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(ihe Universities Federation for Animal Welfare)

284 REGENT’S PARK ROAD,FINCHLEY, LONDON, N3

I MARCH, I952

SELECT LIST OF UFAW PUBLICATIONSThe UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals

(London: Balliere, Tindall and Cox, 315. 6d. First published 1947,reprinted 1949). Chapters on : Law and practice (the rights of laboratoryanimals) ; The animal laboratory ; Pests of the animal house ; Housing, .feeding, anaesthesia, euthanasia, handling and hygiene of the rabbit,guinea-pig, rat, mouse, vole, hamster, ferret, hedgehog, pigeon, canary,amphibia, and fish; Bibliography for other species; Elements ofstatistical analysis.

Annual Reports (gratis).

Pamphlets and leaflets on trapping and pest-control. Instructions for Dealingwith Rabbits ; Humane DestruCtion of Rats and Mice ; Canada’s Beavers;The Countryside of Britain (photographs of trapped animals) ; BlindSpots; Living on the Farmer’s Charity; Lord Elton’s and Lord Merthyr’sSpeeches in the House of Lords on the Spring Traps Bill.

Other pamphlets and leaflets. Expanding Justice; Expanding Mercy ; TheInfluence of Religion on Man’s Attitude towards Animals ; The Sense ofPain in Animals ; Animal Welfare and the Teaching of Biology, 6d. ; ASurvey on Importation of Irish Cattle into Scotland, 3d.; Transit ofAnimals between Scottish Islands and Mainland, 6d. ; Ugh ! (Learning toLive with animals) ; Kind Killing (Vinter, Emergency euthanasia forsmall animals), 6d. ; How to Befriend Laboratory Animals (Hume), 3d. ;National Book League Book List, No. 57, Animal Welfare; ElectricStunning of Pigs (Croft).‘

The UFAW Courier, twice yearly, price 3d; gratis to members.

Papers for children. Lecturettes with pin-up pictures (10in. X 7&in.);A Few Bird Friends of Ours; Frogs and Toads; British Snakes andLizards ; Pigs and Dairy Cows ; Tame Rabbits) ; Animals of the Country-side; The Sheep; The Dog; The Cat. Cost price, let. each. “Good,Kind, Lion,” text and coloured illustrations by Fougasse (leaflet, gratis.)

Coloured strip posters by Fougasse, cost price 4d. each. 1, “When you finda bird’s nest, don’t touch, don’t stay long, don’t go often.” 2, “It’s allright, humans don’t feel.” 3, “Don’t let anybody knock the stock about.How would you like it yourself 2’”

Economy labels by Fougasse. “Utopia——private,” coloured, 50 for 23. 6d.

Gnmmed strip by Fougasse. Two-colour coils lin. wide, 250 it. long, 43. 0d.

Christmas Cards, 6 for 3s. 6d.

Postcards, 12 for 1s.

‘A‘$54“:V‘i‘fi‘!“.«‘,-.~.-;_.Eur»,*-.-..,_,

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OFFICERS 0F UFAW

President :*Prof. EDWARD HINDLE, M.A., Sc.D., PH.D., F.R.S.,

Trustees :The Rt. Hon. LORD MACMILLAN 0F ABERFELDY,

P.C., G.C.V.O.. M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.E.The Rt. Hon. THE EARL 0F MOUNT EDGCUMBE, M.I.C.E.

Group-Captain The Hon. L. J. E. TWISLETON-VVYKEHAM-FIENNES, A.R.I.B.A.C01. The Rt. Hon. LORD WIGRAM, P.C., G.C.B., G.C.V.O.

Chairman and Honorary Artist:*KENNE'IH BIRD, C.B.E., B.SC., F.I<.C., F.S.I.A.

(FOUGASSE)

Hon. Treasurer:_*ROD. M. PEA'r, M.A., F.C.A.

Hon. Parliamentary Secretary:*T. G. FIELD-FISHER, M.A.

Hon. Adviser on Publicity:*Lt.-Col. GRAHAM CHERRY, M.A.

Hon. Overseas Secretary :*CECIL SCHWARTZ

Director :Major C. W. HUME, M.C., B.Sc.

Technical Secretary:F. jEAN VINTER, MD.

Editor of the UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals:Prof. A. N. WORDEN, M.A., B.SC., M.R.C.V.S., F.R.I.C.

Business Secretary :JOSEPHINE M. COZENS

Branch Organizer:MARGARET P. VVILLIAMS, B.SC.(ECON.)

