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Financial Statements, Taxes, and Financial Statements, Taxes, and Cash FlowsCash Flows

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Key Concepts and SkillsKey Concepts and Skills

Know the difference between book value Know the difference between book value and market valueand market value

Know the difference between accounting Know the difference between accounting income and cash flowincome and cash flow

Know the difference between average and Know the difference between average and marginal tax ratesmarginal tax rates

Know how to determine a firm’s cash flow Know how to determine a firm’s cash flow from its financial statementsfrom its financial statements

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Chapter OutlineChapter Outline

The Balance SheetThe Balance Sheet The Income StatementThe Income Statement TaxesTaxes Cash FlowCash Flow

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Balance SheetBalance Sheet

The balance sheet is a snapshot of the firm’s The balance sheet is a snapshot of the firm’s assets and liabilities at a given point in timeassets and liabilities at a given point in time

Assets are listed in order of decreasing liquidityAssets are listed in order of decreasing liquidity Ease of conversion to cashEase of conversion to cash Without significant loss of valueWithout significant loss of value

Balance Sheet IdentityBalance Sheet Identity Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ EquityAssets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity

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The Balance Sheet - Figure 2.1The Balance Sheet - Figure 2.1

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Net Working Capital and Net Working Capital and LiquidityLiquidity

Net Working CapitalNet Working Capital Current Assets – Current LiabilitiesCurrent Assets – Current Liabilities Positive when the cash that will be received over the next 12 months Positive when the cash that will be received over the next 12 months

exceeds the cash that will be paid outexceeds the cash that will be paid out Usually positive in a healthy firmUsually positive in a healthy firm

LiquidityLiquidity Ability to convert to cash quickly without a significant loss in valueAbility to convert to cash quickly without a significant loss in value Liquid firms are less likely to experience financial distressLiquid firms are less likely to experience financial distress But liquid assets earn a lower returnBut liquid assets earn a lower return Trade-off to find balance between liquid and illiquid assetsTrade-off to find balance between liquid and illiquid assets

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US Corporation Balance Sheet – US Corporation Balance Sheet – Table 2.1Table 2.1

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Market Vs. Book ValueMarket Vs. Book Value

The balance sheet provides the book value of The balance sheet provides the book value of the assets, liabilities, and equity.the assets, liabilities, and equity.

Market value is the price at which the assets, Market value is the price at which the assets, liabilities ,or equity can actually be bought or liabilities ,or equity can actually be bought or sold.sold.

Market value and book value are often very Market value and book value are often very different. Why?different. Why?

Which is more important to the decision-making Which is more important to the decision-making process?process?

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Example 2.2 Klingon Example 2.2 Klingon CorporationCorporation

KLINGON CORPORATIONKLINGON CORPORATION

Balance SheetsBalance Sheets

Market Value versus Book ValueMarket Value versus Book Value

BookBook MarketMarket BookBook MarketMarket

AssetsAssets Liabilities and Shareholders’ Liabilities and Shareholders’ EquityEquity

NWCNWC $ 400$ 400 $ 500$ 500 LTDLTD $ 500$ 500 $ 500$ 500

NFANFA 700700 1,1001,100 SESE 600600 1,1001,100

1,1001,100 1,6001,600 1,1001,100 1,6001,600

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Income StatementIncome Statement

The income statement is more like a video of the The income statement is more like a video of the firm’s operations for a specified period of time.firm’s operations for a specified period of time.

You generally report revenues first and then You generally report revenues first and then deduct any expenses for the perioddeduct any expenses for the period

Matching principle – GAAP says to show Matching principle – GAAP says to show revenue when it accrues and match the revenue when it accrues and match the expenses required to generate the revenueexpenses required to generate the revenue

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US Corporation Income Statement US Corporation Income Statement – Table 2.2– Table 2.2

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TaxesTaxes

The one thing we can rely on with taxes is that The one thing we can rely on with taxes is that they are always changingthey are always changing

Marginal vs. average tax ratesMarginal vs. average tax rates Marginal tax rate – the percentage paid on the next Marginal tax rate – the percentage paid on the next

dollar earneddollar earned Average tax rate – the tax bill / taxable incomeAverage tax rate – the tax bill / taxable income

Other taxesOther taxes

US Corporate Tax TableUS Corporate Tax Table

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Example: Marginal Vs. Average Example: Marginal Vs. Average RatesRates

Suppose your firm earns $4 million in taxable Suppose your firm earns $4 million in taxable income.income. What is the firm’s tax liability?What is the firm’s tax liability? What is the average tax rate?What is the average tax rate? What is the marginal tax rate?What is the marginal tax rate?

If you are considering a project that will If you are considering a project that will increase the firm’s taxable income by $1 increase the firm’s taxable income by $1 million, what tax rate should you use in your million, what tax rate should you use in your analysis?analysis?

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The Concept of Cash FlowThe Concept of Cash Flow

Cash flow is one of the most important pieces of Cash flow is one of the most important pieces of information that a financial manager can derive information that a financial manager can derive from financial statementsfrom financial statements

The statement of cash flows does not provide us The statement of cash flows does not provide us with the same information that we are looking at with the same information that we are looking at herehere

We will look at how cash is generated from We will look at how cash is generated from utilizing assets and how it is paid to those that utilizing assets and how it is paid to those that finance the purchase of the assetsfinance the purchase of the assets

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Cash Flow From AssetsCash Flow From Assets

Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA) = Cash Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA) = Cash Flow to Creditors + Cash Flow to Flow to Creditors + Cash Flow to StockholdersStockholders

Cash Flow From Assets = Operating Cash Cash Flow From Assets = Operating Cash Flow – Net Capital Spending – Changes in Flow – Net Capital Spending – Changes in NWCNWC

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Example: US Corporation – Part IExample: US Corporation – Part I

OCF (OCF (I/SI/S) = EBIT + depreciation – taxes = $547) = EBIT + depreciation – taxes = $547 NCS ( B/S and I/S) = ending net fixed assets – NCS ( B/S and I/S) = ending net fixed assets –

beginning net fixed assets + depreciation = $130beginning net fixed assets + depreciation = $130 Changes in NWC (B/S) = ending NWC – Changes in NWC (B/S) = ending NWC –

beginning NWC = $330beginning NWC = $330 CFFA = 547 – 130 – 330 = $87CFFA = 547 – 130 – 330 = $87

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Example: US Corporation – Part IIExample: US Corporation – Part II

CF to Creditors (B/S and I/S) = interest paid CF to Creditors (B/S and I/S) = interest paid – net new borrowing = $24– net new borrowing = $24

CF to Stockholders (B/S and I/S) = dividends CF to Stockholders (B/S and I/S) = dividends paid – net new equity raised = $63paid – net new equity raised = $63

CFFA = 24 + 63 = $87CFFA = 24 + 63 = $87

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Cash Flow Summary Table 2.5Cash Flow Summary Table 2.5

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Quick QuizQuick Quiz What is the difference between book value and What is the difference between book value and

market value? Which should we use for decision-market value? Which should we use for decision-making purposes?making purposes?

What is the difference between accounting income What is the difference between accounting income and cash flow? Which do we need to use when and cash flow? Which do we need to use when making decisions?making decisions?

What is the difference between average and marginal What is the difference between average and marginal tax rates? Which should we use when making tax rates? Which should we use when making financial decisions?financial decisions?

How do we determine a firm’s cash flows? What are How do we determine a firm’s cash flows? What are the equations and where do we find the information?the equations and where do we find the information?

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End of ChapterEnd of Chapter