRICULTURE + INDUSTRY

TEST NO: 7

14 FEBRUARY, 2021

CULTURAL SETTINGS + SETTLEMENTS +

POLITICAL ASPECTS

Agriculture: 1. Salient features of Indian Agriculture; �Problems of Indian agriculture and �their solution; Agricultural productivity; �Irrigation; �Types of Irrigation; �Agroforestry; Social Forestry; �Major crops and its distribution. �

Industry: 2. Evolution of Indian Industries; �Factors influencing the location of �Industries;Spatial distribution of important �industries in India; Industrial Regions; Industrial houses �in India.

Cultural Settings:1. Evolution of Indian society; �Ethnic composition; �Religious minorities; �Indian population; �Distribution of population; �Spatial distribution of age structure, �Sex-ratio, �Work force, �Dependency ratio and longevity �

Settlements: 2. Classification of Settlements; �

Patterns and morphology of rural �settlements; Urban settlements in India; �Morphology of Indian cities; �Functional classification of India cities �

Political Aspects3. Geographical basis of Indian �federalism; State reorganisation; �Emergence of new state post �independence; Regional consciousness and inter �state issues.

IAS 202110


TEST NO: 8

21 FEBRUARY, 2021

TRANSPORT, COMMUNICATION

AND TRADE + RDP + CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

Transport1. Railways, �RRTS, �Bullet train, �DFC; Roadways; �Water transport; �Ports, Sagarmala project �Communication and IT �Indian Space Programme. �

RDP- Development;2. Regional planning in India; �Five years plan; �

panchayati raj and its role in rural �development; Command area development; �watershed management. �

Contemporary issues- �Ecological issues; !Environmental hazards; !Environmental pollution; !Environmental impact assessment; !Climate change. !

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Sub-Topic Listing

LEVEL-2

IAS 202112


TEST NO: 9

6 MARCH, 2021

GEOMORPHOLOGY + CLIMATOLOGY + OCEANOGRAPHY +

PHYSICAL SETTINGS

Geomorphology: 1. Concepts of Geomorphic cycles and �Landscape development; Idea of Davis, Penck and King on �Cycle of Erosion; Normal cycle of Erosion and Arid cycle �of Erosion; Polycyclic landforms; �Development of Karst Topography; �Glacial and Periglacial cycle of �Erosion; Coastal Landforms ; �Denudation chronology; �Channel Morphology; �Erosional surfaces; �Slope development, Idea of Davis, �Penck and King on slope evolution, Slope replacement and Parnell retreat; Applied Geomorphology- �Geohydrology, Economic Geology and Environment.

Climatology- 2. Atmospheric Disturbances; �Air Masses; �Fronts; �Midlatitude cyclone; �Tropical cyclone; �

Climatic classification of Koeppen’s, �Trewartha’s and Thornthwaite’s;

Global climatic change and role and �response of humans in climatic changes;

Applied climatology and Urban �climate.

Oceanography: 3. Coral reefs; �

Daly, Darwin and Davis theory of Coral �reef formation;

Wilkinson’s report on loss of coral life; �

Sea level changes and its effects; �

United Nations convention on law of �the Sea;

Oceanic pollution and its effects over �global environment.

Physical Settings: 4. Factors affecting the climate of India; �

Mechanism of the Monsoon; �

Seasonal Rhythm; �

Atmospheric disturbances; �

Koppen’s, Thornthwaite’s, Trewartha’s �and R.L.Singh’s climatic classification of India.



TEST NO: 10

13 MARCH, 2021

PERSPECTIVES IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY +

POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT +

SETTLEMENT + REGIONAL PLANNING + RDP

Thought: 1. Concept of Landscape; �Language, Secularisation; �HDI Population and Settlement- �Problems associated with population; Population as social capital; �Social well-being and quality of life; �Nelson’s model of functional �classification of towns; Morphology of smart cities versus �historical towns; Problems and remedies of �Urbanisation.

Settlements: 2. Urbanisation in India; �Conurbations and metropolitan �regions; Town planning in India; �

Urbanisation problems in India; �

Slums and associated problems. �

Regional Planning: �

Regional imbalances; �

Different regional development �strategies;

Environmental issues in regional �planning.

RDP3. Significance of Centralised Planning in �21st Century;

Evolution of � NITI Aayog;

Development strategies of � NITI Aayog;

Multilevel planning; �

Planning for backward and resource �deficit areas.

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IAS 202114


TEST NO: 11

20 MARCH, 2021

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY + RESOURCES + AGRICULTURE +

INDUSTRY + TRANSPORT, COMMUNICATION AND TRADE + MODELS AND

THEORIES )

Economic Geography1. Whittlesey’s agricultural typology and �its relevance in present times; Food and nutrition related issues; �Agricultural productivity; �Famine-causes, effects and remedies �

Resources: 2. Mineral Resources; �Energy Resources; �Energy Crisis. �

Agriculture: 3. Green Revolution; �Impact of Green Revolution; �Ecological implications of green �revolution; Third Green Revolution in India; �

Dry land farming; �Agricultural Regionalisation; �Agro-climatic Regions. �

Industry: 4. New Industrial policies; �Liberalisation, Privatisation and �Globalisation; MNC;SEZ; Tourism. �

Trade: 5. Trends in India’s foreign trade; �Import and Export trade of India; �Export processing Zones. �

Models: 6. Boundaries and frontiers; �Heartland and Rimland concepts. �

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TEST NO: 12

25 MARCH, 2021

BIOGEOGRAPHY + ENVIRONMENTAL

GEOGRAPHY + CONTEMPORARY ISSUES + CULTURAL SETTING +

POLITICAL ASPECTS

Environmental Geography: 1. Environmental Degradation and �methods for conservation; Environmental policies and legislation; �Environmental hazards and remedial �measures; Biodiversity and sustainable �development.

Biogeography: 2. Wild life; �major Gene pool centres; �social forestry; �Farm forestry and Agroforestry. �

Cultural Setting: 3. Problems associated with population; �Population policies; �Migration and its type; �Patterns of Migration; �Associated problems of Migration; �

Human development; Health �indicators.

Political Aspects: 4. International boundaries of India and �its associated problems; India’s role in World affairs; �Strategic significance of Indian �landmass; Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian �Ocean Realm.

Contemporary Issues: 5. Food security and related issues; �Deforestation; �Desertification; �Land degradation; �Agrarian crisis; Industrial unrest; �Interlinking of Rivers; Issues of Growth and Development; �Globalisation and Indian Economy. �

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IAS 202116


FULL LENGTH TEST

LEVEL-3



TEST NO: 13

AFTER PRELIMSFULL MOCK 1- PAPER-1

TEST NO: 14


TEST NO: 15


TEST NO: 16


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IAS 202118


PAPER - 1

TOPIC WISE PREVIOUS YEAR’S

QUESTIONS OF GEOGRAPHY OPTIONAL



GEOMORPHOLOGYDiscuss the methods of measuring the 1. intensity and magnitude of earthquakes. How are seismic zones demarcated ?

Compare and contrast different types of plate 2. boundaries.

Describe phreatic eruptions and their 3. consequences.

“Geomorphological changes are largely 4. responsible for environmental hazards in the Himalayan region.” Comment with relevant examples.

Evaluate how far kober’s geosynclinals theory 5. explains the mountain building process.

“Landscape is a function of structure process 6. and stage.” Critique the statement.

“Climate, slope gradient and rock structure 7. influence the avulsion of channels.” Explain.

Discuss the concept of Periglacial cycle as 8. propounded by Peltier.

“The knowledge of slope analysis has limited 9. field application in the slope management.” Explain.

Write a note on pseudovolcanic features.10.

“Geological structure has a dominant control 11. on landforms and is reflected on them.” Discuss.

“In explaining the concept of pediplanation, 12. king combined the ideas of davis, penck and wood with his own.” Elaborate.

Describe the “basket of eggs topography” 13.

‘Present – day landforms bear more complexity 14. than simplicity” elucidate.