Chief Clerk:CONSTANCE E. JEWELL

Accountant:GLADYS M. ATTKINS

A uditors : -CHAS. W. ROOKE, LANE & Co., Chartered Accountants

Bankers :BARCLAYS BANK LTD., 375 Regent’s Park Road, Finchley, London, N.3

* Member of Executive Committee

Vice-Presidents :Dr.N..S BARRON, B.Sc., PH.D., M.R.C.V.S. Veterinary Investigation Officer,

Univers1ty of Reading.Prof. Sir FREDERIC C. BARTLETT, C.B.E., M.A., F.R.S. (President of the Cambridge

Branch), Director of the Psychological Laboratory, Cambridge.Prof. H. BERRY, B..,SC DIP. BACT.LOND., F.R.I.C., PH.C., Dean of the School

of Pharmacy, University of London.Prof. J. B BUXTON, M.A., F.R.C.V.S., D.V.H.,Principal of the Royal Veterinary

College, London.Prof. G. D. HALE CARPENTER, M.B.E., D.M., Oxford University.Prof. Sir A. M. CARR-SAUNDERS, M.A., Director of the London School of Economics.Prof. F. A. E. CREW, T.D., M.D., F.R.S.E., F.R.S., University of Edinburgh.Prof. Sir T. DALLING, M.A., M.R.C.V.S., F.R.S.E., Chief Veterinary Officer,

Ministry of Agriculture.The RT. HON. LORD ELTON, M.A., Queen’s College Oxford.

' Prof. J. W. EMSLIE, B.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., University of Glasgow Veterinary School.Prof. A. A. FORSYTH, M.R.C.V.S., D.V.S.M.Sir RICHARD GREGORY, BART” D.Sc., LL. D., F. R.S, formerly Editor of Nature.Sir W. R. HALLIDAY, M..,A B.,L.IT LL..D, University of London, Principal of

King’5 College.JULIAN HUXLEY, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S. (formerly Director-General Of U.N.E.S.C.O.).Prof. Sir JOHN GRAHAM KERR, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., J.P.Prof. R. D LAURIE, M..,A University of Wales.Lt.-Col. A. A. MACFARIANE-GRIEVE, M.C. T.D. M.A (President of the Durham

Branch), Master of University College, Durham.Prof. P. B. MEDAWAR, M.A_., DSc. F.L.S., F.R.S., University College, London.Prof. W. M. MITCHELL, M.C., T.D., M.B., CH.B., B.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., Principal,

University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies.GILBERT MURRAY, 0.M., D.C.L. (President of the Oxford Branch).

”Prof. C. W OTTAWAY, PH.D. F..RC.V.S., University of Bristol.Prof. J. RITCHIE, M.A., D.S‘c., University of Edinburgh.Prof. ALEX ROBERTSON, M.A., B.Sc., PH.D., M.R.C.V.S., F.R.SE. (President of

University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Branch).Prof. Sir E. J. SALISBURY, K.B.E., D.SC., F.R.S., Director, Royal Botanical

Gardens, Kew. ‘A. THOMSON, M.R...SCV ,University of Glasgow Veterinary School.Prof. G. TURQUET, D.LIT., M.A., Bedford College, London.

*Prof. E. H. WARMINGTON, M..A, FHRHist.Soc. (President of ULAWS), BirkbeckCollege, London.

The Rev. Prof. F. S. VVATERHOUSE, D..,D D..,LIT M.A., Principal of RichmondCollege, London.

W. I. WEIPERs, M. R.C.V. S. D.V.SM., Director of Veterinarv Studies, Universityof Glasgow, Presiaent of UGAWS (University Of Glasgow Animal Welfare,Society).

Prof. G. H. \VOOLDRIDGE, F.R.C.V.S., Royal Veterinary College, London.1W. R. WOOLDRIDGE, PH.D., M.SC., M.R.C.V.S. (Chairman of the Council and

Scientific Director of the Animal Health Trust).Prof. J. G. WRIGHT, M.V.SC., F.R.C.V.S. (President of the Liverpool Branch),

School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool.91V

Overseas Representatives :Hon. Secretary for France : DR. PIERRE BLIN

Chef des 'Iravaux d’Anatomie, Ecole Nationale V’étérinaire, Alfort

Hon. Secretary for Germany : DR. Med. Vet. WILMA VON DIJRING

Hon. Secretary for Holland: DR. Med. Vet. E. J. VOfiTE

Hon. Correspondent for Switzerland : DR. WALTER TIEGEL

Board of Governors:THE HONORARY OFFICERS

together with*B. E. ASTBURY, O.B.E.JUDITH AUSTIN, B.Sc.

JOHN R. BAKER, M.A., D.PHIL D.Sc.G. C. L. BERTRAM, M.A., PH.D.

*MARY HOLDEN BIRDRUTH C. BISHEE, M.Sc., F.L.S.

P. A. BROMHEAD, M.A.*E. P. CARTER, O.B.E., B.A.

B. A. CROSS, B.A., B.Sc., M.R.C.V.S.Prof. J. W. EMSLIE, B.Sc., M.R.C.V.S.

RICHARD S. R. FITTER, B.Sc.MARGARET E. FOX, B.Sc.*HELLE GEORGIADIS, M.Sc.

MARY GUILOR*Ivv HALDEN, B.A., DIP. in ED.Prof. H. G. HANBURY, D.C.L.

*H. R. HEWER, M.Sc., A.R.C.S., D.I.C.*ROSALIND M. T. HILL, M.A., B.LITT., F.R.HIST.SOC.

