2 Ghana Empire Su2014
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Transcript of 2 Ghana Empire Su2014
Empire of Ghana
Ghana
Ghana?
Ghana (Arabic) = Wagadu (Soninke)??Leaders: ghana (Arabic) or manga, magha, or kayamaga (Soninke)Sources
Al-Bakri ~1067Timbuktu chroniclesOral histories collected in the late 19th century
Other Kingdoms and Trade
Dhar Tichitt Region
• Lakes• Rainwater collected at
the foot of cliffs• Rainwater or rising
water table between dunes
• Stream fed
Growth of
settlement 2000 – 400 BCE
Features
• Domesticated bulrush millet• No evidence of irrigation
Trade Routes & metal resources 11th and 12th C. CE
‘Fil à double tête”
Garenne-Marot, Laurence. "‘Fils à double tête’and Copper-based Ingots: Copper Money-objects at the Time of the Sahelian Empires of Ancient Ghana and Mali." Money in Africa 171 (2009): 11.
Transport of copper
Working with imported brass and local copper
Tegdaoust (Aoudaghost) Mosque
Settlements
• Compounds – Narrow streets and open
plazas with a dry-stone wall– Connected with shared walls
• Dwelling units– Single hearth: one or
many storage areas – Two to nine: extended or
polygamous family?
Silent Trade
Koumbi Saleh Mosque
Tumuli
• Stone in Sahara 4000 BCE-500 CE• Earthen in dry Savanna late 1st-early 2nd
millennium• Rock cut in wooded savannah 1st millennium
El-Oulaledji, early 11th C.
Killi, bird figurine
Stone circles, Senegal
Senegal, Tienke Boussoura
Gold and gold coins
West African Gold Coins
• Described as ‘bald’– Blank or simple design
• Single Tadmekka merchant annually sent across the Sahara 16 bags containing 500 dinars each (8000 in total, c. 34kg of gold)
Essouk - Tadmekka
Tadmekka Ruins
Coin mould found at Tadmekka
Moulds with gold
Trade Objects (750-950)glass beads, North African ceramics, glass, silk, cowry, agate, copper