Explain with examples as to how channel 15. dynamics has been responsible for the development of alluvial fans and cones.

Discuss the contribution of the American school 16. of subaerial denudation in geomorphology.

Attempt classification of geomorphic process 17. from the zonal point of view.

State the concept of erosion surfaces and 18. highlight the factors responsible for their development.

State the concept of plate tectonics. How 19. does it help in explaining the formation of the Himalayas and Appalachian mountains ?

Define the term meander and describe the 20. basic characteristics of entrenched meander and ingrown meander.

Write short note : impact of Pleistocene ice 21. age on the crust of the earth.

Write short note : differences between normal 22. cycle and arid cycle of davis.

Answer the following : characteristics of the 23. standard epigene cycle of erosion.

Explain how Bosche and Haldenhang lead to 24. the theory of slope replacement.

Write short notes on Maior of IGBP. 25.

Write short notes on : Systems approach to 26. landform analysis.

Write short notes on Palaeozoic glarJi evidence 27. of Continental Drift.

Explain the concept of lsostasv .. postulated 28. by Airy and Pratt.

Name the climatically controlled agents of 29. erosion. Explain how thev differ in terms of properties of matter Compare the landforms produced b each one of them.

Write short note on Geomagnetism and 30. Paleomagnetism.

“Weathering is a complex phenomenon 31. involving a number of processes and is influenced by various factors “ Elaborate.

Bring out the relevance of seismic study in 32. determining the structure of the interior of the earth.

Write short note on Essential conditions for 33. the development of Karst topography.

Discuss views on slope development provided 34. by L. C. King.

Give a brief account of the principal land 35. biomes and their latitudinal distribution.

Essentially found in topographies under the 36. Second Cycle of Erosion.

Write short note on Seafloor spreading 37. theory.

IAS 202120


Critically examine the concept of geomorphic 38. cycle & discuss the views of W. M. Davis and W. Penck.

Define the concept of isostasy and discuss the 39. postulations of Airy and Pratt.

Critically evaluate the continental drift 40. hypothesis of A. Wegener.

Write short note: Role of seismic waves in the 41. study of earth’s interior

“Structure is a dominant control factor in the 42. evolution of landforms.” Discuss with suitable examples.

Write short note : Peneplain43.

Describe the landforms which are products of 44. endogenetic forces.

Explain the sequential development of 45. landforms associated with the coastal areas.

Write short note: Geosyncline46.

Provide a critique of the ‘geographical cycle’ 47. model, propounded by Davis.

Present a critical analysis of the theory of 48. Isostasy.

With reference to the theory of Plate Tectonics, 49. explain the origin and growth of the Young Fold Mountain Systems of the world.

Bring out the distinctions between the 50. ‘continental drift7 theory and the ‘plate tectonics’ theory.

Discuss the concept of volcanicity and show 51. how the theory of Plate Tectonics explains the echanism of volcanism and volcanic eruptions.

Write short note: Geomorphic processes52.

Discuss the concept of polycyclic landforms 53. and present an analytical study of the polycyclic landforms of a selected region.

Write short note: Weathering and soil 54. formation

Discuss the processes of mechanical and 55. chemical weathering and show their relationship with soil formation.

Discuss the limitations of the theory of 56. Continental Drift and show how the theory of

Plate Tectonics is. an improvement over it.

Discuss the concept of cycle of erosion and 57. bring out clearly the difference between the views of Davis and Penck.

Discuss, with examples, the influence of 58. vulcanism and diastrophism on the evolution of landscape.

Write short note : Treppen concept59.

Explain the factors causing rejuvenation 60. in landscape and describe the resultant landforms

Write short note : Classification of Earth 61. Movements.

Analyse the sequential development of 62. landforms in either Karst or Coastal region.

Write short note : Polycyclic landforms.63.

Analyse the differences in the models of slope 64. evolution proposed by Davis and Penk.

Write short note on Plate tectonics in about 65. 200 words.

Write short note on Rejuvenated landforms in 66. 200 words.

Critically analyse the concept of plate tectonics 67. and bring out the evidences to support it.

Write short note on Karst landforms in about 68. 200 words.

Discuss the evolution and characteristics of 69. the land forms of graciated regions.

Discuss the views of W.M. Davis anc Walter 70. Penck on the cycle of erosion.

CLIMATOLOGY

Discuss in detail the tri-cellular model of 1. atmospheric circulation.

Explain the nature of urban climates and their 2. impact on global environmental change.

Explain the techniques to calculate 3. potential evapotranspiration suggested by Thornthwaite.

Explain the origin, progress and retreat of the 4.



Indian monsoon and discuss its impact on the Indian economy.

Critically examine the basis and scheme 5. of climatic classification proposed by G.T Trewartha.

Explain the role of evaporation in the 6. hydrologic cycle.

“Climate change is a reality.” Explain with 7. suitable examples.

Discuss the forces which govern the air 8. movement on the earth’s surface.

Discuss the significance of World Climate 9. Research Programme (WCEF) and its core projects in the understanding of climatic change.

Compare the origin and weather conditions 10. associated with the tropical and temperate cyclones.

Differentiate between insolation and 11. temperature and explain anomalous temperature.

Explain the meridional circulation of the 12. atmosphere and its importance in world climate.

Discuss the basis of Koppen’s climati j 13. classification. Bring out the salient characteristic of ‘Cs’ type of climate

What is Potential Evapotranspiration ? Explain 14. how it is used in assessing the water balance in an area.

Discuss as to how frontogenesis contributes to 15. weather instability.

Discuss the nature and origin of Indian monsoon 16. and recent techiques of its prediction.

Describe the origin and development of 17. thunderstorms with examples.

Discuss the salient features of ‘sirocco’ and 18. ‘mistral’.

Bring out the relationship between climate 19. and vegetation in the Mountain Biome.

Discuss Dew point and various forms of 20. condensation.

With suitable examples, bring out the J impact 21.

of local winds on the climate of, an area.

Write short note : Differentiate Storm Surges 22. and Seiches.

Answer the following: Impact of Cryosphere 23. on global climate.

Classify airmasses and explain how ‘cP’ 24. airmasses affects global climate

Compare and contrast tropical cyclone and 25. temperate cyclone.

“Contemporary global climate change is an 26. anthropogenic phenomenon.” Discuss.

Give and account of global distribution of 27. precipitation.

Write short note on rossby waves and jet 28. stream.

Examine the various kinds of atmospheric 29. humidity and their associate forms.

What is ‘polar front’? How does cyclone 30. develop along this front ? Describe the weather conditions associated with it.

Write short note on Inversion of temperature.31.

Write short note on tropical atmospheric 32. instability

How does Climate Change affect urban I 33. areas?

Discuss the consequences of Climate Change 34. on agriculture and food security, | and on the Coastal Zones of the world.

Explain factors contributing to the Global 35. Climate Change.

Discuss the mechanism and origin of Monsoon 36. winds & explain the role of El Nino on Monsoon circulation.

Discuss the development of local winds, and 37. their influence on local weather, giving three examples of the well - known local winds in the world.

Compare the structure and associated weather 38. conditions of tropical cyclone with that of temperate cyclone.

Discuss the main features of the climatic 39. classification system evolved by K6ppen. Also point out its anomalies.

IAS 202122


Write short note on Potential evapo-40. transpiration

How would the impact of global warming 41. differ from one part of the earth to another? Give a reasoned account.

Discuss the mechanism and significance 42. of tricellular meridional circulation of atmosphere.

Discuss the criteria which Thornthwaite 43. adopted for his 1948 classification of world climates.

Discuss the concept of air-masses and present 44. their classification.

Give an account of the types and distribution 45. of precipitation on the surface of the earth.

Make a comparative study of the tropical and 46. temperate cyclones.

Write short note: Cs type of climate, as per 47. Koppen’s classification

Discuss the nature and composition of earth’s 48. atmosphere.

Define air masses. How do they originate? 49. Classify them and state the characteristics of any one type.

