2 February, 2007 Life Science: Organisms. 2 February, 2007 Genomics “The genetic blueprints of all...
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Transcript of 2 February, 2007 Life Science: Organisms. 2 February, 2007 Genomics “The genetic blueprints of all...
2 February, 2007
Life Science: Organisms
2 February, 2007
Genomics
“The genetic blueprints of all people generally have the same information, with approximately 99% of one human genome sequence being identical to all others. That makes the 1% of places in the genetic code that account for human variation very interesting…”
Momentum Winter 2006-2007, DNA Rubic “Some geneticists have calculated the differences in human and
chimpanzee DNA as just over 1%, some at 1.6%, and others at 1.8%.”
Momentum Winter 2006-2007, What we learn from Chimpanzees
2 February, 2007
Genomics
Organism Genome size Number of genes
Human 3.2 Gb 25,000
Rat 2.7 Gb 25,000
Mouse 2.5 Gb 24,000
Dog 2.4 Gb 19,300
Puffer fish 390 Mb 25,000
Fruit fly 165 Mb 13,600
Arabidopsis (plant) 120 Mb 25,500
C elegans 97 Mb 19,000
Slime mold 34 Mb 12,500
Yeast 12 Mb 6,300
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_eukaryotic_genomeshttp://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml
2 February, 2007
Biological Systems
http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html
2 February, 2007
Cell types
The human embryonic stem cells cultured have been observed to randomly differentiate in culture into a variety of different cell types, including (A) gut, (B) neural cells, (C) bone marrow cells, (D) cartilage, (E) muscle and (F) kidney cells.
www.news.wisc.edu/packages/
stemcells/3327.html
2 February, 2007
A Cell
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html
2 February, 2007
They are all the same cells – They all have the same genetic material,The only difference is what is turned on and
what is silent.
2 February, 2007
Central Dogma http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/protein_synthesis.html
2 February, 2007
DNA
2 February, 2007
DNA
2 February, 2007
RNA
2 February, 2007
Central Dogma http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/protein_synthesis.html
2 February, 2007
Translation RNA to Protein
2 February, 2007
Proteins
2 February, 2007
Gene to Protein
2 February, 2007
Sites of Regulation
2 February, 2007
Sites of Regulation
DNAChromosome packing
Methylation
Transcription factor binding sites
ProteinPost-translational modification
Structural modifications, cleavage
Protein-protein interactions
Co-factors
RNACapping, Poly adenylation
Editing, splicing
Transport from nucleus
Promotors, Ribosome binding
MetabolitesCo-factor and substrate concentration
Transport
2 February, 2007
How do we measure it?
presence, concentration, activation state, etc. of specific biological molecules.
How do we measure the variations?
2 February, 2007
DNA
Sequencing Genomic library Genome sequencing PCR SNPs Linkage analysis
2 February, 2007
Life Science
http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/06_00/sequence_primer.shtml
2 February, 2007
Life Science
http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/06_00/sequence_primer.shtml
2 February, 2007 http://mekentosj.com/4peaks/science.html
2 February, 2007
Genomic Library
2 February, 2007
2 February, 2007
Genome sequencing and Display
http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/06_00/sequence_primer.shtml
BAC-to-BAC method
whole genome shotgun sequencing
UCSC Genome Browser http://genome.ucsc.edu/
2 February, 2007
2 February, 2007
Life Science
2 February, 2007
Microarray
Probe hybridization
to DNA on chips
Probes bind to unique features on chips
Flourescent labels highlight bound probeshttp://www.affymetrix.com
2 February, 2007
RNAi : RNA silencing
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/gene/how_siRNA_works.htm
2 February, 2007
Life Science
2 February, 2007
Proteomics: Mass Spectrometry
http://www.proteomesoftware.com/Proteome_software_ed_mass_spec.html
2 February, 2007
Proteomics: Mass Spectrometry
http://www.academysavant.com/cmsp.htm
2 February, 2007
Yeast 2 hybrid
used to measure
protein-protein
interactions.
2 February, 2007
Life Science
Flow of information
2 February, 2007
Life Science
Flow of information
2 February, 2007
NCBI Derivative Sequence Data (Maureen J. Donlin, St. Louis University)
ATTGACTA
TTGACA
CGTGAAT
TGACTA
TATAGCCG
ACGTG
C
ACGTGC
ACGTGC
TTGACA
TTGACA
TTGACA
CGTGA
CGTGA
CGTGA
ATTGACTA
ATTGACTA ATTGACTA
ATTGACTA
TATAGCCG
TATAGCCG
TATAGCCG
TATAGCCG
GenBank
TATAGCCG TATAGCCGTATAGCCGTATAGCCG
ATGA
CATT
GAGA
ATT
ATTCC GAGA
ATTCC
GA
GA
ATTC GAGA
ATTC
GAGA
ATTCC GAGA
ATTCC
UniGene
RefSeq
GenomeAssembly
Labs
Curators
Algorithms
TATAGCCGAGCTCCGATACCGATGACAA