P. HOLBROOKA. H. B. KIRKMAN, F.R.C.S.E., L.R.C.P., F.L.S.

*G. C. KNIGHT, F.R.C.V.S.P. MCCREADY

‘ MARY MILLS, B.SC.*C. T. MURPHY, M.R.C.V.S.

G. PARR, M.l.E.E.*MARGARET PATTISON, MA.BRENDA RITCHIE, B.A.

KATHLEEN RAMSBOTTOW, B.Sc.‘ *frJ. K. M. SPALDINO, B.M., B.CH., M.R.C.P.; J. G. SPEED, M.R.C.V.S.

> , "T-H. V. THOMPSON, B.Sc.W. D. WILLIAMSS. J. P. WOODS

*Member of Executive CommitteeTMember Of Scientific Sub-Committee

Offices :Headquarters: 284 Regent’s Park Road, Finchley, LOndon, N.3. (Finchley 1079).

Branch Organizer: 7- Red Lion Square, London, W.C.1. (HOlborn 2762).

J V

BRANCHES OF UFAW IN THE UNIVERSITIES OF

Cambridge :President :

PROF. SIR FREDERIC C. BARTLETT, C.B.E., M.A., F.R.S.,Director Of the Cambridge Psychological Laboratory.

Durham :' President :

LT.-COL. A. A. MACFARLANE-GRIEVE, M.C., T.D., M.A.,Master of University College, Durham.

Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies :President:

PROF. ALEX. ROBERTSON,M.A., B.Sc., PH.D., M.R.C.V.S., F.R.S.E.

Glasgow:(UGAWS, the University of Glasgow Animal Welfare Society)

President:W. L. WEIPERS, M...RCV.S., D....,VSM

Director of Veterinary Studies, University Of Glasgow.

Liverpool: 'President:

PROF. J. G. WRIGHT, M..VSc., F.R.C.V.S.

London:(ULAWS, the University of London Animal Welfare Society)

President:PROF. E. H. VVARMINGTON, MA., F.R.HistSoc.

Oxford:_ President :PROF. GILBERT MURRAY, O.M., D.C.L.

Reading:President:

N. S. BARRON, B.Sc., PH..,D M.....,RCVSVeterinary Investigation Oflicer, Universityof Reading.

VETERINARY SECTION OF UFAWPresident:

PROF. C. W. OTTAWAY, PH.D., F.R..C..VS(University of Bristol)

. President-Elect.C. T. MURPHY, M.R.C.V.S.

Student Chairman :J. G. WATSON (University of GlangW)Secretary .

MARGARET P. WILLIAMS, B.Sc~.(Econ.)Vi

THE AIM AND METHODS OF" UFAW

The Aim of UFAW is to promote humane behaviour towards

wild and domestic animals in Britain and abroad so as to reduce

the sum total of pain and fear inflicted on animals by man;

This aim will be pursued by

enlisting for that purpose the energies of members of univer-

sities and professional men and women ;

. obtaining and disseminating relevant knowledge ;

helping teachers to provide humane education ;_

co—operating with Government Departments, Parliament, the

Churches, the learned societies and other bodies in action

favourable to humane behaviour ;

pursuing any other charitable activities conducive to the end

in View and appropriate to the character of a university

organization.

EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS

Rule 3 of the Constitution

The Federation shall not engage on either side

in public controversies relating to the legitimacy of

making scientific experiments on animals. It shall,

however, seek the aid of biological research workers

and others in fostering in laboratories, in Britain,

and abroad, consideration for the physical and

mental comfort of experimental animals, avoidance

of procedures which involve serious suffering, and

the development of techniques calculated to reduce

discomfort to a minimum.

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The Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

1. HISTORY.

ULAWS (the University of London Animal Welfare Society) wasfounded in 1926 by the present Director with a membership of two,and soon attracted the collaboration of the present Chairman,Fougasse, and the support of the veterinary profession; which hasbeen a dominant factor in the development of the organization. In1933, after a broadcast appeal for funds, an office was rented onthe premises of the University of London Union, and Miss MarjorieChallen, ex Bedford College, became part-time secretary. By. 1938there were branches in ten colleges of the University of London, andin that year membership was extended to universities other thanLondon, the title was changed from ULAWS to UFAW, and theoffice was transferred to Gordon House, which is reserved foreducational organizatlons.

. . . founded in 1926 . . .

The past Presidents of ULAWS and UFAW have been SirErnest Barker, Sir Frederick Hobday and Sir Peter ChalmersMitchell, F.R.S.

A bomb destroyed the office in Gordon House in 1940, but workwas Carried on throughout the bombing of London. Miss Challen,who was greatly esteemed, died in 1941, but the remains of UFAWwere rescued by Dr. Vinter, who re-established an office at thepresent address: Since the‘end of the war UFAW’s activities have ‘

' expanded very rapidly.

. . . throughout the bombing . . .2. ORGANIZATION, MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTIONS.