Examine critically the drawbacks of Koppen’s 50. Classification of climates. Explain how Thornthwaite attempted to overcome Koppen’s limitations.

Explain and illustrate the life-cycle of a 51. temperate cyclone and also describe the weather associated with it.

Write short note: Inversion of temperature 52.

Explain the basis of Koppen’s classification 53. of climates. Also mention its merits and limitations.

Discuss the origin, movements and 54. characteristics of air masses and explain their role in influencing world climates.

Explain the origin, distribution and 55. characteristics of tropical cyclones.

Write short note: Hydrological cycle. 56.

Explain the basic criteria used in Thornthwaite’s 57. 1948 classification of climates.

Explain the origin, characteristics and 58. distribution of temperate cyclones.

Attempt a classification of air masses and 59. give the characteristic features and associated weather conditions of each class.

Discuss critically the characteristics of tropical 60. cyclones and analyse the extent to which they differ from the temperate cyclones.

Compare the basis of climatic classifica-61. tion of Koppen with that of Thornth-waite’s classification.

OCEANOGRAPHY

How are ocean waves formed? Distinguish 1. between a wave of oscillation and a wave of translation.

How are sandspits and tombolos formed?2.

Describe the potential marine energy 3. resources with reference to their benefits, harvestibility and environmental impacts.

Describe the causes and consequences of sea 4. level changes.

Describe the configuration of the Pacific Ocean 5. floor.

Explain the concept of micro carbon sink and 6. its relevance.

Discuss the impacts of ocean currents on air 7. mass behaviour.

Distinguish between low energy coasts and 8. coral coasts.

Bring out the various ecological problems 9. associated with the exploitation and use of oceans and their resources.

The relationship between the winds and the 10. currents is best seen in the Indian Ocean.” Justify

Discuss Maritime Zones. 11.

Describe the characteristics of different types 12. of pelagic deposits.

Give an account of recent observations on coral 13. bleaching with reference to Clive Wilkinson’s Report.



Give a critical account of reasons and 14. consequences of marine pollution.

Illustrate the origin and nature of Sargasso 15. Sea and Lagoon, (in about 150 word)

Compare the Subsidence and Glacial control 16. theories on the formation of coral reefs.

“Offshore Acoustic Study helped the 17. development of the concept of sea floor spreading”. Explain.

What is “Base level” ? Explain the types of base 18. level.

“Atolls present the most challenging 19. explanation in the evolution of coral reefs”, Discuss.

Write short notes on different layers of ocean 20. water above abyssal plain.

“Temperature, salinity and density differences 21. in ocean water are the prime causes of ocean water circulation.” Elaborate.

Write short note on Salinity patterns in Indian 22. Ocean.

Explain the scientifically sound methods of 23. bathymetry and give an account of the bottom topography of the Atlantic Ocean.

Write short note on Ocean deposits. 24.

Comment on marine heat budget and the 25. oceanic circulation system.

Examine economic significance of the resources 26. of the Continental shelf of the Indian Ocean.

Describe the ideal conditions for coral reef 27. formation& discuss the glacial control theory of coral reef formation.

Write short note: Eustatic changes of Sea-28. level

Discuss the different bases for classifying the 29. ocean deposits and give a detailed account of pelagic deposits of -the oceans.

Write short note: Ocean currents of Northern 30. Atlantic Ocean

Write short note: Pelagic deposits. 31.

Discuss the mid-Atlantic Ridge in terms of its 32. origin, extent and relief.

Present a concise account of bottom relief of 33. the Indian Ocean.

Write short note: Formation of coral reefs 34.

Write short note: T-S diagram. 35.

Write short note: Submarine canyons. 36.

Explain and illustrate the submarine relief of 37. the Atlantic Ocean.

Examine critically the theories of the formation 38. of coral reefs and atolls.

Write short note: Marine resources, biotic, 39. mineral and energy resources.

Explain and illustrate the ocean floor 40. topography and give a detailed account of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Write short note: Food from the sea. 41.

Give a reasoned account of the distribution of 42. salinity in the oceans and partially enclosed seas.

Draw a hypsographic curve to represent the 43. major physiographic units of the ocean and comment on their permanency.

Discuss the theories of the formation of coral 44. reefs proposed by Daly, Darwin and Davis.

Write short note on Ocean bottom relief in 45. about 200 words.

Write short note on Coral reefs in about 200 46. words.

Give a reasoned account of the contents of the 47. Atlantic Ocean and their impact on the climatic conditions of the coastal regions.

Give an account of marine resources and 48. discuss their present day utilization.

Write short note on Pelagic deposits in about 49. 200 words.

BIOGEOGRAPHY

How are soil acidity and alkalinity related to 1. soil fertility?

Why is it necessary to conserve genetic 2. diversity of species ? Do protected areas serve any useful purpose in this context?

IAS 202124


Amensalism is a biotic factor that determines 3. the geographic limits of species. Explain.

Discuss the causes of degradation of tropical 4. rainforests and suggest remedial measures for their prevention, conservation and developmental

Distinguish between intrazonal and azonal 5. soils. Describe in brief the characeristics and importance of azonal soils.

Give a classification of plants based on the 6. amount of water requirement.

Distinguish between the characteristics of 7. Chernozem and Sierozem soils.

Describe the characteristics of biological 8. deserts.

Describe Newbigin’s scheme of Floristic regions 9. of the world and explain the Mediterranean Floristic region.

Bring out the ecological significance of Tropical 10. Rainforest Biome.

Classify soils based on their zonal distribution 11. and describe the characteristics of pedocals.

Define zoogeographic region. Also describe 12. the basic faunal makeup of the Neo-Arctic zoogeographic region.

Explain weathering and mass wasting, and 13. describe their geomorphic significance.

State the uniqueness of the Eurasian Steppe 14. Biome.

Write short note: Types of endemic plants and 15. their degree of vulnerability to extinction.

Answer the following: Adaptation and 16. distribution of animals in the Ethiopian realm.

Define the term biome. List the terrestrial 17. biomes and describe the characteristics of Savanna biome.

Write short note on Soil profile in Zonal and 18. Azonal soils.

Write short note on Floristic kingdoms, based 19. on their global distribution

Short note : Zonal and Azonal soils20.

Short note : Distribution of soils 21.

Short note : Soil erosion and conservation 22.

Short note: Genesis of Soils 23.

Short note: Agro-forestry 24.

Short note: Soil Profile 25.

Short note: Soil genesis. 26.

Write short note: Man and the Amazon 27. rainforest.

Write short note: Biotic succession.28.

Present a classification of the soils of the world 29. and give their economic significance.

ENvIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHY

The impact of floods on life and property 1. can be more effectively reduced by hazard mapping comment.

“The web of life is seamless and the 2. consequences of disruption to one part of the ecosystem ripple throughout the whole.” Elaborate.

How do mountaineers constitute a threat to 3. mount Everest.

Explain the ecosystem approach to 4. environmental management and highlight its advantages and disadvantages.

“Controlling population growth is the 5. sustainable solution to environmental problems.” Express your views with suitable arguments.

Discus the objectives and principles of 6. environmental education. Describe the basic concerns of formal and non-formal environmental education in India.

Explain the natural and anthropogenic causes 7. and mitigation measures frequent flooding in Mumbai.

Discuss the Perception, Attitude value and 8. Emotion (PAvE) Theory of environmental management.

Discuss the major characteristics of ‘CBD’. (150 9. words)



Write a critical note on the tendency of “use 10. and throw” in the context of economic status and environment.

Give a reasoned account on how the impact of 11. Global Warming differs from one part of the Earth to the other.

Explain the hydro-meteorological hazards in 12. the Himalayas.

Explain the different stages of ecological 13. adaptation of man and bring out the changing balance between man and environment.

Discuss the method of conserving I biodiversity 14. for sustainable development.

Comment on the impact of environmental 15. education on quality of life.

Explain the characteristics of ecological 16. succession.

Enumerate the major causes of increasing 17. degradation of environment in hills and hillslopes, and state its down-valley impact.

