BIOSECURITY: THE BEST BIOSECURITY: THE BEST HERD HEALTH HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Prof. RCFloresProf. RCFlores

Biosecurity MeasuresBiosecurity Measures

Biosecurity means keeping your herd safe from the introduction of diseases from the environment and other animals.

• Good biosecurity is not only a matter of using disinfectants. It is more like a complete culture or way of working. It means doing whatever we can at the farm to prevent the entry and spread of infection.

Ten areas of Biosecurity Ten areas of Biosecurity concerns:concerns:

1. Location1. Location--

• animal density in the area, distance from other farm, slaughter houses, sale barns, and roadways with animal traffic. Ideally, a farm must be 1km away from the main road.

2. Perimeter2. Perimeter--

• farm boundary fences or blocked driveways

• warning information signs

• locked doors, and

• clean area next to buildings.

3. Entrance3. Entrance--

• no entry for non-essential people

• no contact with animals outside

• minimum down-time for incoming people

• separate change area, showering requirement, clothing and boots provided

• outside equipment disinfected.

4. Buildings4. Buildings--

• Surroundings

• bird-proof

• rodent and fly control, and

• no stray domesticated animals.

5. Shipping5. Shipping--

• empty and clean vehicles only

• no truck coming from contaminated barn

• truck/trailer washed and disinfected

• special boots and overalls.

6. New Stocks6. New Stocks--• replacements’ health status• health technologies for introduction• number of source farms• introduction frequency• isolation of incoming stocks• isolation unit with separate ventilation and

manure removal systems• length of isolation• diagnostic tests on new animals• no returns after exposure outside.

7. Feed and Water7. Feed and Water--

• safe delivery methods

• chlorinated water of farm well at 15m minimum depth

• water tested at least every year.

8. Dead Stock8. Dead Stock--

• secured disposal.

9. Manure Removal9. Manure Removal--

• secured storage and disposal.

10. Disinfection and 10. Disinfection and Vaccination ProgramVaccination Program

DIFFERENT CAUSES OF DIFFERENT CAUSES OF DISEASESDISEASES

• For humans, the World Health Organization (WHO) defines “health” as the state of optimal well-feeling in relation to the body as well as to the mind.

• As for animals, little is known about their minds; thus, a healthy animal means the tissues and organs are functioning normally in harmony with each other and with its environment.

• Disease results when this harmony is disturbed and the animal is not able to maintain the balance between its body functions and its environment.

• The degree of imbalance determines the severity of the disease. In effect, the causes of a disease can be in the animal itself or in the environment.

Animal as a causeAnimal as a cause

• These are the causes, which we can attribute to the animal itself.

• Primarily, there is something inside or within the animal which is wrong, such that problems or diseases occur.

• a. Inborn Defects decrease the chances of animal survival, or it can make it impossible for them to live at all. – These inborn defects can be heritable

• absence of skin • atresia ani

– or non-heritable• trembling in piglets that are infected of hog cholera

from the sow.

• b. Acquired defects– tail biting, give a higher risk for infection.

• c. Breeds have different characteristics.– The Pietrain is known for its stress-sensitivity– The Duroc is known for its resistance and

strong legs– Generally, crossbreeds have a better

(stronger) constitution than purebreds.

• d. The age of the animal is also one determining factor– very young and very old animals are more

susceptible to certain diseases

e. Constitutione. Constitution

• is the ability of the animal to cope with diseases.

• It also determines the general susceptibility of the animal to diseases.

• Animals with bad constitution need more care.

• Each animal has its own inherent body constitution.

Environment as a causeEnvironment as a cause

• Environmental causes of diseases generally refer to those external to the animal.

• The things outside the animal’s body that may cause harm are called “ environmental” or external factors.

• They are classified as either infectious or non-infectious.

Non-infectious causes:Non-infectious causes:

• The non-infectious causes refer to the different management practices implemented in the farm, which include the following:

1. 1. Feeds and FeedingFeeds and Feeding--

• deficiencies/excesses

• sudden changes in the feed quality and quantity

• overfeeding/underfeeding

• spoiled feeds or toxic components in the feed

2. 2. Drinking WaterDrinking Water--

• contaminated drinking water

• non-availability of fresh/clean drinking water

• Inadequate water intake

3. 3. ManagementManagement--

• faulty management practices– especially in newborn and newly weaned

animals can cause chilling/crushing and/or diarrhea

– Improper handling of animals

4. 4. HousingHousing--

• poor ventilation

• wet/dirty floors

• bad flooring

5. 5. Trauma/stressTrauma/stress--

• like fighting resulting in injuries, predispose the animal to other diseases.