Policy is determined by a Board of Governors elected by andfrom among the ordinary members.

Ordinary Members must be graduates, undergraduates or mem-bers of the teaching or administrative staffs of a British universityor university college, or hold such professional qualifications as theExecutive Committee may accept. They may be branch membersor individual members.

Corresponding Members are persons with analogous qualifica-tions resident abroad. ,

Associate Membership is open to any person who is in sym-pathy with-the aims of UFAW. _ ‘

Subscribers of sumssmaller than the membership subscriptionsare welcomed, and will be kept informed of UFAW’s activities.

Branches are now in being in eight universities ; see page 4.Members who do not belong to one of these branches are registeredat the central office as individual members.

Minimum subscriptions for individual members are asfollows: Undergraduates, 15.; other ordinary members, 55.;associate members, 103. , _

Subscriptions for Branch Members, are determined by thebranches. ' p

All members receive gratis the UFAW Courier, a half—yearlypublication containing informative articles, news of UFAW, andreviews.

3. ,POLICY.

A scientific society. UFAW is a scientific society (see page"I6), and in View of the international character of science and itsdominant role in modern civilization. this aspect of UFAW’s policy

is important.

To combine the active advocacy of reforms with scientific detach-ment in ascertaining facts is not easy but is by no means impossibleThe process of choosing a policy and then finding facts and argu-ments in support of it has merely to be reversed, so that the facts arefound first and policy is then deduced from them and is modifiedfrom time to time as new facts come to light. In dealing withmatters of fact the question whether an alleged fact is true or falsehas to be isolated from the question whether it is congenial or dis-tasteful, edifying or shocking, favourable or unfavourable to thepolicy that is being advocated. It is found that ill-feeling isdisarmed when the truth is ascertained impartially and told without

spite.

. improving their lot . . .

Objective and subjective humaneness. There is a deepcleavage, often unconscious, between animal-protectionists of twoopposite schools. The realist school attends mainly to the feelingsof animals with a View to reducing their sufferings and improvingtheir lot. The romantic school is more concerned with givingexpression to the distress aroused in human beings by cruelty. Bytradition UFAW belongs emphatically to the former of these

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schools of thought, and in assessing the relative importance of acruel practice is guided by (I) the intensity of the suffering involved;(2) its usual duration ; (3) the number of animals affected; and(4) the feasibility of practical reform.

This realistic approach to controversial topics has obviated manydifficulties. UFAW counts among its members both vivisectors andantivivisectionists, Masters of Hounds and opponents of bloodsports, vegetarians and carnivores ; yet it has been free from thequarrels to which a fondness for animals often gives rise. Thisresult has been achieved by adopting a realistic or objectiveapproach both to matters of policy and to matters of fact. It isnecessary to exercise special care in dealing with two particularlycontroversial subjects, namely vivisection and field sports ; yet as ascientific society UFAW must be free to make factual and objectiveinvestigations in any subject which is relevant to its aims.

. to which a fondness for animals often gives rise . . .

Experiments on animals. The question whether or not it 15right to make scientific experiments on animals has for many yearsbeen a subject of embittered controversy. On one side it is con-sidered justifiable to impose a limited amount of suffering in orderto obtain biological knowledge that can be used in medical orveterinary practice to relieve a greater amount of suffering ; on the

_ other side it is considered that the end cannot justify the means andthat it is wrong to exact sacrifices from one creature for the benefitof another without the consent of the former.

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For twenty years UFAW avoided this subject pending thedevelopment of a constructive and non-partisan policy calculated tobe of practical advantage to experimental animals. However, in1947 a new era in the relations between animal-protectionists andresearch workers was inaugurated with the publication of the UFAWHandbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals,and a constructive policy has been evolved. This consists inorganizing the wealth of sympathy for animals which exists in the

. willing to give practical support . . .

scientific world, but has hitherto lacked a suitable vehicle for y. expression (see page 7). A formal statement of UFAW’s policy

will be found on page viii.UFAW is in touch with some foreign scientists and humani-

tarians who desire that the British practice, suitably modified, shallbe adopted in their own countries.

Field sports. UFAW counts among its members both oppo-nents and devotees of field sports. It is not prepared to divide itsforces by taking sides on the general principle, since the unitedefforts of all its members are needed for other purposes. It does,however, officially favour the recommendations of the Scott Hen-derson Committee with regard to the rules governing various fieldsports, and particularly endorses the British Field Sports Society’sproposal that gun licences should be accompanied by instructionsdesigned to diminish the reckless wounding of wild mammals andbirds which is now prevalent.UFAW welcomes the help of any sportsman and any other

person who is willing to give practical support to any of its aims.

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4. FIELD OF INVESTIGATION AND (ACTION.