Give an account of the nature of biosphere as 18. an ecosystem.

Explain the levels of Noise pollution and 19. legislative measures to control it.

What are the characteristics that make CHC 20. a serious threat to the ecosystem? Give examples.

Write short note: Uniqueness of fauna in the 21. Notogean realm.

Answer the following: Programmes initiated 22. by the International Council of Science on Earth system studies.

Discuss how different types of mining lead to 23. different types of environmental problems.

Write short note on Marine Ecosystem.24.

Give an account of the structure of J ecosystem 25. and describe its functional aspects.

Write short note on Desertification as an 26. environmental hazard.

Write short note : Social Forestry and 27. Environmental Conservation

Write short note: Sustainable development28.

Discuss the global ecological imbalances and 29. their management

Bring out the major problems of environmental 30. pollution at global scale and suggest measures to check it.

Write short note : Environmental Pollution31.

Write in detail on the concept of biosphere as 32. an ecosystem.

Discuss the concept, components and 33. functioning of an ecosystem.

Discuss the causes and consequences of 34. environmental degradation and highlight the related conservation measures.

Discuss the relevance of ‘watershed’, as an 35. ecosystem for the purpose of sustainable development.

Examine the impact of advanced agricul-tural 36. technology on environment. Support your answer with examples.

Write short note: Desertification and its 37. preventive measures

‘Man must realize the importance of 38. maximizing agricultural production without destroying the ecological basis on which our entire food production systems rests.’ Explain with examples.

Write short note: Natural Hazards 39.

Indicate the major biotic regions of the world 40. and discuss the ecological aspects of the monsoon region.

Write short note : Sustainable development41.

Short note: Biodiversity 42.

Define ecosystem and describe briefly its 43. various components. Also discuss how and to what extent the

modern man has affected the various types of 44. ecosystems.

Write short note: concept of ecosystem.45.

Examine the causes of ecological imba-lances 46. and briefly explain the measures taken to rectify them.

Divide the world into major biotic regions and 47. explain the basis of your division.

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Discuss, in detail, man’s impact on ecosystem 48. as a result of the modem technological advancement.

Write short note on World’s biotic regions.49.

PERSPECTIvES IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Globalisation can often subsume folk culture. 1. What are positive and negative effects?

HDI has brought about a paradigm shift in 2. the way people think about the development process. Critically examine the inherent limitations of HDI.

“A language originates at a particular place 3. and diffuses to other locations through the migration of its speakers.” Examine this statement in the context of language hot spots and endangered language hot spots.

Discuss critically the manner in which 4. quantitative revolution provided the methodological foundation for models and modellilng in geography.

“Welfare geography emphasizes spatial 5. inequality and territorial justice.” Comment with reference to the main ideas and scope of the subfield.

“Areal differentiation has provided the 6. theoretical justification for studying regions’ and ‘regional geography’.” Comment

“Geography is a contested and multiparadigmic 7. discipline with a strong eurocentricity that has only recently been challenged.” Comment.

Discuss the contemporary paradigms of 8. Geography.

“The traditional cultural identities are at 9. loss with the growth of global connectivity.” Explain.

Explain the concept of Time- Geography.10.

Discuss the relevance of ‘Stop and Go 11. Determinism’ in the present day context.

Trace the origin and progress of Quantitative 12. Revolution in Geography and bring out its merits and demerits.

“Areal differentiation forms the core theme in 13. Geography.” Explain.

“There is a rejuvenation of environmentalism 14. as a paradigm in geographical studies.” Comment.

Discuss the approaches to the study of 15. behavioural geography.

“Cultural regions are the most suited units to 16. study the diversity of an area.” Comment

“Regional synthesis is the crux of geographical 17. studies.” Elaborate.

“The welfare face of geography makes it an 18. inter disciplinary subject.” Elaborate.

“Indo-Gangetic hearth is considered to be 19. one of the world’s richest cultural realms.” Examine.

Discuss the contribution of geographers in the 20. development of radical geography.

Elaborate the concept of mental map. (in 21. about 150 words)

Explain the parameters for assessment and the 22. spatial pattern of Human Development Index in the world.

“Ellen Churchill Semple is an ardent supporter 23. of Determinism.” Explain.

Discuss the impact of positivism in paradigm 24. shift in Geography.

Write short explanatory note on Welfare 25. Approach in Human Geography

Critically examine the changing perspectives 26. on the concept of areal differentiation.

Critically examine the method of deriving 27. Human Development Index.

Write short explanatory note on Occidental 28. culture realm.

Write short explanatory note on Neo-29. determinism.

Provide a broad classification of world cultural 30. regions.

‘Quantitative Revolution and model building 31. provided an empirical basis for geographical research’ - Elaborate.



Write short note on Behavioural Geography.32.

Write short note: dualism in geography.33.

Write short note: cultural regions of the 34. world

Write short note: Areal differentiation.35.

Distinguish between radical and welfare 36. approaches in geographic studies.

Present a critical analysis of human and welfare 37. approaches in Human Geography.

Write short note : Neo- environmentalism38.

Write short note: Radical Approach in Human 39. Geography.

Describe the sequence of major paradigm 40. shifts in geographic thought during the twentieth century.

What is understood by quantification in 41. Geography? Discuss the significance of quantification in modem geographical studies with examples.

Critically examine the concept of dualism with 42. special reference to physical versus human geography.

“The emergence of Behavioural Geography 43. was due to the disillusionment with axioms on which models were based and the axioms were far removed from reality.” Comment

Discuss the contributions of A1 Beruni towards 44. the development of geographical knowledge.

Examine critically the concepts of ‘determinism’ 45. and ‘possibilism’. Bring out the significance of regional concept.

Give a comparative assessment of the works of 46. Humboldt and Ritter leading to the foundation of modem geographical thought.

Explain the major contribution by Arab 47. geographers of the early medieval period in the development of geographic thought.

Write short note on quantitative and 48. behavioural revolutions in geography.

Write short note on diffusion of innovation in 49. agricultural technology

Write an essay on the contribution of 50. European geographers to the development of

geographic thought.

Write short note on – major cultural realms of 51. the world.

Give a critical account of the cultural evolution 52. of man. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples.

Write short note on environmental 53. determinism.

What is meant by ‘quantitative revolution 54. in geography’? Discuss its impact on the development of the subject.

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

“A large-scale global shift in manufacturing 1. is the outcome of deindustrialization in the developed world matched by industrialization in the developing world.” Analyze this statement.

Define stunting and wasting. Why are these 2. more prevalent among children in developing countries?

Discuss in brief the main thesis in “Limits of 3. Growth” (1972) and also provide a critique of the same.

“Famine is a social phenomena rooted 4. in institutional and political economic arragements, which determne access to food by different classes and strata.” Comment

Discuss the degree of importance of 5. transportation costs as a factor of industrial location with respect to “footloose industries”.

“The intensity of energy crisis varies regionally.” 6. Explain.

“Whittlesey’s agricultural regions are relevant 7. even today.” Discuss.

“Linkages between resource-endowed regions 8. and resource-utilizing regions determine the pattern of international trade.” Elaborate with suitable examples.

“Man-induced famines are becoming 9. more common than nature-induced one.” Comment.

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“Energy mix is a step towards sustainability.” 10. Discuss.

“Food productivity with ecosystem is the need 11. Elaborate.

“World is passing through a global resource 12. dilemma.”

Discuss environmental and economy problems 13. associated with production.

Explain the relevance of bottom-up and top-14. down approaches in the development of agrarian economy.

Give an account of food security issues in 15. developing countries.

Analyse the causes for changes in the pattern 16. of world trade.

Analyse the reasons for a comparatively poorer 17. development of fishing grounds in tropical areas.

Discuss the changing pattern of production 18. and export of Coffee in the world.

Write short note: Countries most effected in 19. case of shut down of Nuclear power.

Write short note: Role of venezuela in the 20. production and export of oil.

Answer the following: Locational significance 21. of Rotterdam in European economy.

