In questions we usually put the subject after the first verb: subject + verb verb + subject

I Tom you

the house

will have was

wi ll Tom? have you? was the house?

Remember that the subject comes after the first verb:

0 Will Tom be here tomorrow? C Have you been working hard? C When was the house built?

\.....) Is Katherine working today? (not Is working Katherine)

In present simple questions, we use do/does:

I you live do you Live? L the film starts does the film start?

In past simple questions, we use did:

L you

the train sold did stopped did

you sell? the train stop?

C Do you Live near here? What time does the film start?

C Did you sell your car? 0 Why did the train stop?

But do not use do/does/did if who/what etc. is the subject of the sentence. Compare:

who object who subject

somebody phoned Emma. Emma phoned somebody - object subject --1

Who did Emma phone? Who phoned Emma?

In these examples, who/what etc. is the subject: u Who wants someth ing to eat? (not Who does want)

What happened to you last night? (not What did happen) How many people came to the meeting? (not did come)

(1 Which bus goes to the centre? (not does go)

Note the position of prepositions in questions beginning Who/What/Which/Where ... ?: u Who do you want to speak to? :J What was the weather Like yesterday? 0 Which job has Tina applied for? 0 Where are you from?

You can use preposition+ whom in formal style: 0 To whom do you wish to speak?

Isn't it ... ? I Didn't you ... ? etc. (negative questions)

We use negative questions especia lly to show surprise: l) Didn't you hear the doorbell? I rang it three times.

or when we expect the listener to agree with us: u I Haven't we met before?' 1Yes, I think we have.'

Note the meaning of yes and no in answers to negative questions: , 7 { Yes. (= Yes, I want to go) 0 Don t you want to go. N ( N 1 d , ) o. = o, on t want to go

Note the word order in negative questions beginning Why .. . ?: Why don't we eat out tonight? (not Why we don't eat)

U Why wasn't Emma at work yesterday? (not Why Emma wasn't)

Questions 2 -+ Unit 50 Question tags (do you ? isn't it? etc. ) -+ Unit 52

Exercises Ask Joe questions. (Look at his answers before you write the questions.)

1 (where I live?) clo 2 (born there?) ............................................. ......... . 3 (married?) ............... .................... ............. ........................ ... .. 4 (how long I married?) ......... ...................... ....... .............. ..

5 (children?) ...... ................................. ....................... ....... ... .. .

6 (how old I they?) ................. ......... .. ..................... ..... .. 7 (what I do?) ................................................................ . 8 (what I wife I do?) ........... ..... .. ..... . .... .

Make questions with who or what.

1 Somebody hit me. 2 I hit somebody.

In Manchester. No, I was born in London. Yes. 17 years.

Yes, two boys.

12 and 15. I'm a journalist. She's a doctor.

joe

M:19. .... . . ..... ... ....... . ...... . .. . . ....... .. "' .M:19. .... c44. .... ..... .. .... ........................ .......... ........... ..

3 Somebody paid the bill. Who ......................................... ...... ..... .................... ....... .... .. .............. .. 4 Something happened. What ... 5 Diane sa id something. 6 This book belongs to somebody. 7 Somebody lives in that house. 8 I fell over something. 9 Someth ing fell off the shelf.

10 This word means someth ing. 11 I borrowed the money from somebody. 12 I'm worried about something.

Put the words in brackets in the correct order. All the sentences are questions. 1 (when I was I built I this house) ..... ... .... .. .................. ........................ ... .............................. . 2 (how I cheese I is I made) ............ ..... ..... ...... ....... .. .............. .. .. .......... .. ...... ........................................................ ........ .. 3 (when I invented I the computer I was) .... . ................... . .. .... .. ......... ......... . ... ... . . ....... .. .................. ....... .. 4 (why I Sue I working I isn't I today) ... .... ... ................... ......... .................................. .. ....... ............... ....... . . ......... ....... .. 5 (what time I coming I your friends I are) .. ... ................. ..... .. ............ ........................ ..................................... . 6 (why I was I cancelled I the trip) .. ......... ....... ...................................... .......... .. ................................................ ...................... .. ............... ........... . 7 (where I your mother I was I born) . ............................... ... .... ... ..... . .. .................. .................... ........................... .. 8 (why I you I to the party I didn't I come) .. . ......... .. .. ......... . .. .. . . .............. .... . . . ........ ... ....... ........ .. .................. .. 9 (how I the accident I did I happen) ......... ... .. ... ......... .. .. . .. . .. . ............. .. . . ............... ................................ ..

10 (why I this machine I doesn't I work) ....................... ...... .. .. ...... ... ............................................................................................................ .

