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2 QO 3 QA 4 QB 0 OQ OA OB OQ OA OB

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0.2 mol

mol g g

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Cu 63.5 Pb 207

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3

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2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2

1.0 mol/L 10 mL 28

0.0015 mol

mol

mol L 4 3

1.0 mol/L

60 70 ºC 90 100 ºC 130 140 ºC 160 170 ºC

D- C6H12O6 2 1D-

D- D- C6H14O6 7.22 g

Cu2O 4.29 g

D- g 3 2

1 mol 1 mol

D- 9 g 200 g ºC 3

2 1.85 K kg/mol

C OH

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2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2

Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

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AlK(SO4)2 12H2O Al3+ + K+ + 2SO42 + 12H2O

0.2 6.4 9.6 3.6

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2C2H5OH C2H5 O C2H5 + H2O

H2C CH2 + Br2H2C CH2

BrBr

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1 2 2

The human sense of smell is weak. That is well known, and is suspected by many anthropologists of being the result of a trade-

off in the primate brain in favour of visual processing power. In the specific case of people, however, the relative weakness of

[ compared sight smell with ] extends to language, too. Humans have no difficulty putting names to colours but are notoriously

bad at putting names to odours.

That might also be caused by how the brain is wired. But some doubt this. (1) They suggest it is more likely a consequence of the

tendency of languages to contain words useful to (2) their speakers. Since smells matter little to most people, most languages have

few abstract words for (3) them . A study just published in Current Biology, by Asifa Majid at Radboud University in the Netherlands

and Nicole Kruspe at Lund University in Sweden, supports this.

Dr Majid knew from previous work she had done that A

the Jahai, a group of hunter-gatherers who live in western Malaysia, are

remarkably good at naming odours . For example, when she asked some Jahai, and also a comparable group of American volunteers,

to name colours and odours they were presented with, the Americans generally agreed with one another when it came to naming

colours but agreed much less when putting names to odours. When presented with cinnamon, for example, (4) they described it

variously as sweet, spicy, wine, candy, edible and potpourri. When presented with baby powder they offered vanilla, wax, baby oil,

toilet paper, dentist office, hand lotion, rose and bubble gum as descriptions. Jahai answers, in contrast, were in equal agreement

about both odours and colours.

When she published this result, Dr Majid suggested that it might, in part, be because the Jahai have a dozen words dedicated to

describing different sorts of smells in the abstract (the equivalent of colour-words such as red, blue, black and white, of which there

are generally reckoned to be 11 in English). For example, the Jahai use the word “ ” for stinging sorts of smells associated with

petrol, smoke and various insects, and “ ” for bloody, fishy and meaty sorts of smells. According to Dr Majid, only “musty” is able

to act in this way in English without drawing on analogy (banana-like, gooseberry-noted, and even earthy and sweet-smelling, are all

analogies of some sort).

To test how important someone’s way of life is to his or her use of abstract words for smells, Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe looked at

how two other groups of people from the Malay Peninsula used terms for colours and odours. These were the Semaq Beri, who also

hunt and gather for a living, and the Semelai, who cultivate rice. Crucially, B although these two peoples make their livings in different

ways, their languages are closely related and they both live in the rainforest .

Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe asked 20 Semaq Beri and 21 Semelai to name odours and colours presented to them at random. The

colours were on 80 differently hued cards; the odours on 16 variously scented sticks. The sticks were daubed with smells like (to

English-speaking sensibilities) leather, orange, fish, garlic and turpentine.

The two researchers found that the Semaq Beri used abstract terms for odours 86% of the time—about as often as they did for

colours, which was 80%. The Semelai also used abstract colour descriptions at a similar rate, namely 78% of the time. But when it

came to describing odours they relied on abstraction on only 44% of occasions, while resorting to analogies, such as “banana” and

“chocolate”, 56% of the time. Moreover, as with Dr Majid’s earlier study with the Jahai, the Semaq Beri more frequently agreed with

one another about naming odours than did the Semelai.

trade-off primate favour favor colour color odour odor, smell

Jahai hunter-gatherer volunteer

musty analogy hued colored daub

turpentine crucial discriminating nostril

1

’19

Republished by permission of The Economist Group Limited, from How People Name Sensations Dependes on Those Sensations’ Salience, The Economist, Jan 18, 2018; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.

[ ]

A

B

(1) (4)

colours humans languages most people

names odours smells some

Jahai and American volunteers the Americans words

In Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe’s experiment, the participants were presented with colors and smells in a fixed order.

The Semaq Beri and the Jahai are hunter-gatherers, while the Semelai are not.

In Dr Majid’s earlier study, the Jahai and the American volunteers agreed about both odors and colors.

The Jahai language has more abstract terms describing smells than English does.

The human sense of sight is strong relative to that of smell.

Few languages tend to contain useless words.

The Semelai participants described odors with abstract words less frequently than the Semaq Beri ones.

Abstract names for odors are useless in farming.

Human beings are poor at naming colors.

( )

Had you asked me at the time, I ( ) you what had happened.

had told told would have told would tell

Will wants to know ( ) Vicky has finished her homework or not.

how what time when whether

I ( ) help wondering why he has done such a thing.

can can’t could couldn’t

Betty ( ) Jack.

got married was married by was married to was married with

One man’s meat is ( ) man’s poison.

another other the one the other

Don’t ( ) until tomorrow what you can do today.

get off put off set off take off

There are a lot of good books ( ) in the school library.

read reading for read to read

Helen took ( ) in the park.

a walk a walking the walk walk

I’m not a new student, and ( ) George.

either isn’t is neither isn’t either neither is

’19

( )

I asked her to take care ( ) my baby, but she refused.

Are you ( ) or against this plan?

In addition ( ) English, Frank can speak Chinese fluently.

In this square, John F. Kennedy made a speech to the crowd ( ) the President of the United States.

Koichi looks just ( ) his mother.

More than 70 moons revolve ( ) Jupiter.

Brian has gone away. He will be back ( ) a week.

( ) her old age, my grandmother’s voice is still powerful.

My baby boy gives me nothing ( ) pleasure.

after around as beyond but by despite for

in into like of on through to toward

( )

He is believed to have been ill.

It is believed that he ( ) ( ) ill.

Alex chose to pursue her passion with dance.

Alex ( ) a ( ) to pursue her passion with dance.

Although he tried very hard, his grades were below average.

( ) spite of the fact ( ) he tried very hard, his grades were below average.

( )

( all available in is shirt sizes this ) .

( about anything knows no one tall the woman ) .

( are coffee for going in interested out you ) ?

( clean cleaners had his room Taro the ) .

( denies from her money purse taking the suspect ) .

’19

1

’19

(1) (2) (3) (4)

has been made choice In that

smell comapred with sight

This shirt is available in all sizes.

No one knows anything about the tall woman.

Are you interested in going out for coffee.

Taro had the cleaners clean his room.

The suspect denies taking money from her purse.