Answer the following: Impact of failure J of 22. Monsoon on Gujarat Agro –climatic zone.

Write short note on Problems faced by 23. industries which developed due to inertia.

Mention the agricultural regions as classified 24. by Whittlessey and discuss their relevance.

Write short explanatory note on Population 25. and Food Security.

Discuss the role of World Trade Organisation 26. in determining the pattern of world trade.

“Famine, to a considerable extent, is a man – 27. made hazard.” Elaborate.

Provide a geographical account of global 28. production and distribution of food.

Write short note on ‘Limits to Growth’ 29. Model.

Write down main agricultural types and their 30. associated features with special reference to Whittlesey. How these regions on the World map provided to you.

Write short note : Concept of limits to growth 31.

To what extent do the regional patterns 32. of economic development and human development in the world correspond with each other? Highlight situations of departure, in particular.

Write short note: The limits to growth33.

How far do the patterns of economic 34. development and those of human development correspond with each other in the world? Illustrate your answer with examples.

Explain the term resource management. 35. Discuss its relevance in the context of global resource scarcity and the future of mankind.

Write short note: Types of Farming36.

Examine the bases of classification of 37. agricultural regions as proposed by Whittlesey and explain the causes for the essential difference between intensive subsistence tillage with rice dominant and without rice in the crop association.

Write short note: Globalization of trade and 38. industry

Write short note: Dryland farming39.

Give an account of the agricultural typology 40. of the world as presented by Whittlesey and critically examine the parameters used in its delineation.

Write short note: Measures of agricultural 41. efficiency.

Write short note: Land capability versus Land 42. use efficiency.

Examine the world patterns of industrial 43. development and explain the problems of industrial development at national levels.

Write short note: Concept of ‘Limits to 44. Growth’.



Write short note: World energy crisis.45.

Give an account of the spatial pattern of world 46. food production and analyse the related problems of malnutrition and malnutrition diseases.

Discuss the various sources of energy and their 47. uses. Suggest the measures to overcome the present day energy crisis.

Give an account of the pattern of I international 48. trade and examine the linkages between resource endowed regions and resource utilizing regions.

POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT GEOGRAPHY

Assess the challgnes for countries with the 1. largest shares of aged population.

What changes in the current planning, 2. management and governance of human settlements are needed to face the changing environment including climate change and disaster vulnerabilities in cities?

What do you mean by ‘climate migrants’? 3. Suggest appropriate policies and programmes for their resettlement.

Explain the relatioinship between net 4. reproductive rate (NRR) and true replacement level of population.

Comment upon the contributions of D.M. 5. Smith in outlining ‘welfare’ as a key focus in the geographies of social well-being.

Citing examples from Asia and Europe, 6. comment upon the contexts within which pronatalist population policies are advanced. What could be the implications of these policies on women’s workforce participation?

Explain the concepts of “megalopolis” and 7. “exopolis” with regard to the growth of cities indicating whether the two can and do overlap.

Explain the concept of social capital in relation 8. to India.

Define the quality of life and explain its 9. parameters with adequate examples.

“There are considerable demographic 10. similarities between West European nations and Japan.” Explain.

Examine the causes and consequences of 11. forced migration of population in the present context.

Describe the regional pattern of Life Expectancy 12. in the world and bring out the challenges faced by developing countries due to increasing life expectancy.

Discuss the role of site in determining the 13. types and patterns of rural settlements.

Critically examine the theories on population 14. migration.

Discuss Nelson’s method of functional 15. classification of towns.

Discuss the factors responsible for counter-16. urbanisation.

“Urban Geography is nothing but city “in” 17. area and city “as” area.” Elaborate.

What is Geriatrics? What are the problems 18. associated with Geriatric population?

Write short note: Misra’s theoretical stages of 19. Rural-Urban Process.

Answer the following: Regional shifts in ‘the 1. world urbanization after 1950 and the varied characteristics of urban process.

Answer the following: “Colonial forces resulted 2. in the primate pattern of urban process in most Southeast Asian countries.” Discuss.

Answer the following: Impact of changing 3. fertility ratio on world population distribution.

“Though 70% of Indian population is rural, 4. urban planning is crucial to the development of India.’ Discuss.

Write short note on Status of infant mortality 5. rate in the world.

Write short note on Similarities in the 6. population distribution of southern continents and reasons for the same.

Write short note on Impact of migration on 7. urban demography.

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Write short note on Relevance of distance 8. decay principle in Indian cities.

Write short explanatory note on Secondary 9. cities in the context of urbanization in developing world.

“Huge populations of developing countries 10. are not a curse. These may be and also are an asset, if situations are properly managed.” Elaborate on this assertion.

Write short explanatory note on Optimum 11. population.

Elaborate the concept of Megalopolis and 12. discuss the characteristics and problems related to two such regions selecting one each from North America and Europe.

Discuss the social and economic theories of 13. population growth.

Write short note on Primate cities14.

Write a note on the parameters used to 15. describe the demographic transitions in the developing countries like India.

Give an account of the functional bases of 16. central place hierarchy.

Write short note : Delineation of Urban 17. Fringe

In urban geography, what are the concepts 18. of primate city and Rank Size Rule? Discuss in detail.

Write short note: Concept of primate city.19.

Examine the concept of sphere of urban 20. influence and discuss the qualitative and quantitative methods used in its delimitation.

Write short note: Concept of optimum 21. population.

Discuss the causes and consequences of 22. population migration in the world.

Short note: Rank - Size Rule.23.

Bring out the contrast between the internal 24. structure of the pre-industrial and industrial cities.

Write short note: Primate city25.

“Water is a scarce resource in plenty.” Comment 26. and discuss its importance in the balanced habitat development. Support your answer with examples from Asia.

Write short note: Rural-urban fringe27.

Write short note: Growth of population and 28. food resources of the world.

Examine the theories about population 29. control and explain the relative merits of these theories in limiting population growth.

Write short note : Slums and squatter 30. settlements

Define umland and discuss, with specific 31. examples, the criteria for its delimitation.

Discuss the major international streams 32. of migration in the world in recent times and account for the relationship that exists between population pressure areas and migration prospects.

Citing suitable examples from India, explain 33. the role of site and other physical factors in determining the types and patterns of rural settlements.

Trace and account for the various trends of 34. population growth in the world during the present century.

Enumerate the different models of the internal 35. structure of cities. Choose one of them and discuss it in its application to a particular city.

Examine the causes of the international 36. migrations of the last 50 years or so and the socio - economic and political problems generated by them.

Write short note: Classification of cities.37.

Give an account of the existing distributional 38. pattern of population in the world and give your assessment regarding the importance of geographical factors for such a pattern.

Define the urban sphere of influences and 39. discuss different methods of determining the spheres of influence of cities.

Write short note on Demographic transition.40.



REGIONAL PLANNING

“Growth is not uniform in different places.” 1. Critically examine this statement in the context of the growth pole theory.

What are natural regions? How are they 2. different from planning regions?

Examine the role of small towns in the regional 3. development process.

Give an account on sustainable development 4. and its components.

In what ways can geographers contribute 5. towards optimal land use planning in a region?

What is a ‘region’? Describe ‘Thiessen’ polygon 6. method of regional delimitation.

Elaborate the idea of ‘Compage’.7.

“vital statistics are necessary ingredients for 8. development planning.” Elaborate.

“Geographical traits lead to regional 9. imbalances.” Examine.

“Development planning has a component of 10. environmental cost”. Discuss.

Explain the qualitative and quantitative 11. methods of delineation of the sphere of urban influence.

“Rural sustainability is necessary for urban 12. sustainability.” Discuss the statement in the backdrop of integrated development approach.

“Urban Solid Waste Management poses the 13. greatest challenge in Metropolitan Planning”. Elaborate.

Answer the following: Salient features of 14. watershed planning and its advantages and disadvantages.

Enumerate alternative strategies of planning 15. for backward regions.

Write short explanatory note on Ingredients 16. of Sustainable Development.