Trapping and humane pest-control. Shortly after its birth in1926 ULAWS began to play a leading part in bringing this subjectinto the prominence which it now enjoys. UFAW’s present policyis based on the facts that the great majority of animals trapped ingin traps in Britain are wild rabbits and owe their fate to the com-mercial exploitation of. that species in certain counties, and thatthe rabbit-trapping industry has led to a vast increase in numbers

I and so is disadvantageous to agriculture, besides involving greatcruelty. . -

In 1935 UFAW promoted the Gin Traps (Prohibition) Bill,which was defeated in the House of Lords. On the initiative ofUFAW, however, the House did appoint the Mersey Select Com-mittee in 1936, and on the basis of the ensuing report UFAWpromoted the Bill which passed into law as The Prevention ofDamage by Rabbits Act, 1939, and was intended to strike at therabbit-trapping industry. The Scott-Henderson (Home Office)Committee on Cruelty to Wild Animals, which attached great weightto the factual evidence submitted to it by UFAW, reported in June,

. the Bill which passed into law . .

1951 that the gin trap is a ” diabolical instrument which causes anincalculable amount of suffering,” and recommended that it shouldbe prohibited within a short time; and in 1951, in collaborationwith other societies, UFAW promoted the Spring Traps Bill, whichwas introduced by Lord Elton and defeated. ' The campaign for theabolition of the gin trap will be continued until success is achieved,

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The dearth of factual data in the Mersey report prompted UFAWto promote a research into the ecology of the rabbit ; this was pro-posed by Major Hume in a paper read to the British Association in

9 1937 and was begun in 1938 by Mr. H. N. Southern, of the Bureauof Animal Population, but interrupted by the second world war.Research on humane methods of rodent control received an impetusfrom a joint conference held at the Bureau of Animal Population,Oxford, on 10th May,‘1945, between the staff of the Bureau andrepresentatives of UFAW, and the research on rabbits was resumedin 1946 by Miss Winifred Phillips, B.Sc. (now M.Sc.), who workedfor 4% years on behalf of UFAW under the direction of Prof.Worden in the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, andsubsequently under the Animal Health Trust and at the Bureau ofAnimal Population. As a result the Ministry of Agriculturelaunched a trial scheme of rabbit-clearance in Pembrokeshire, witha scientific observer (Miss Marie N. Stephens, B.Sc.) appointed by.UFAW. The results of these investigations will be published in thescientific press and were included in the evidence tendered byUFAW to the Scott Henderson Committee.

Poison is the normal means for destroying rats, and most of thepoisons used are essentially cruel. UFAW is actively studying thepharmacology of the subject. ~

The use of animals in research and medicine. Study of allmatters relating to the kind treatment of laboratory animals receivedan unprecedented impetus from the publication of the UFAWHandbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals,already. mentioned. The first edition quickly sold out and wasreprinted; every serious laboratory using such animals in Britainpossesses one or more copies, and a number have been sold abroad.A wave of interest in laboratory animals has arisen in the scientificworld, and the officers of UPAW are in personal contact with itsactive spirits.

The sympathy enjoyed by UFAW is illustrated by the allocationof a session of the Pathology Section of the British Medical Associa-tion in 1949 [to papers on the welfare of laboratory animals, read byDr. Vinter and Prof. Worden as officers of UFAW. Again, lettersprotesting against certain cruel experiments carried out abroad werepublished in the Lancet; its signatories, all members of UFAW,included three Fellows of the Royal Society and four licensedvivisectors.

7

In 1944 the Minister of Health, at UFAW’S request, made a

regulation that in the final stage of vaccine-production the animals

used must be killed before the lymph is extracted from the pustules.In collaboration with the British Veterinary Association (then

N.V.M.A.), and with the eventual support of the PharmaceuticalSociety and the Royal Agricultural Society of England, UFAWtook action through the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee tosecure official inspection and control of the manufacture, fromliving animals, of sera and vaccines for veterinary use. An orderfor this purpose was promised by the Ministry of Agriculture in1949 and will be issued when the official machinery has had time tooperate. '

The Veterinary Section of UFAW (see page vi) wasinaugurated in 1950. Its objects are to advise UFAW on theveterinary aspect of the welfare of animals, to represent to it theprofession’s attitude to such problems, to bring UFAW’s interestsbefore the profession, and to recruit veterinary members of UFAW.At its inaugural meeting at the Conference of the Association ofVeterinary Students in 1951 a paper on “ Pain and Anaesthesia ”was given by the Student Chairman, Mr. W. D. Williams (nowM.R.C.V.S.).

Farm animals. UFAW also keeps in touch with a number ofhumane and progressive farmers. The Wye College Branch hasunder revision a pamphlet on the Humane Treatment of FarmAnimals drawn up by its predecessor in 1937.

The Glasgow Branch (UGAWS) appointed a sub—committee tofollow cattle from Irish farms to their destinations in Scotland in1948, and another to survey the transport of animals from theScottish islands to the mainland in 1949. Reports on these investi-gations have been published and have attracted much attention.

In 1928 the President and Hon. Secretary of ULAWS acted asChairman and Hon. Secretary of a committee set up by the Board.of Deputies of British Jews to investigate the humane WeinbergCasting Pen for use in Jewish slaughter.