•• ., Write negative questions from the words in brackets. In each situation you are surprised. 1 A: We won't see Lisa this evening.

s: Why not? (s he I not I come I out with us?) ....... I.?.Y.I)c.sne: .. ... .............................. .. 2 A: I hope we don't meet Luke tonight.

8 : Why? (you I not I like I him?) ............... .. . ................................. ............ .......... ... .. . .... . . ................................... .. 3 A: Don't go and see that film .

8 : Why not? (it I not I good?) ..... ............. .... . .... .. ........... .... .... . ..... . .... .................... .................... .. .......... .. . . .................. . 4 A: I'll have to borrow some money.

8: Why? (you I not I have I any?) ....

99

Do you know where ... ? I I don't know why ... I Could you tell me what ... ? etc.

We say: Where has Tom gone?

X but Do you know where Tom has gone? (not Do you know where has Tom gone?)

When the question (Where has Tom gone?) is part of a longer sentence (Do you know ... ? I I don't know ... I Can you tell me .. . ? etc.), the word order changes. We say:

n What time is it? but Do you know what time it is? ( Who are those people? I don't know who those people are. " Where can I find Louise? Can you tell me where I can find Louise?

How much will it cost? Do you have any idea how much it will cost?

Be careful with do/does/did questions. We say:

C1 What time does the film start? but Do you know what time the film starts? (not does the film start)

'- What do you mean? "--" Why did she Leave early?

Please explain what you mean. I wonder why she Left early.

Use if or whether where there is no other question word (what, why etc.):

C Did anybody see you? but Do you know if anybody saw you? or .. . whether anybody saw you?

He asked me where .. . (reported questions)

The same changes in word order happen in reported questions. Compare:

0 direct The police officer said to us 'Where are you going ?' I

reported The police officer asked us where we were going

C direct Clare said 'What time do the banks close ?'

reported Clare wanted to know what time the banks closed .

In reported speech the verb usually changes to the past (were, closed etc.) . See Unit 47.

Study these examples. You had an interview for a job and these were some of the questions the interviewer asked you:

What do you do in your spare time?

How long have you been working in you r present j ob?

Why did you apply for the job?

Do you have a driving licence?

Later you tell a friend what the interviewer asked you. You use reported speech: ' She asked if (or whether) I was willing to travel. C She wanted to know what I did in my spare time. C She asked how long I had been working in my present job. 0 She asked why I had applied for the job. (or ... why I applied) 0 She wanted to know if (or whether) I could speak any other languages. C She asked if (or whether) I had a driving licence.

__ ed __ sp_e_e_ch __ __ u_n_it_s _4_7-_4_s ____________________________________________________ )

Exercises Which is right? Tick correct alternative. 1 a Do you know what time the film starts? ../

b Do you know what time does the film start? c Do you know what time starts the film?

2 a Why Amy does get up so early every day? b Why Amy gets up so early every day? c Why does Amy get up so early every day?

3 a I want to know what this word means. b I want to know what does this word mean. c I want to know what means this word.

4 a I can't remember where did I park the car. b I can't remember where I parked the car. c I can't remember where I did park the car.

Put the words in the correct order.

5 a Why you didn't phone me yesterday? b Why didn't you phone me yesterday? c Why you not phoned me yesterday?

6 a Do you know where does Helen work? b Do you know where Helen does work? c Do you know where Helen works?

7 a How much it costs to park here? b How much does it cost to park here? c How much it does cost to park here?

8 a Tell me what you want. b Tell me what you do want. c Tell me what do you want.

1 (don't I Tom I where I know I gone I has) I ...... k.n9¥.V .... T.l!.tr .... .... ...... .. ............. ............. . 2 (is I to the airport I far I it) How .... 4Pn.\ .. ... ... .. .... ? 3 (wonder I is I how I old I Tom) I .... 49r\'.c k.D9.N .... T9..D: .... hQ-..?. .. .. ............................. . 4 (Lisa I on holiday I going I is) When .. .... ... Tom ... ?

5 (tell I the post office I you I me I is I where) Could .. .. ....... ...... ....... ... ....... .. .... .................... .................... .. ......................................................................... .. ...... ..... ..... ........................................... ?

6 (in the accident I injured I anyone I don't I whether I know I was) I ... ....... ............ .. ... ............... ....... ...... .... .. .. ............. ............... .. ............................ ..... ..... ......... .......................................................... .

7 (what I tomorrow I know I time I will I arrive I you I you) Do ..... .. ............................................................................... . ? ············· ·· .