Highlight the significance of environmental 17. issues in Regional Planning.

Explain the concept of sustainable development 18. and propose a model for agricultural development.

What is the concept of a region? Discuss the 19. types of regions.

What is a region? Discuss the methods of 20. regionalization.

Discuss various strategies for correcting 21. regional imbalances.

Write short note: Regional imbalance.22.

Write an essay on ‘sustainable development’ 23. from the perspective of geography.

Critically examine the role of growth centers 24. and growth poles in regional development process.

Examine the spatial patterns of development 25. disparity prevailing in the world.

What is a region? Discuss the types of regions 26. & the methods of regionalization.

Write short note on Geopolitics.27.

Write short note on Concepts of nation and 28. state.

Discuss the genetic classification of 29. international boundaries. How does it differ from the morphological classification?

MODELS, THEORIES & LAWS IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Examine the relevance of the ‘rimland theory’ 30. in the contemporary world.

Distinguish between ‘isodapanes’ and ‘isotins’. 31. Critically examine the least cost theory of industrial location given by Alfred Weber.

Discuss the genetic classification of boundaries 32. suggested by Hartshorne.

Elaborate upon the influence of Marxist 33. philosophy on geographical research, outlining key themes addressed by Marxist geographers since the 1970’s.

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Provide a brief outline of ideas related to 34. “sense of place” as propounded by Yi-Fu Tuan and Relph in the humanistic geography that emerged in the 1970’s.

Outline briefly the “age of mass J consumption” 35. as described by Rostow I in his ‘multi-stage theory of growth’.

Write a note on “forward and backward 36. linkages” in Perroux’s thesis of economic growth and regional development.

“The Heartland Theory is gaining importance 37. once again.” Comment.

Discuss the applicability of Christaller s Central 38. Place Theory.

Write an explanatory note on geographical 39. systems.

Give a critical account of Losers theory of 40. central places.

Define and differentiate between boundaries 41. and frontiers. Describe the geometrical boundaries with suitable examples.

Discuss the application of Gravity model in 42. Geographical studies.

Explain ‘Isodapane’. 43.

Discuss the relevance of von Thunen’s model 44. on agricultural location in the contemporary context.

“Marx’s view on population is more 45. humanistic.” Comment

Giving suitable examples, describe the 46. importance of system analysis in geographical studies.

Explain the necessary conditions of takeoff 47. and subsequent stages of development of a nation as propounded by Rostow.

Critically analyse application of models in 48. Geography.

What are the basic postulates in the Central 49. Place Model of Christaller?

Write short note: Relevance of Heartland 50. theory in Contemporary World.

Evaluate the various models on population 51. density distribution in urban centres.

Critically examine the salient features of Central 52. Place Theory propounded by Christaller and Losch.

Discuss Systems Approach and its applicability 53. in Geography.

Distinguish between boundaries and frontiers. 54. Identify different types of boundaries.

Write short explanatory note on isodapane in 55. the theory of industrial location

Bring out the sequential improvements in 56. models of city structure by E. W. Burgess, Homer Hoyt, and Harris and Ullman.

Write short explanatory note on von Thunen’s 57. concept of economic rent.

Write short explanatory note on Growth 58. poles.

Write a note on Weight Triangle.59.

Discuss the views of von Thunen on agricultural 60. location.

Describe the laws of international boundaries 61. & frontiers.

Discuss Weber’s theory of industrial location, 62. and assess its relevance in the present-day context.

Examine the Heart - land theory, and assess its 63. merits and demerits.

To what extent are the heartland and rimland 64. theories helpful in understanding the world political situation today ? Express your opinion clearly.

Write short note: Growth pole.65.

Critically examine the stages of Economic 66. Growth Model propounded by Rostov. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples.

Bring out the main points of difference between 67. the central place theories of Christaller and Losch.

Write short note: Rimland Theory.68.

Write short note: Isolated state.69.

Discuss the concept and application of systems 70. analysis in Human Geography.

Explain the basis and applicability of 71. Christaller’s Central Place Theory. Bring out the recent modifications.



Write short note: Gravity model.72.

Write short note: Locational Triangle.73.

Critically examine Alfred Weber’s Theory of 74. the Location of Industries.

‘Without the Mediterranean, Europe could 75. not be held, without the Middle East the Mediterranean could not be held.’ Discuss.

Explain and illustrate the models of internal 76. structure of cities as proposed by Burgess and Hoyt. Mention also the limitations of these models.

Discuss von Thunen’s model of agricultural 77. land use and examine if the model is applicable to India.

‘Oil has placed in the hands of Arab nations 78. a tremendous geopolitical weapon with which they yield power.’ Comment.

Write short note: Models in Geography.79.

Write short note: System approach in 80. Geography.

Discuss the theories of Industrial location 81. propounded by any two of the following: Weber; Hoover and Smith.

Write short note: Central place theory.82.

Review in detail the various theories of the 83. location of industries.

Discuss in detail the Heartland concept of 84. Mackinder and the criticism it has attracted in recent years.

Analyse Christaller’s Central Place Theory and 85. die modifications introduced in it and examine its relevance in the present day context

Examine the various theories concerning the 86. internal structure of cities and discuss how far they are applicable to Indian cities.

Write short note: Theories of agricultural 87. location.

Write short note on Systems approach in 88. geography.

MISCELLANEOUSWrite short note : Buffer zone.89.

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PAPER - 2

TOPIC WISE PREVIOUS YEAR’S

QUESTIONS OF GEOGRAPHY OPTIONAL



PHYSICAL SETTING

Present the salient features of West flowing 1. revers of India.

Discuss the rainfall pattern and correlate it 2. with spatial distribution of natural vegetation in India.

Why is the Indian Monsoon erratic in nature? 3. Explain.

Distinguish the geographical aspects of North-4. Western lava plateau and peninsular India.

Explain the unusual intensity of dust storms 5. and thunder storms across India in the pre-monsoon period of year 2018

Drainage pattern in Peninsular India is a result 6. of its geological structure and topography. Elaborate.

Justify the inclusion of Meghalaya in 7. Peninsular India and discuss its vegetation and soil types.

Give a reasoned account of unusual pattern of 8. distribution of monsoonal rainfall in India in 2017.

Describe the distribution of black soils in India 9. and their specific use for agriculture.

Discuss the role of spatial pattern of rainfall 10. and temperature in the delimitation of climatic regions of India especially with reference to stamp’s climatic regionalization.

Mention the space relationship of India with 11. neighbouring countries.

Explain the shifting of river courses and river 12. capturing in the Himalayas.

How does natural vegetation affect the 13. formation of in situ soils?

Explain the pattern of winter rainfall in India. 14.

Describe the salient climatological 15. characteristics of Rayalaseema region

Bring out the distribution of Laterite soils in 16. India and their specific use for agriculture.

How is drainage pattern determined by the 17. water divide?

Discuss the mechanism of Indian Monsoon.18.

Explain the topographical and structural 19. characteristics of the Siwalik Range.

Discuss the role of spatial pattern of rainfall 20. and temperature in the delimitation of climatic regions of India, especially with reference to stamp’s climatic regionalization.

Explain the structural characteristics of the 21. Deccan plateau.

Present a comparative analysis of the regimes’ 22. of Himalayan and Peninsular rivers of India and examine their implications in the irrigation system of the country.

Discuss the spatial distribution of Natural 23. vegetation in India with the help of a sketched map.

Explain Himalayan Orogeny and illustrate 24. how the process has affected the geomorphic characteristics of Macro divisions of Himalayas.

Distinguish between the West and East coasts 25. of India in terms of their evolution, present topography and drainage pattern.

Give reasons as to why rainfall variability is a 26. characteristic feature of India’s monsoons.

Discuss the formation and their distribution of 27. the major soil types of India.

Distinguish between the Himalayan and the 28. peninsular drainage systems.

Explain the different views put forth about the 29. origin of Himalayas and divide Himalayas into vertical divisions.

Give a critical account of the recent theories 30. of origin of Indian monsoon with special reference to Jet Stream Theory.

