2. Fire Fighting Equipments_systems

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Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Fire fighting equipments

and systems


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Fire extinguishers


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Different Kinds of Extinguishers

Four most common fire extinguishers:

Water type

Dry Powder type Foam type

Carbon Dioxide


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How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

Its easy to remember how to use a fireextinguisher if you remember the acronym PASS:

Pull

Aim

Squeeze

Sweep


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Pull the pin

This will allow you todischarge the extinguisher



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Aim at the base of the fire

Hit the fuel.If you aim at the flames...

the extinguishing agent will fly right through and do no good.




Squeeze the top handle

This depresses a button that

releases the pressurized

extinguishing agent.




Sweep from side to side

.. until the fire is completely out.

Start using the extinguisher froma safe distance away, then slowly

move forward.

Once the fire is out, keep an eyeon the area in case it re-ignites.




To fight a fire take up a position, where access a fire

is unrestricted, but quick and safe retreat is possible

A crouching posture minimize the effect of smokeand heat

Fire should not left smouldering

Fire brigade called at the earliest & alarm raised

If the fire shows sign of going out of control, it isbest not to use extinguisher




Selection of extinguishers

Ease in handling

Method of operation

Operating angle of jet

Effective range

Shape of jet

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Water type extinguisherstypes

soda acid type: Aluminum sulphate+Sodium bicarbonate Co2

Gas pressure: Gas cartridge filled with Co2

Constant air pressure: Dry air as propellant



Types of Fire Extinguishers

Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to

fight different classes of fire.

The 3 most common types of fire extinguishers are:

1. Water (APW)

2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

3. Dry Chemical (ABC, BC, DC)

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1.Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers

Large silver fire extinguishersthat stand about 2 feet talland weigh about 25 pounds

when full.

APW stands for Air-Pressurized Water.

Filled with ordinary tap waterand pressurized air, they areessentially large squirt guns.

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APWs extinguish fireby taking away theheat element of theFire Triangle.



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APWs are designed for Class A firesonly: Wood, paper, cloth.

Using water on a flammable liquid fire could causethe fire to spread.

Using water on an electrical fire increases the riskof electrocution. If you have no choice but to usean APW on an electrical fire, make sure theelectrical equipment is un-plugged / de-energized.





Water for Fire extinguishment


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Water type extinguishers

Water as cooling agent

Use on CLASS A fires

W t


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Water

Merits Easy availability

Lowest in cost

Good extinguishing capabilities

Environmentally friendly

Limitations

Need large volumes

Lots of wastage

Collateral damage


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Water mist technology

Helps convert the limitations of water into an

ADVANTAGE

HOWEVER

Its CRITICAL that the water droplets are of the rightsize (100-150microns)

There is a constant flow of droplets of this size

The droplets are propelled at a high velocity into the

seat of the fire while operating at a low workingpressure


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The importance of droplets size

Small size droplets ( < 50 )

Optimal size droplets ( ~ 100 150 )

Large size droplets ( > 200 )

lets examine.



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Small size droplets (< 50 )

Small size droplets cannotpenetrate the flame and areineffective



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Large size droplets (> 200 )

Large size droplets mainly flyover the flame leaving a puddlebehind (90% wastage)



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W i h l


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Optimal size droplets (~ 100 to 150 )

This forms a steam blanket thatsuffocates the flame andprevents the oxygen from

coming in


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Importance of the optimal size droplets (~ 100 to 150 )

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 50 100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Droplet size

Effectiven

ess



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Carbon Dioxide


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Carbon Dioxide

CO2 is non combustiblegas, reduces O2 content

of gasCo2 is 1.5 times heavierthan air, directed withHard, plastic nozzle

Best for sophisticated

apparatusUse on CLASS B andCLASS C fires

2.Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers



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CO2 cylinders are red.

They range in size from 5 lbs to 100 lbs or larger.

On larger sizes, the horn will be at the end of a long, flexiblehose.

The pressure in a CO2

extinguisher is so great,bits of dry ice may shootout of the horn!



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CO2 fire extinguishers will frequently be found inlaboratories, mechanical rooms, kitchens and

flammable liquid storage areas.

In accordance with regulations (and manufacturersrecommendations), all CO2 extinguishers undergohydrostatic testing and recharge every 5 years.

CO2 fire extinguishers aredesigned for Class B and C firesonly! (Flammable Liquids and ElectricalSources)





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A CO2 may be ineffective inextinguishing a Class A fire becauseit may not be able to displaceenough oxygen to successfully putthe fire out.

Class A materials may also smolderand re-ignite.





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Construction

CO2 filled in the cylinder asliquied under pressure

Cylinder filled with charge toabout 2/3 weight

Fitted with discharge flexiblehose and operating valve




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3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers

The powder also works to interrupt the chemicalreaction of fire. These extinguishers are veryeffective at putting out fire.

Dry chemicalextinguishers putout fire by coatingthe fuel with athin layer of dust.This separates thefuel from theoxygen in the air.



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Dry chemical type


Gas cartridge filled with CO2



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ABC fire extinguishers are filled with a fine yellow powder.

The greatest portion of this powder is composed ofmonoammonium phosphate. It could be of Borex, potesium

sulphate as dry powder also.

The extinguishers are pressurized with inert gas like nitrogenor CO2.

ABC extinguishers are red.On campus, they range insize from 5 to 20 lbs.




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You may see them labeled:

DC (for Dry Chemical)ABC (can be used on Class A, B, or C fires)BC (designed for use on Class B and C fires)

Dry chemical extinguishers

come in a variety of types




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An ABC extinguisher will have a labellike this, indicating it may be used onClass A, B and C fires.

It is extremely important to identify which types ofdry chemical extinguishers are located in your area!

You dont want to mistakenly use a BC extinguisher on a ClassAfire thinking that it was an ABC extinguisher.



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Foam as smothering medium

For class-B fires

Aluminium sulphate + sodium bicorbanate FOAM

4. Foam type Fire Extinguishers



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Precaution for using Fire Extinguishers


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Precaution for using Fire Extinguishers

Proper training

Upkeep/maintenance

To keep required type of extinguishers as per riskto be protected.


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Fire Hydrant System


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Fire Hydrant System

Automatic sprinkler system


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Automatic sprinkler systemUsed to tackle a fire in its early stagesDetects fire

Extinguish fireTransmit an alarmContains a device which, at a predeterminedrise in temp, causes the sprinkler to open

Water to be discharged in form of spray

Glass Bulb Type Sprinkler Head


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Glass Bulb Type Sprinkler Head


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Fire Detection & Annunciation System


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Fire Detection & Annunciation System

Detection System Ionization smoke detectors Optical smoke detectors Electro-pneumatic (rate of rise & fixed temperature heat)

type detectors

Thermocouple detectors for conveyors

Annunciation system Manual fire alarm call centre Local area hooters Audio-visual control panels Addressable analog panels


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Heat Detectors


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Point detector type

Line detector break link cable type

Sensing elements of metal strips, rods, wires or

coils are used which expand when heated

Fusible alloys or thermocouples can also be used


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Hose reel and hose cabinet


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Hose reel and hose cabinet


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Panel for automatic detection system


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Panel for automatic detection system


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Hydrant on a riser


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Hydrant on a riser

Use of Robot


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Use of Robot

Range of Robot in Use in Japan

Unmanned monitor nozzle vehicle

Remote control fire vehicle

Reconnaissance robot (for search)

The fire robot


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Fire robo


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Designed By Sh.P.K.Rao,

Dy. Director (Technical), U.P.Fire Service


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Other system and equipments


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2. Fire Fighting Equipments_systems

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