You have been away for a while and have just come back to your home town. You meet Tony, a friend of yours. He asks you a lot of questions: 1 5 6

2 7

3 How long have you been back? 8 Do you have any plans to go away again? Tony

4 What are you doing now? 9 Can you help me find a job?

Now you tell another friend what Tony asked you. Use reported speech. 1 ..... .... me _hqw . ..!. ... . . ............... ...... ... ......... ......... ...... ........... . .................. . .... .. 2 He asked me ........ ........ .. 3 He ............. .. . 4 .... .. ..................... .. ...................... ... ... ........................................................................................................................................ ... ............. ......... .. .. .. 5 6 ............................................................. ....... ...... ................................ . 7 ... .................................... .. ......................................... ...... .................................... ................................................................ .. ....... .. .................. .. 8 9 .............. ....... ................... .. .. .... .. ............ ........................ ................ ...................................... .. ............................ .................. ................... ......... ....... .. ..

exercise 25 (page 316) 101

In each of these sentences there is an auxiliary verb and a main verb:

I have lost I my keys. She can't come to the party.

The hotel was built ten years ago. Where do you 1 Live?

In these examples have/can't/was/do are auxiliary (=helping) verbs.

You can use an auxiliary verb when you don't want to repeat something: 0 'Have you locked the door?' 'Yes, I have.' (=I have locked the door) = Gary wasn't working, but Laura was. (= Laura was working) 0 jessica could lend me the money, but she won't. (=she won't lend me the money)

Use do/does/did for the present and past simple: 0 'Do you like onions?' 'Yes, I do.' (=I like onions) 0 'Does Simon live in London?' 'He did, but he doesn't any more.'

You can use auxiliary verbs to deny what somebody says(= say it is not true): 0 'You're sitting in my place.' 'No, I'm not.' (=I'm not sitting in your place) 0 'You didn't lock the door before you left.' 'Yes, I did.' (=I locked the door)

We use have you? I isn't she? I do they? etc. to show interest in what somebody has said, or to show surprise:

'I've just seen Stephen.' 'Oh, have you? How is he?' 0 'Lisa isn't very well today.' 'Oh, isn't she? What's wrong with her?' 0 'lt rained every day during our holiday.' 'Did it? What a shame!' 0 'James and Tanya are getting married.' 'Are they? Really?'

We use auxiliary verbs with so and neither: 0 'I'm tired.' 'So am 1.' (=I'm tired too) 0 'I never read newspapers.' 'Neither do 1.' (= I never read newspapers either) 0 Sarah hasn't got a car and neither has Mark.

Note the word order after so and neither (verb before subject): C I passed the exam and so did Paul. (not so Paul did)

Instead of neither, you can use nor. You can also use not ... either: 2 'I don't know.' 'Neither do 1.' or 'Nor do 1.' or 'I don't either.'

I think so I I hope so etc.

After some verbs we use so when we don't want to repeat something: 0 'Are those people Korean?' 'I think so.' (= I think they are Korean) 0 'Will you be at home this evening?' 'I expect so. (= I expect I'll beat home ... ) 0 'Do you think Kate has been invited to the party?' 'I suppose so.'

In the same way we say: I hope so, I guess so and I'm afraid so.

The usual negative forms are: I think so I I expect so ___, I hope so I I'm afraid so I I guess so ___, I suppose so ___,

I don't think so I I don't expect so I hope not I I'm afraid not I I guess not I don't suppose so or I suppose not

0 'I s that woman American?' (; 'Do you think it will rain ?'

'I think so. I I don't think so.' 'I hope so. I I hope not.' (not I don't hope so)

__ A_P_P_e_nd_i_x_7 ____________________________________________________ )

Exercises Complete each sentence with an auxiliary verb (do/was/could etc.). Sometimes the verb must be negative (don't/wasn't etc.). 1 I wasn't tired, but my friends .... .. . 2 I like hot weather, but Ann ............ .. 3 'Is Andy here?' 'He ........................ .. .. ........... five minutes ago, but I think he's gone home now. ' 4 Liz said she might ca ll me later this evening, but I don't think she .... . .. .................. . 5 'Are you and Chris coming to the party?' 'I ........ , but Chris ............. . 6 I don't know whether to apply for the job or not. Do you think I ........ .................... ........ ?

7 'Please don't tell anybody what I said.' 'Don't worry. I ...... . .... . ....... ..... .' 8 'You never listen to me. ' 'Yes, I ........ .............. ... !' 9 I thought it was going to rain, but it .. .... .................... .......... .

10 'Please help me.' 'I'm sorry. I ...... . ....... ....... if I ................... , but I ......

- You never agree with Sue. Answer in the way shown.