8

Electrocution, electric stunning and curarization. It is knownfrom human experience that electric stimulation can produce eitherinstant unconsciousness or intense pain, according to circumstances,and under some conditions it can paralyse a person without ren-dering him unconscious. UFAW has long stood, almost but notquite alone, for the View that electrocution and electric stunningshould not be practised without ascertaining the requisite conditionsand ensuring that these conditions shall be fulfilled. Moreover,electric anaesthesia would have great humanitarian advantagesprovided that it could be safeguarded from the risk of causingparalysis without loss of sensation. After a preliminary investiga-tion carried out by Mr. E. O. Longley, B.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., at theBurden Neurological Institute through the kindness of Prof. Golla,Miss Phyllis Croft, B.A., Ph.D., M.R.C.V.S., was appointedUFAW Research Fellow under Dr. Derek Richter at the Neuro-psychiatric Research Centre, Cardiff. At both these institutions avast body of knowledge gained from the electrical treatment ofhuman beings is available.

Muscular immobility, whether caused by electric shock or bydrugs such as curare, makes the expression of pain impossible andconfuses the eye reflexes which are used in testing the depth ofordinary anaesthesia. It is therefore essential to find means forascertaining the presence and absence of feeling in paralysedanimals, and Dr. Croft has already put in a good deal of hard workon the subject. Some results were reported in a paper read by her tothe Society of Experimental Biology in January, I952, and will bemade public in due course. A leaflet on the electric stunning of pigshas been published. .

The British Veterinary Association has recently appointed asub-committee to study the electrocution of cats and dogs. Theresearch on this subject so long desired by UFAW will now becarried out by Dr. Croft in associatiOn with this sub-committee, onwhich the R.S.P.C.A. also is represented.

Animals abroad. UFAW is seriously concerned about thetreatment of animals in the majority of foreign countries andbelieves that the international character of science and learning canprovide an effective channel for propagating a more progressivecode of behaviour.

UFAW now has hon. secretaries in Germany, HOlland andFrance, and an hon. correspondent in Switzerland. In each casethe honorary officer is a veterinary surgeon of the country in ques-tion who has attended a UFAW Summer School and whose viewsand methods are those of UFAW. It is at present too early to sayhow these foreign extensions will develop, but in Germany aUFAW-like society has already come into being.

With the co—operation of distinguished biologists in the Univer-sity of Michigan there has been formed in the U.S.A. an AnimalWelfare Institute which studies the treatment of laboratory animalson lines inspired by UFAW. Like the latter it has to face criticismfrom excited partisans of both sides, but it will, no doubt, besupported by the majority of humane biologists.

Whales and seals. In the Antarctic whaling season of 1,946-1947, Dr. Harry Lillie was surgeon with one of the whaling fleetsand was struck by the cruelty and waste involved in the use of theexplosive harpoon. After a UFAW lecture by him at UniversityCollege, London, in October, I948, which was attended by eminentauthorities on whaling, a report on methods, and especially thetechnical requirements for electrocuting whales, was drawn up byUFAW and circulated among experts in the British Commonwealthand the U.S.A. I The General Electric Company, Ltd., were broughtinto touch with United Whalers Ltd., and experimental work hasbeen successfully prOsecuted, mainly through the driving force of

_ Sir Vyvyan Board, Chairman of the Company, who went to theAntarctic to carry out trials himself. The present position is that aheavy electric harpoon can be used with the existing Svend Foynguns now, and a ballistically superior light harpoon, with a specially-designed gun, is under development. The same electrical equip-ment will serve for either harpoon. When equipment of soundtechnical design is used the system has great commercial and con-servational advantages besides being humane, whereas thetraditional method involves very prolonged and severe suffering.

In 1949 Dr. Lillie was engaged as surgeon in the sealing fleetfrom Newfoundland, and found similarly cruel and wastefulmethods in use upon the harp seals (to be distinguished from the .Alaskan“ fur seals, which are rationally cropped under reasonablyhumane conditions).

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Regulation of wild animal populations. UFAW has longbeen concerned at the uncontrolled conflict between various interestsconnected with wild animals, viz., economic and commercial in-terests (exploitation, control of pests, importation of exotic Species),amenities (national parks, rural amenities, field sports), culturalinterests (zoology, nature study) and humanitarian requirements.The idea which eventuated in the establishment in 1949 of the NatureConservancy under the Privy Council arose in 1936 in a discussionbetween the Director of UFAW and the Director of theBureau of Animal Population. UFAW organized a meeting at theUniversity of London in 1938 under the title “ Man’s Relation toNature and his Response,” put forward a scheme for a “ Depart-ment of Fauna and Flora,” and conducted a widespread propa-ganda. In. 1944 the Parliamentary and Scientific Committeecirculated a UFAW memorandum on the subject and UFAW thenjoined hands with, and entrusted further action to, the British Eco-logical Society, which had developed similar views. The result maybe regarded as satisfactory in principle ; the Conservancy consistsof first-rate ecologists, and although, contrary to UFAW’s originaldesire, it has not been charged with research on humane pest——,controlUFAW itself has been able to assume that duty.

