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![Page 1: 2-2 Properties of Water Objectives: Compare/contrast solution and suspension Explain why buffers are important to homeostasis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c9786d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
2-2 Properties of Water
Objectives:• Compare/contrast
solution and suspension
• Explain why buffers are important to homeostasis
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MixturesSubstances mixed
together but not chemically combined
Components:Solute – dissolved
substanceSolvent – substance
in which the solvent dissolved
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Liquid Mixtures
Solutions Suspensions
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Solutions Evenly distributed
(dissolved) solute Saturated when
max solute dissolved
Suspensions Non-dissolved
particles Small particles may
never settle due to molecular movement
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pH Scale Water dissociates into
hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)
Measures the concentration of H+ ions in solution This measures acidity
More acidic substances form more H+ ions in water
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Buffers Substances that
resist changes in pH
Weak acids or bases Accepts and
releases H+ ions Maintains
homeostasis Body’s pH 6.5-7.5
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2-3 Carbon Compounds
Objectives:• Describe the four
types of macromolecules
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Carbon 4 valence electrons
forms up to 4 bonds Most possible
Covalently bonds to: Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur Other carbon
Forms long chains
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Polymers Long chains of repeating
subunits (monomers) Formed via polymerization Monomers may be identical
or different Called macromolecules
because they are very large 4 biologically important
types: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates C, H, and O atoms in 1:2:1
ratio Main source of energy for
living things Also have structural uses Polysaccharides are polymers
of simple sugars (monosaccharides)
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Complex Carbohydrates3 types1. Starch – energy storage in
plants
2. Cellulose – structure in plants
3. Glycogen – energy
storage in animals
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Lipids Fats, oils, waxes Almost all C and H Nonpolar and insoluble in water Used for energy storage, membrane
structure, waterproofing, and chemical messaging
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats Saturated fats have all single-bonded
carbons in fatty acid tails Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond
in FA tails (monounsaturated) Polyunsaturated= many double bonds
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
Mostly from animals
Solid at room temp.
Linked to heart disease
Reduces HDLs Increase LDLs
Mostly from plants Liquid at room
temp. Healthier Reduces LDLs Increase HDLs
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Nucleic Acids H, C, O, N, P Polymer of nucleotides
Consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group (-PO4), and a nitrogenous base
Store and transmit genetic information Ex: DNA and RNA
Also involved in energy transfer (ATP)
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Proteins N, C, H, O Polymers of amino acids
20 amino acids in nature
Same basic structure Peptide bonds link
amino acids
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Proteins Most diverse macromolecule Many functions
Control reaction rate Regulate cell processes Structure Transport substances Fight disease
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Proteins2-3
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Protein StructureAmino acids form
polypeptide chainsProteins are made from
one or more polypeptide4 levels of structure:
Primary (AA sequence) Secondary (coiling of
chain) Tertiary (3D
arrangement) Quaternary (multiple
polypeptide bonding)
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2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Objectives:• Determine if a
chemical reaction will occur or not
• Explain the role of enzymes in living things
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Chemical Reactions Reactions that release
energy are called exothermic Occur spontaneously
Reactions that absorb energy are called endothermic Need energy input to
occur Activation energy is the
amount of energy needed start a reaction
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Enzymes Biological catalysts - speed up chemical
reactions by lowering the activation energy Millions of times faster
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Enzymes Specific to each reaction Are not consumed in the process
Small amounts of enzymes catalyze large amounts of reactants
Temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules affect the speed of enzymes
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Enzymes2-4