• Stress during castration, transport, transfer or medication lowers the animal’s body resistance, rendering it more susceptible to diseases.

6. 6. Toxic SubstancesToxic Substances--

• improper/incorrect medication

• toxic plants – ipil-ipil- mimosine– Sapinit

• Toxic chemicals (organophosphorus compounds).

Infectious causesInfectious causes

• It refers to the involvement of micro organisms (pathogens) as the main cause of the disease or problem.

• Generally, infectious organisms enter into the animal’s body only if something goes wrong with the non-infectious environment.

1.1.VirusesViruses

• hog cholera (Pesti virus)

• Foot and Mouth Disease(Aphtho virus)

• Pseudorabies (Herpes virus)

• Brucellosis (Brucella abortus)

• TGE (Corona virus)

• Parvo virus

2. 2. BacteriaBacteria

• Colibacillosis (Escherechia coli)

• Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)

• Pasteurellosis (Pasteurella multocida)

• Leptospirosis (Leptospira pomona)

3. 3. YeastYeast

• candidiasis

4. 4. Fungi/MoldsFungi/Molds--

• Aflatoxicosis (Aflatoxin)

5. 5. ProtozoaProtozoa--

• coccidiosis

6. 6. ParasitesParasites--

• Mange/scabies

• round worms

• kidney worms

• Lungworms

• ring worms, etc.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF DISEASESDISEASES

• There are some diseases that are, by nature, more “economically important” than the other diseases because once they infect the animals, they will cause considerable losses to the business such as the following:

1. Increased cost of preventive 1. Increased cost of preventive measuresmeasures

• like vaccinations/immunizations

2. 2. Additional costs of treatmentAdditional costs of treatment

• like drugs, instruments, and labor (time for extra care)

3. Loss of production due to:3. Loss of production due to:

• - increased mortality

• - decreased growth and production

• - deteriorated feed conversion

• - decreased quality of products

• - disturbed production planning >(sub-optimal utilization of the production unit)

4. Problems in marketing 4. Problems in marketing

• - poor liveweight gain

• - risks for contamination

• - export limitations

HOW TO AVOID THE HOW TO AVOID THE MULTIPLICATION OF MULTIPLICATION OF

PATHOGENSPATHOGENS

• 1. Avoid overcrowding

• 2. Remove manure from pens daily. – Water is not always necessary in cleaning.

When water is used, a dry space should be left, and the pen should nor remain wet for a long time.

• 3. Proper drainage should be maintained.

• 4. Isolate sick animals to avoid spread of diseases and to give them a better chance to recover.

• 5. Remove dead animals from the pen and bury them immediately, unless a veterinarian will do a necropsy. – Burning is also applicable. Dead animals

should be buried at a depth of nor less than 1meter (depending on the size of the animal).

• 6. Disinfect empty pen regularly.

• 7. Sterilize medical instruments after every use. They should be stored in clean dry place.

• 8. Group animals according to their age and weight.

• 9. Avoid mixing animals of different ages.

• 10. Vacate/rest pens after thorough cleaning and disinfection.

• 11. Introduce fecal matter to newly purchased stocks to acclimatize them to the normal microflora of animals in the farm.

• 12. Quarantine newly purchased animals. This should be done for at least 2 months.

• 13. Practice all-in/all-out system or the “by-batch” system.

• 14. Practice regular parasite control.

• 15. Implement proper vaccination program.

THANK YOU VERY MUCH!!!THANK YOU VERY MUCH!!!

“LETS US WORK TOGETHER FOR A “LETS US WORK TOGETHER FOR A DISEASE- FREE HERD”DISEASE- FREE HERD”

“ AN OUNCE OF PREVENTION IS BETTER “ AN OUNCE OF PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN A POUND OF CURE”THAN A POUND OF CURE”