. importation of exotic species . . .

In connection with the trapping and hunting of otters, theHome Office Committee on Cruelty to Wild Animals recommendeda research in the habits of those animals.- UFAW has taken theinitiative in the setting up of an authoritative committee for thepurpose with Dr. Hindle and Mr. Richard Fitter as Chairman andHon. Secretary respectively.

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Philosophy and religion. The Cartesian theory of the robotanimal has been combated by Dr. John R. Baker, of the Depart-ment of Zoology, Oxford, in a pamphlet, The Scientific Basis ofKindness to Animals, by Dr. G. C. Grindley, of the PsychologicalLaboratory, Cambridge, in The Sense of Pain in Animals, recentlyreprinted as a pamphlet, and by Major C. W. Hume in chapter Iof the UFAW Handbook. , The philosophy underlying UFAW’saims stands in need, however, of a more extensive and systematicstudy. ‘* ‘

Prof. Harold Smith’s article on “ The Influence of Religions onMan’s Attitude towards Animals ” has been reprinted, and a paperwas read by Major Hume at the World Congress of Faiths in 1951(see also page 17).

. . Expanding Justice . . .

Miscellaneous topics. A number of other subjects haveoccupied UFAW’s attention, and are listed in a folder entitledExpanding justice, which is available gratis.

5. MEANS OF ACTION.

Student activities. UFAW has branches in eight universitiesalready, and in other universities prOspectively. Branch activitiescomprise lectures, discussions, cinematograph displays, social func-tions, visits to places of interest, annual conferences, and otheroccasions for bringing the aims of UFAW to the notice of students.A Summer School was held at Brympton d’Evercy before the warand at the Field Study Centre, Flatford Mill, each year from 1947to 1950. In 1951 it was held at Barford, near Stratford—on-Avon.

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The Glasgow Veterinary College Branch has investigated thetransport of cattle to Scotland, and the Royal Veterinary CollegeBranch (London) has prepared a film on the care of the cat. TheOxford and Durham branches have organized exhibits at theirCounty agricultural shows. Some branch members give lectures inschools and clubs. ’ The Wye College Branch is preparing a film onthe bull (see also page 8).A small library was formed before the war but was severely

depleted by bombing. It is now being replenished and gifts ofbooks which are relevant and informative will be welcomed.

Humane education of the young is regarded as of primaryimportance, and many teachers make use of UFAW’s publicationsand films for this purpose, but UFAW does not form juniorbranches or admit children as ordinary members. It is,however, affiliated to the [Annual Conference of Educational Asso-ciations, and has on occasion lent its platform there to the RoyalSociety for the Protection of Birds, the Royal Society for the Pre-vention of Cruelty to Animals, and the Society for the Protection ofAnimals in North Africa. ‘

Humane education of the young . . .

Lectures are given in'schools and clubs to some extent by bothsenior and student members of UFAW, and it is hoped that anincreasing number of knowledgeable lecturers will volunteer for thiswork. '

Publications. An important publication, the UFAW Handbookon the Care of Laboratory Animals, is referred to on page 7.

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The UFAW Courier, published twice a year, is a journal con-taining short informative articles, reviews of books, and othermatters of interest to members.

Before the *war UFAW published five volumes entitled TheAnimal Year-Book and containing information (as distinct frompropaganda) bearing upon animal welfare, which was then diflicultto obtain. Volumes I, 2, 3 and 4 are out of print, but a few copiesare available on loan. The series has been discontinued and itsplace is taken by the UFAW Courier and a series of octavo pam-phlets sold at a low price to the public but circulated free tomembers and other suitable recipients.

During the war a number of lecturettes intended for delivery toevacuee children were published. Each lecturette is accompaniedby pin—up pictures of the animals dealt with. The demand has beenvery satisfactory and the series will be. continued in the form oflecture notes for teachers.

Publicity. The Press, including The Times, has been generousin finding room for letters and other communications from UFAW.Nature, the Lancet, the Veterinary Record, and the Conntrymanhave been particularly helpful. Press correspondence is watchedand is entered into when useful contributions can be made.

. . . pin-up pictures . . .

UFAW’s propaganda publications, which differ from its purelyinformative literature in that persuasion is superimposed on factualstatements, mainly take the form of octavo leaflets distributedgratis, and of posters, Christmas cards and gummed strip designedby Fougasse.

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UFAW’s leaflets are sent by post to many persons who mightusefully read them, in addition to some 5,000 subscribers. Threecoloured posters designed by Fougasse have been extensively ex-hibited. Some 2% million economy labels, over two hundredthousand Christmas cards and thousands of rolls of gummed strip,all illustrated by Fougasse, have been sold to date and are believedto have had an appreciable effect in humanizing public opinion.

a» itPersonal contacts“. . .