Discuss the role of spatial pattern of rainfall 31. and temperature in the delimitation of climatic regions of India, especially with reference to Stamp’s climatic regionalization.

Highlight the salient differences between 32. the Himalayan and the peninsular drainage systems.

Explain the origin, mechanism and 33. characteristics of Summer Monsoon in India.

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Explain the sequence of vegetation zones of 34. the Himalayas.

Give a brief account of the second-order 35. regions of India’s peninsular plateau.

Discuss the relief features of Indian northern 36. plains.

Describe the structure and relief features of 37. peninsular India.

Elucidate the mechanism of the Indian 38. monsoon.

Explain the rise of the Himalayan ranges.39.

Evaluate the feasibility of the proposed Ganga 40. -Cauveri drainage link.

Discuss the origin and main geomorphic 41. features of Thar Desert of India.

Draw a sketch-map in your answer book to 42. delineate the main climatic regions of India and discuss the important climatic characteristics of each region.

Discuss the distribution and characteristics of 43. the evergreen forest in India.

Examine the origin and characteristics of the 44. antecedent drainage system of the Himalayas.

Draw a sketch-map in your answer book to 45. delineate the main physiographic regions of India and provide a reasoned account of the relief and structure of the Himalayan region

Examine the origin and characteristics of the 46. soils of the North Indian Plain.

Explain the factors responsible for uneven 47. distribution of rainfall in India.

Discuss the recent theories put forward to 48. explain the origin and mechanism of the Indian Monsoon.

Explain the drainage characteristics of 49. Peninsular India.

‘India presents an example of unity in diversity.’ 50. Elucidate this statement in the context of India’s physical and human aspects.

Explain the geographical factors responsible 51. for the growth of mangrove vegetation in. India and discuss its role in coastal ecology.

Discuss the major characteristics of the 52. Indian monsoon with special emphasis on the causative factors.

Explain the characteristics and productivity of 53. the ‘Regur’ black soils of India.

Elucidate the character of the Himalayan Rivers 54. and examine their role in the Indian plains.

Explain some of the important theories o the 55. origin of the South-West monsoon m India. Evaluate the impact of 1 s characteristics with occurrence of floods and droughts in different parts of our country.

Give an outline of die geological history of the 56. Peninsular India and in its terms. Explain the salient features of the relief of the areas.

Explain the causes of soil erosion occurring 57. over extensive areas in certain parts of India. What measures would you suggest for solving tins problem?

Explain the salient features of the structure, 58. relief and drainage of the Himalayas.

Evaluate the Koppen’s scheme of climatic 59. regionalisation of India.

Give the geographical cases of unity and 60. diversity in India

Analyse the mechanism of Indian Monsoon. 61. How are the spatial temporal variations and vicissitudes in precipitation related to this mechanism?

Give the salient features of the Aravallis with 62. respect to geologic structure, relief and impact on human settlements.

The drainage systems of the two regions: 63. Peninsular and extra - Peninsular India are very different in their character. What are these difference and why?

RESOURCES

Discuss the problems of wildlife conservation 1. and management in India.

Examine the major causes of ground water 2. depletion in India.



Illustrate with suitable examples the endeavours 3. undertaken in augmenting conservation of water and vegetation in India.

Keeping the recent developments in view, how 4. can the energy crisis of in be circumvented by harnessing no conventional energy resources?

Why has solar energy in India developed to 5. desired level in spit high potential?

Discuss the freshwater crisis in India and 6. prepare a blueprint for its sustainable management.

Give an account of the development of 7. renewable resources of India.

Identify the important biotic resource regions 8. of India and highlight their problems.

Outline the Government of India’s strategies 9. of conservation of the Western Ghats.

Account for the geographical distribution of 10. groundwater resources of India. How serious is its depletion in recent decades?

Highlight the socio-economic and ecological 11. roles of River Cauvery in its riverine tract.

Delineate the coalfields of India and mention 12. their distinctive features.

Delineate the mineral belts of India and 13. mention their distinctive features.

Write about Karewa Deposits and their 14. economic significance.

Give an account of potentially and prospects 15. of development of’ marine resources of India.

Identify the major biosphere reserves of India 16. and discuss their role in the conservation of forest and wildlife.

Write about the Offshore oilfields and coastal 17. ecology

Assess as to how surface water utilisation 18. affects food production and food security in the country.

Discuss the emerging pattern of surface water 19. utilisation in India.

Suggest appropriate energy policy for 20. minimising energy crisis in India.

Discuss the need of conservation and utility of 21. water resources in India.

“Non-conventional energy is the energy of the 22. future in India.” Justify this statement.

Identify the important biotic-resource regions 23. of India. Highlight, in brief the problems and remedial measures of biotic-resource conservation in India.

Give an account of the success and prospects of 24. Blue Revolution with comments on its impacts on rural economy of India.

Examine the National Forest Policy of India.25.

Examine the need for conservation of biotic 26. resources in India.

Examine the pattern of distribution and mode 27. of exploitation of bauxite in India.

Bring out the present-day position of 28. exploitation and processing of nuclear minerals in India.

Examine the resources of Andaman and 29. Nicobar Islands.

Critically examine the metalliferous mineral 30. resources of India with particular reference to their present and future demands.

Examine the fossil fuel resources of India with 31. particular reference to the present and future demands for energy.

Examine the forest resources of India and 32. explain the principles of conservation !55ch could be applied to improve the forest wealth of India.

Critically examine the marine resources india 33. and discuss the problems encountered in their development.

Explain the distribution of the major mineral 34. resources of the Deccan plateau 1 ..-ether with the extent of their exploitation.

Assess the fossil fuel reserves of India in terms 35. of current and future demands for energy. Examine the present and future and prospects of the their utilization.

Discuss the spatial variation in the 36. developmental levels of canal irrigation in India in relation to the physical setting.

Attempt a spatial analysis of the development 37. of minerals based industries in relation to mineral resource potentialities and their exploitation in different states of India.

IAS 202138


Analyse the spatial patterns of the utilization 38. of groundwater for tube-well irrigation in different parts of India.

Assess the fish resources of India and examine 39. the present and future prospects of their exploitation.

Discuss the utilization and conservation of 40. coal of India resources.

Describe the programmes for management 41. and development of forests in India under the National Forest Policy. Mention briefly the roles of other institutions in the development of forestry in the country.

Discuss briefly the utilization distribution and 42. production of manganese in India.

AGRICULTURE

Discuss the use of chemical fertilizers, 1. pesticides and insecticides in agriulture and its impact on human health.

Correlate the agro-climate zones with agro-2. ecological regions of India.

Explain the significance of dry farming in 3. drought prone areas of India.

Examine the ongoing process of agricultural 4. diversification and it implications for food security in India.

Explain the contemporary agriculture scenario 5. in the context of rapid urbanization in India.

Land reform is a key to modern agriculture in 6. India. Describe various measures taken in this direction after independence.

“India has paid heavily for achievement of 7. Green Revolution in the form of economic, social and ecological cost.” Discuss,

Define agricultural intensity and bring out its 8. regional distribution in India.

Discuss the scope of replication of ‘White 9. Revolution’ in India.

With the help of a map, indicate the principal 10. areas of dryland farming in die country and account for farmers’ suicides mainly in those areas.

Distinguish between ‘agricultural productivity’ 11. and ‘agricultural efficiency’, and bring out the disparity in regional distribution of agricultural efficiency.

Explain how modernization of Indian agriculture 12. is affected by unfavorable institutional factors with suitable examples.

‘In spite of various negative impacts of Green 13. Revolution, there is a demand for New Green Revolution.’ Elaborate.

Why has agro and social forestry has failed to 14. achieve its objectives?

Define agricultural productivity. Mention the 15. methods of its measurement and bring out the disparities in its regional distribution.

Discuss the role of institutional factors in 16. shaping the pattern of Indian agriculture.

Discuss the potentiality and present status 17. of horticulture in the Western and Central Himalaya.