4 5 6

Sue

' """' I m hungry. I'm not tired. I like football.

I didn't enjoy the film. I've never been to Australia.

I thought the exam was easy. '

-------------------------.. ___ ... Y\Qt ........... . . .. HQ.V.3 ..... ! CA!.0. · .... ...... .

You

- You are talking to Tin a. If you're in the same position as Tin a, reply with So .. . or Neither .. . , as in the first example. Otherwise, ask questions as in the second example.

1 2 3 4 5 Tin a 6 7

I'm tired. I work hard.

I watched television last night. I won't be at home tomorrow.

I like reading. I read a lot. I'd like to live somewhere else.

I can't go out tonight.

So OJ'n I . ····· .. ·-···· ··· . . .......... .

. PP .. Y9tA ... 4.9 .. .M..?

In these conversations, you are B. Read the information in brackets and then answer with I think so, I hope not etc. 1 (You don't like rain.)

You

A : Is it going to rain? B: (hope) ..... l .. _hppe _Y\Qt .... .......... ............ ... .. ................... ....... . .. ............... ................ .. 2 (You need more money quickly.)

A: Do you think you'll get a pay rise soon? B: (hope) ........................... ... .................... ......... ............... ... ....................... . 3 (You think Katherine will probably get the job that she applied for.)

A: Do you think Katherine will get the job? B: (expect) ....................................................................................................... .. 4 (You're not sure whether Amy is married - probably not.)

A: Is Amy married? B: (think) .... .......... ....... ..... ...... . ....... ............... . ..... ... .. .......... ..................... . 5 {You are the receptionist at a hotel. The hotel is full.)

A: Have you got a room for tonight? B: {afra id) .. ................... ...... .. ............. ................... ...... . . . .... .. .. ............. . 6 (You're at a party. You have to leave early.)

A: Do you have to leave already? B: {afraid) ............ .. .. ............................. ................................................................. .. .. 7 (Ann normally works every day, Monday to Friday. Tomorrow is Wednesday.)

A: Is Ann working tomorrow? B: (suppose) ............ .. ............ .. .. .... . ................................. ..................... . ....... ............ .. 8 (You are going to a party. You can't stand John.) .. ............. ........ ..... .. ... ................................................................... ............ .

A: Do you think John will be at the party? B: (hope) .............................................. ............................. ....................... .... . 9 (You're not sure what time the concert is - probably 7.3 0.)

A: Is the concert at 7.30? B: (think) ....... ....... ...................... .................................. ............................................... .. ... .................... .

103

Study these examples:

You haven't seen it was a good film, wasn't it?

Have you? and wasn't it? are question tags(= mini-questions that we often put on the end of a sentence in spoken English) . In question tags, we use an auxi liary verb (have/was/will etc.). We use do/does/did for the present and past simple (see Unit 51) :

'Karen plays the piano, doesn't she?' 'Well, yes, but not very well.' ':J 'You didn't lock the door, did you? ' 'No, I forgot.'

Normally we use a negative question tag after a positive sentence:

... and a positive question tag after a negative sentence:

positive sentence+ Kate will be here soon,

There was a lot of traffic, joe should pass the exam,

negative tag won't she? wasn't there? shouldn't he?

negative sentence+ Kate won't be late, They don't like us,

You haven't eaten yet, have you?

positive tag will she? J do they?

--------------------Notice the meaning of yes and no in answer to a negative sentence:

, . 7 { Yes. (=Yes, I am going out) U You re not gomg out today, are you. N ( N 1

• ) o. = o, am not gomg out

The meaning of a question tag depends on how you say it. If your voice goes down, you are not really asking a question; you are only inviting the listener to agree with you:

0 'lt's a nice day, isn\t it?' 'Yes, beautiful.' 0 'Paul doesn 't look well today, 'No, he looks very tired. ' 0 'Lisa's very funny. She's got a great sense of humour, hasn she?' 'Yes, she has.'

But if the voice goes up, it is a real question: 'You haven't seen Lisa today, have you?' 'No, I haven't.' (= Have you by chance seen Lisa today?)

You can use a negative sentence+ positive tag to ask for things or information, or to ask somebody to do something. The voice goes up at the end of the tag in sentences like these:

0 'You haven't got a pen, have ypu?' 'Yes, here you are.' CJ 'You couldn't do me a favour, could oo?' 'lt depends what it is.' 0 'You don't know where Karen is, do 9u?' 'Sorry, I have no idea. '

After Let's ... , the question tag is shall we: Let's go for a walk, shall e? (the voice goes up)

After Don't ... , the question t ag is will you: 0 Don't be late, wi 'You? (the voice goes down)

After I'm ... , the negative question tag is aren't I (=am I not): 0 I'm right, aren't I?' 'Yes, you are.'