The Royal Agricultural Society of England allocated excellentcorner sites to UFAW at the Royal Shows in 1948 and 1949, andUFAW has been represented by Oxford and Durham branch mem—bers at their County shows, but this activity makes heavy demandson resources and is in abeyance for the present.

Personal contacts. It is largely by means of personal contactsthat UFAW’s ideals have gained adherents. Much of the officers’work is done in this way, and members are urged to make thoseideals known in their own environments. (It is suggested, however,that not more than IO per cent of any conversation should bedevoted to the subject unless by consent.)

Religion. UFAW has twice organized meetings at which RomanCatholic, Anglican, Free Church and Jewish speakers spoke from acommon platform. Its annual conference customarily includes abrief religious service. It has published a leaflet, Expanding Mercy,relating to the Christian aspect of its aims, and on the joint initiativeof UFAW and the Scottish S.P.C.A. the National Assembly of theChurch of Scotland in 1948 made an official delivery recognizingkindness to animals as a Christian duty. (See also page 12.)

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Parliament. UFAW is affiliated to the Parliamentary andScientific Committee (consisting of Peers, Members of Parliament,

. . . Parliamentary . . .

and representatives of science and technology), and members ofUFAW played a part in founding that Committee’s progenitor, theParliamentary Science Committee. UFAW is represented at itsmeetings and hascollaborated usefully with it. (See also pages6-8 and II.)

6. EXTERNAL "RELATIONS.Scientific. UFAW is affiliated to the Parliamentary and

Scientific Committee, is a Corresponding Society of the British Asso-ciation for the Advancement of Science, and is affiliated to theSouth-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies and the Association ofSpecial Libraries and Information Bureaux '(ASLIB). Several of itsofficers are members of the Association for the Study of AnimalBehaviour, of which one (Prof. Hindle) is a Past President, andanother (Prof. Worden) is an Hon. Secretary. Its relations with theBureau of Animal Population, Oxford, and with the British Eco—logical Society, are cordial (see page 2). It has been accorded

. . . Study of Animal Behaviour . .

facilities by the British Medical Association (see page 10) and hasreceived much help from the Zoological Society of London.UFAW helped to found the West Wales Field Society and is in goodrelations with the Council for the Promotion of Field Studies.

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UFAW collaborates closely with the Animal Health Trust andis in friendly contact with the Laboratory Animals Bureau of theMedical Research Council. - It includes many veterinarians andbiologists among its members and makes use of their advice.

With animal-protection societies. UFAW collaborates with theK.S’.P.C.A.’ and other animal-protection societies which pursue arealistic policy. It has a particularly close liaison with the ScottishS.P.C.A., the Ulster S.P.C.A., the Schweitzerische Gesellschaft zurForderung des Tierschutzes, the Council of Justice for Animals, andthe Canadian Association for the Protection of Fur-Bearers. Dr.Vinter has long been chairman of the Society for the Protection ofAnimals in North Africa, and was for two years chairman of theConference of Animal Welfare Societies. On the other hand,UFAW recognizes that sympathy can be alienated and reformshindered by injudicious enthusiasts, and while it looks onall animal-lovers with a friendly eye its practical collaboration isdirected towards realistic policies that promise effective advantagesto animals.

. . iujudicious enthusiasts . . .

With other organizations. UFAW is affiliated to the Con-ference of Educational Associations, the National Federation ofWomen’s Institutes, and the National Council of Women (forwhose Humane Treatment of Animals Sectional COmmittee it hasprovided two past hon. secretaries, Miss Challen and Mrs. Rams-bottom, and two present Vice-Chairmen, Dr. Vinter and Mrs.Ramstttom). It maintains good relations with the School NatureStudy Union, the National Federation of Young Farmers’ Clubs,and the Royal Agricultural Society of England.

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7. FINANCE.The subscriptions of ordinary members furnish only a small

proportion of the requisite income, the bulk of which is contributed .from a wider field. As a result of war-time economies, the receiptof a number of legacies, and broadcast appeals UFAW's financialposition is now sound, but activities and expenditure are increasingrapidly and commitments have become very heavy. '

At the end of each financial year UFAW’s available resourcesare divided into (I) a reserve equal to estimated recurrent expendi-ture for one year, (2) a modest working balance sufficient to avoidoverdrafts. and (3) a Special Projects Fund which is expendible onnon-recurrent or short-term undertakings. Legacies are ordinarilycredited to the Special Projects Fund, so that benefactors may beassured that sums bequeathed to UFAW will not be fruitlesslyhoarded. - a

’ UFAW is recognized as a charity for income-tax purposes, andmany Subscribers sign a seven-year covenant; this arrangementenables UFAW to recover income tax and thus nearly doubles theeffective value of the subscriptions. Additional covenanted sub-scriptions are urgently needed. ’

In view of the well-known abuses to which charitable appealsare subject, it may be well to state that honorary duties aredischarged on a genuinely honorary basis, out-of—pocket expensesrefunded are at most those actually incurred, salaries are kept withinvery modest limits, and accounts audited by a well-known firmof chartered accountants are published annually.

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