Explain the method of delineating crop- 18. association regions with reference to India.

Divide India into agricultural regions and 19. critically examine the role of ecological and human factors responsible for transformation of agricultural economy in any one region.

Write about Agro - forestry in India. 20.

Write about Impact of land tenure on 21. agricultural productivity in India.

Write about Prospects of Rainbow Revolution 22. in India.

Discuss the potentiality and status of aqua - 23. culture in the Ganga Plain.

Discuss the bases of identifying agro-climatic 24. zones and explain the core-strategies for agricultural development.

“The institutional factors have grip over the 25. crop pattern and crop productivity on Indian agriculture.” Justify.

Discuss the problems and prospects of dry zone 26. agriculture in India and highlight strategies and schemes for its development

Present an account of the success and 27. constraints of White Revolution in India.



Critically evaluate the dual impacts of green 28. revolution in India.

Examine the geographical basis of agro- 29. climatic planning regions of India.

Critically examine the role of infrastructural 30. and institutional factors in the recent transformation of Indian agriculture.

Write an essay on the role of animal husbandry 31. and household industries in the development of rural economy in India.

Discuss the cropping patterns in different 32. agricultural regions of India.

Discuss the role of institutional factors in the 33. efficiency and productivity of agriculture in India.

Divide Peninsular India into agricultural regions. 34. Explain the basis of such a regionalisation.

Discuss the impact of green revolution on the 35. agricultural production in India.

Examine the significance of social forestry in 36. the rural economy of India.

Discuss the importance of irrigation in Indian 37. Agriculture and describe the methods of irrigation practised in either the Ganga valley or the Karnataka- Maharashtra region.

Discuss the role of infrastructural, scientific 38. and technological developments in the recent transformation of Indian agriculture.

Differentiate and agricultural productivity 39. efficient methods used in the and dis agricultural efficiency.

Explain the role of institutional factors in the 40. development in agriculture in India.

What is meant by green revolution? Explain its 41. successes and failures.

Explain the distribution and characteristics of 42. dry zone agriculture.

Discuss the role of social forestry in any one 43. region of India.

Discuss the role of animal husbandry in 44. the agricultural economy of India with the agricultural economy of India with special reference to any one region.

What is meant by ‘ Operation Flood’? The 45. manner of its implementation success in India.

Analyse critically whether the existing cropping 46. in different parts of India would need any change for better agriculture performance in future.

What is the significance of land capability 47. classification in land use planning? Explain the method of long capability adopted by the All India land use and soil survey organisation.

Formulate a suitable agricultural land-use 48. policy that will achieve the twin goals of optimum agricultural efficiency and crop productivity.

Analyse the relationship between cropping 49. intensity and agricultural productivity and throw light on the measures of increasing the cropping intensity in India.

Outline the impact of land reform measures 50. on agricultural development in India.

Give an account of the infrastructural 51. factors necessary for promoting agricultural development in the dry zones of India with specific examples.

Describe the problems of production and 52. distribution of food crops in India from the regional point of view.

INDUSTRY

Explain the relevance of green tourism 1. for sustainable development of mountain environment in India.

Assess the importance of foot-loose industries 2. in the development of backward regions in India.

Critically analyse the role of multinational 3. corporations in India’s economic development with suitable examples.

Startups may play important role in giving 4. fillip to economic growth in India. Illustrate with examples.

Give a critical account of region specific 5. constraints of sustainable tourism in India.

IAS 202140


Assess the suitability of Special Economic 6. Zones (SEZs) for the sustainable economic development in India.

Name the major industrial regions of India 7. indicating the bases of their identification. Highlight their basic problems.

Mini steel plants can act as an instrument of 8. decentralization of iron and steel industry in India. Explain.

How may tourism in hilly areas of India 9. be developed as an important source of economy?

Analyze the location, distributional pattern 10. and problems of cotton textile industries in India.

“The Bokaro Iron and Steel Plant is an example 11. of Industrial Complex”. Explain.

Explain the New Industrial Policies in India.12.

Why is the traditional crafts industry in India 13. on the decline?

Why does the pharmaceutical industry 14. concentrate largely in the western region of the country?

What are the desired possible changes in our 15. trade policy to promote the development of cottage industry?

Describe the problems of agro-based industries 16. in India in general and cotton textiles in particular.

Location of thermal power plants and coal 17. fields in India are not mutually conducive. Analyse.

Explain how eco- tourism activities could be 18. important livelihood options in the Himalayan and North-Eastern regions of the country.

Discuss the problems in realization of benefits 19. of globalization and liberalization in industrial sector of India.

Distributional pattern of industries in India 20. does not provide requisite basis for division of the country into distinct industrial regions. Elaborate

Explain the role of multinationals in 21. globalization of industries in India.

Identify the main industrial clusters of India 22. and account for their development.

Identify the spatial pattern of agro - industrial 23. regions of India. Analyse the potentiality of Malwa as an important agro-industrial region of the future.

Describe the development of textile industry 24. in India.

Assess the scope and development of 25. Pharmaceutical Industry in India.

Examine the problems and prospects of agro - 26. based industries in Bihar.

Explain the factors responsible for the 27. distribution of Sugar industry in India.

Examine the role of raw materials in the 28. location of the Iron and Steel Industry in India. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples.

Explain the factors promoting the rapid growth 29. and development of the automobile industry in India, giving suitable examples.

Bring out the impact of multinationals and 30. liberalisation on the Industrial Economy/Pattern of India.

Trace the evolution of industries in India 31. & evaluate the role of multinationals & liberalisation policies in this context.

Analyse the role of policy of liberalization on 32. industrial landscape of India.

Describe the growth, characteristics and 33. distribution pattern of India’s industrial regions.

Discuss the growth, location and distribution 34. of Iron and Steel Industry in India.

Discuss the factors for the localisation of 35. either the cement or the cotton textile industry in India and analyse the pattern of its distribution.

Bring out the trends in the development of 36. fertilizer industry in India.

Examine the importance of industrial estates 37. in India.

Critically examine the locational pattern and 38. trend of production of forest based industries in India.



Analyse the locational pattern of cement 39. industry in India.

Analyse the factors for the localization of either 40. the cotton textile or the sugar industry in India and note the recent trends in the industry.

Examine critically the factors for the 41. localization of iron and steel industry in India with special reference to the newer centres of steel production.

Write short note: Recent changes India’s basic 42. industrial policy.

Draw a sketch-map to delineate the major 43. industrial complexes of India and discuss their important characteristics.

Identification of industrially backward areas 44. and problems in their development.

Identify the important periods of 45. industrialization in India and analyse the character of its two most developed industrial regions.

Growth of agro - based industries in Uttar 46. Pradesh and Bihar.

Write short note on Types of rural industries 47. and their basis in the Rajasthan- Gujarat region.

Write short note on Location and growth of 48. Fertilizer Industry in India.

Trace the evolution of Industrial Policy in 49. India and bring on its impact on industrial development of the country.

Write short note on Agro-based Industries of 50. India.

What is an industrial complex? Describe the 51. growth, problems and prospects of any major industrial complex in India.

Discuss the location, present situation and 52. future prospects of the jute industry in India.

Write short note on Aluminium industry in 53. India.

TRANSPORT COMMUNICATION & TRADE

With special reference to India examine 1. the changes in the nature and patterns of international trade. Mention the major influencing factors.

Examine the development of information 2. technology in India and its influence on work culture and society.

Examine ongoing space programmers of India 3. and their implications for national security in future.

Discuss the changing composition of 4. international trade through major seaports of India.

Explain the pipeline network across India and 5. its impact on regional development.

Account for the persisting negative trade 6. balance of India.

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2 IAS 2021 · 2020. 11. 25. · 2 IAS 2021 GEOGRAPHY TEST SERIES 2021 PROGRAMME dEtAils It’s...

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Transcript of 2 IAS 2021 · 2020. 11. 25. · 2 IAS 2021 GEOGRAPHY TEST SERIES 2021 PROGRAMME dEtAils It’s...