Auxiliary verbs (have/do/can Unit 51

Exercises Put a question tag on the end of these sentences .

1 Kate won't be late, 2 You're tired, 3 You travel a lot, 4 You weren't listening, 5 Sarah doesn't know Ann, 6 jack's on holiday, 7 Kate's been to China before, 8 You can speak German, 9 They won't mind if I take a photo,

10 There are a lot of people here, 11 Let's go out tonight, 12 This isn't very interesting, 13 I'm too impatient, 14 You wouldn't tell anyone, 15 Ann has lived here a long time, 16 I shouldn't have lost my temper, 17 He'd never met her before, 18 Don't drop that vase,

.. ... N.il+ .. ... ........ ........ ...... ..... ? .... . .. .. 7

? . .. . .... .. . . . ... - . .. ..

? ....... ··-·····-···- .... ?

0 I "' ' ' '' "'' ' ' ' ' ' " ' ' ' ' oO '''''''''"''' 0

? ........ .... . . ······ .... ··· ··· .............. . ? ·········· ...... .

? ..... .................... . ? ················· . .............. ............................ '

7 ........ ................... .....

? .............. ?

OOHO OOOOO 00 0 .. 000

? ···· ·· ·· ······ ............. ... ...... ........ .... .... . ? .. ............ ...... ....... ... ············· ................ . ? •······· ......... . ? ...................

? ............. ... 0 ..... . ... .. .. ..... .. . ............... .

No, she's never late. Yes, a little. Yes, I love travelling. Yes, I was! No, they've never met. Yes, he's in Australia . Yes, two or three times. Yes, but not fluently. No, of course they won't. Yes, more than I expected. Yes, that would be great. No, not really. Yes, you are sometimes. No, of course not. Yes, 20 years. No, but that 's all right. No, that was the first time. Don't worry. I won't.

Read the situation and write a sentence with a question tag. In each situation you are asking your friend to agree with you. 1 You look out of the window. The sky is blue and the sun is shining. What do you say t o your

friend? (beautiful day) ... ..l.fs .Q..- .... i.t? ........... ..... . ... . 2 You're with a friend outside a restaurant. You're looking at the prices, which are very high.

What do you say? (expensive) lt . ....... .. ..... . ......... ......... ............... .. ........... .. ... .. ... ............. ........................... .... ........ . 3 You and a colleague have just finished a training course. You really enjoyed it. What do you

say to your colleague? (great) The course .... ....... . ................. . 4 Your friend's hair is much shorter than when you last met. What do you say to her/ him?

(have I your hair I cut) You ....... .... ..... ....... .... ... ... ..... .. ... ..... ... ....... . .......... ....... .... ... .. .................... . .... ................ ................ . 5 You and a friend are listening to a woman singing. You like her voice very much. What do you

say to your friend? (a good voice) She . .......... ... .. . ............... . 6 You are trying on a jacket in a shop. You look in the mirror and you don't like what you see.

What do you say to your friend? (not I look I very good) lt ...... .. ... ....... . ...... .. ... .. .. ..... . . .. . . ..... .............. .... ..... ........... .. . .... ... ............................. ..................... .. ...................... .

7 You and a friend are walking over a small wooden bridge. The bridge is very old and some parts are broken. What do you say? (not I very safe) This bridge ......... ....... ........ .................... ... . .. .. .. ............ .. .. . .......................................................................................................... .......... ......... .

In these situations you are asking for information, asking people to do things etc. 1 You need a pen. Perhaps Jane has got one. Ask her .

..... . .. gQt: ... pen> .. J:iOU ? ................. ... .... ............... ... .. .... .... ... .. .. . ........................ . 2 You have to move a heavy table. You want joe to give you a hand with it. Ask him.

j oe, you . . . .......... .. .. . .... ............. ....................... . 3 You're looking for Sarah. Perhaps Kate knows where she is. Ask her.

Kate, you ....... .. ... ......... .. .. ... ... .. ................. . .................................................................................... . 4 You need a bicycle pump. Perhaps Helen has got one. Ask her.

Helen, ..... ... ................... ... .... . . .................. ..... ........ .. .... ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . ........... . 5 Ann has a car and you need a lift to the station. Perhaps she'll take you. Ask her.

Ann, .. .................. ................. . .......... .................................. ............................................................... . 6 You're looking for your keys. Perhaps Robert has seen them. Ask him.

Robert, ...................... ..... . ........................ .. ............................................................................. ............. .. .. .................................. ........ . 105