1.The number of Hispanic Operated Farms is increasing faster than other demographic groups. 3. The...
1
1. The number of Hispanic Operated Farms is increasing faster than other demographic groups. N um berofFarm s O perated by M inorities and W om en 1978 to 1997 U S C ensus ofA griculture 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 1978 2,257,775 37,351 6,889 7,942 5,806 17,476 112,799 1982 2,240,976 33,250 7,211 8,000 5,906 16,183 121,599 1987 2,087,759 22,954 7,134 7,900 6,652 17,476 131,641 1992 1,925,300 18,816 8,346 8,096 8,229 20,956 145,156 1997 1,911,859 18,451 10,638 8,731 9,838 27,717 165,102 Total Farm s Black American Indian Asian-Pacific Islander Other Hispanic Female 3. The rate of increase of Hispanic farms continues to rise. 2. Average acres per farm operated by Hispanics are higher than the U.S. average and other demographic groups. 4. The percentage of operator-owned land by Hispanics has risen above that of the US. 5. Average sales for Hispanic Operated Farms increased faster than most groups. (Note: 80% of the ‘Other’ race category are Hispanics) 6. Hispanics have a higher proportion of Very Large farms 7. . Hispanics have a higher proportion of Very Small farms. 8. The number of Hispanic operators with less than five years on the present farm has increased. Many Hispanic operators have not been on the farm long enough to establish long-term relationships with USDA personnel. 12. The share of high-value specialty crops (fruit, tree nuts, etc.) was much higher than for U.S. farms. This helps explain high sales per farms for Hispanics. Some of the low USDA program participation may be attributed to the fact that only 12% of Hispanic farmers specialized in traditional commodity crops such as corn and grain. 10. USDA program participation among Hispanics is low. 11. But Hispanic Participation in USDA programs is increasing steadily. 9. In the 1990s, the number of Hispanic farms outside the border region increased and the geographic distribution of Hispanic farms transformed from a regional to a national phenomenon. The number of counties with Hispanic Farms increased from 589 counties in 1982 to 1,775 counties in 1997. (Based on published Ag. Census counts. Counties with less than three Hispanic farms may be showed as zero.) Twelve Trends of Hispanic Operated Farms Twelve Trends of Hispanic Operated Farms . By David Buland and Fen Hunt, USDA/NRCS Economists -1% -7 % -8 % -1% -7% 8% 20% 32% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 1982 1987 1992 1997 US Hispanic Land per Farm by M inority G roup (A cres) 0 500 1000 1978 449 110 157 493 654 313 1982 440 104 172 323 548 291 1987 462 115 161 360 477 303 1992 491 123 140 421 591 309 1997 487 129 152 307 592 287 US A verage Black Asian-Pacific Islander Other Hispanic Female Percentage ofO perator-O w ned Land 50% 55% 60% 65% Percent Ownership US Hispanic US 61% 57% 59% Hispanic 54% 54% 64% 1987 1992 1997 A verage S ales perFarm $0 $50,000 $100,000 $150,000 $200,000 $250,000 1982 $58,858 $12,212 $32,860 $145,472 $45,409 $55,919 $22,541 1987 $65,165 $14,483 $38,337 $169,782 $50,213 $60,686 $27,979 1992 $84,459 $19,431 $49,338 $192,156 $89,887 $115,200 $35,281 1997 $102,970 $25,826 $62,265 $208,783 $129,046 $117,728 $41,534 United S tates Black American Indian Asian-Pacific Islander O ther Hispanic Female C lassificatio n o f F arm s b y th e N o rth A m e rican In d u s try C lassifications System 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% US H ispanic US 24% 2% 4% 3% 3% 1% 10% 34% 2% 4% 2% 2% 2% 6% Hispanic 9% 4% 14% 4% 1% 2% 10% 41% 2% 2% 2% 1% 2% 6% Oilseed and grain V eg. and Melon s Fruits & N uts T rees Greenh ouse,n ursery& floricult T o bac co C otton S ugar C ane, H ay, all other B eef R anchi ng B eef Feedlo ts Dairy H o gs Poultry and E ggs S heep and G oats A quac ulture and o ther P ercentage ofFarm s Receiving Governm entPaym ents 33% 30% 36% 13% 15% 19% 10% 20% 30% 40% 1987 1992 1997 US Hispanic Years on Present Farm Percentage Change in # Farms compared with the previous census. Num ber ofFarm s R eceiving Governm entPaym ents 2,223 5,227 3,057 - 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 198719921997 Hispanic Farm s - 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 TotalFarm s US and Hispanic Farm Sales (including Gov’t Payments) Max. Value of Sales Number of Farms Percentage US Hispanic US Hispanic $ 1,000 195,344 4,610 10% 17% $ 2,500 237,793 4,158 12% 15% $ 5,000 245,256 3,777 13% 14% $ 10,000 254,046 3,554 13% 13% $ 25,000 286,849 3,592 15% 13% $ 50,000 175,282 2,150 9% 8% $ 100,000 161,582 1,791 8% 6% $ 250,000 193,068 1,926 10% 7% $ 500,000 91,528 1,030 5% 4% $ 1,000,000 44,626 584 2% 2% $1,000,000+ 26,485 545 1.4% 2.0% Total 1,911,859 27,717 100% 100% Y ears 1982 1997 % D 1982 1997 % D a/ b/ {[(b-a)/a]-1} c/ d/ {[(d-c)/c]-1} 1982 1997 2 orless 1,588 2,085 31% 127,176 92,574 -27% 1.2% 2.3% 3 -4 2,079 2,759 33% 192,714 126,791 -34% 1.1% 2.2% 5 -9 3,394 4,933 45% 360,458 263,642 -27% 0.9% 1.9% 10 orm ore 6,644 14,348 116% 1,097,660 1,113,839 1% 0.6% 1.3% notreported 2,478 3,592 45% 462,968 315,013 -32% 0.5% 1.1% Total 16,183 27,717 71% 2,240,976 1,911,859 -15% 0.7% 1.4% Hispanics U .S. % ofHispanic Farm s References: 1. Census of Agriculture, 1978, 1982, 1987, & 1992. Bureau of Census, www.census.gov 2. Census of Agriculture, 1997. USDA-NASS. http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/ 3. Dismukes, Robert, 1997. Characteristics and Risk Management Needs of Limited-Resource and Socially Disadvantaged Farmers . USDA-Economic Research Service, Agriculture Information Bulletin, No. 733. www.ers.usda.gov/epubs/pdf/aib733/index.htm 4. Durand, J., D.S. Massey, & F. Charvet, 2000. The Changing Geography of Mexican Immigration to the United States: 1910-1996. Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 81(1), University of Texas. 5. Effland, A.B.W., and K. Kassel, 1998. Hispanics in Rural America: The Influence of Immigration and Language on Economic Well-Being. In Racial/Ethnic Minorities in Rural Areas: Progress and Stagnation, 1980-1990, L.L. Swanson, ed., USDA-ERS, Ag. Ec. Report No. 731. www.ers.usda.gov/epubs/pdf/aer731/AER731h.PDF 6. Effland, A.B.W., R.A. Hoppe, & P.R. Cook, 1998. Minority & Women Farmers in the U.S. In Agricultural Outlook, USDA-ERS, AGO- 251www.ers.usda.gov/epubs/pdf/agout/may98/ao251d.pdf 7. Fimmen, Carol, Burton Witthuhn, Jeff Crump, Michael Brunn, Gloria Delaney-Barmann, Debi Riggins, Maria Gutierrez, Dan Schabilion, and Britta Watters, 1998. A Spatial Study of the Mobility of Hispanics in Illinois and the Implications for Educational Institutions. Julian Samora Research Institute, Working Paper #43. http://www. jsri . msu .edu/ RandS /research/ wps /wp43.pdf 8. Gutierrez P. and J. Eckert, 1991. Contrasts and Commonalities: 11. Mountjoy, D.C., 1995. Outreach Efforts: The Elkhorn Slough. Small Farm News, University of California at Davis. 12. Mountjoy D.C., 1996. Ethnic Diversity and the Patterned Adoption of Soil Conservation in the Strawberry Hills of Monterey, California. Society & Natural Resources, 9:339-357. 13. Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1996. Process for Identifying Limited Resource Farmers and Ranchers. Social Sciences Institute, Technical Report, Release 2.1. http://people.nrcs.wisc.edu/ SocSciInstitute / limitedframe .htm 14. Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1997. Working with Asian and Hispanic Limited Resource Farmers and Ranchers. Social Sciences Institute, Technical Report, Release 4.1. http://people.nrcs.wisc.edu/ SocSciInstitute /working_with_frames.htm 15. Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1998. Conservation in the 1996 Farm Bill: Social Factors Influencing Program Implementation. Social Sciences Institute. 16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1999. Social and Economic Data Access Web Site. Social Sciences Institute. http://people.nrcs.wisc.edu/ SocSciInstitute / socanthrSoftData .htm 17. Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2000. Performance and Results Measurement System Parity Report. Strategic and Performance Planning Division. http:// calais .itc.nrcs.usda.gov/prmsproducts 18. Perry, J., with B. Hoppe, et. al., 1998. Small Farms in the U.S. In Agricultural Outlook, USDA-Economic Research Service, AGO-251. http://www. ers .usda.gov/ epubs /pdf/ agout /may98/ao251e.pdf 19. Rochin, R.I., 1989. The Changing Nature of American
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Transcript of 1.The number of Hispanic Operated Farms is increasing faster than other demographic groups. 3. The...
1. The number of Hispanic Operated Farms is increasing faster than other demographic groups.
Number of Farms Operated by Minorities and Women1978 to 1997 US Census of Agriculture
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
1978 2,257,775 37,351 6,889 7,942 5,806 17,476 112,799
1982 2,240,976 33,250 7,211 8,000 5,906 16,183 121,599
1987 2,087,759 22,954 7,134 7,900 6,652 17,476 131,641
1992 1,925,300 18,816 8,346 8,096 8,229 20,956 145,156
1997 1,911,859 18,451 10,638 8,731 9,838 27,717 165,102
Total Farms BlackAmerican
IndianAsian-Pacif ic
IslanderOther Hispanic Female
3. The rate of increase of Hispanic farms continues to rise.
2. Average acres per farm operated by Hispanics are higher than the U.S. average and other demographic groups.
4. The percentage of operator-owned land by Hispanics has risen above that of the US.
5. Average sales for Hispanic Operated Farms increased faster than most groups.
(Note: 80% of the ‘Other’ race category are Hispanics)
6. Hispanics have a higher proportion of Very Large farms 7. . Hispanics have a higher proportion of Very Small farms.
8. The number of Hispanic operators with less than five years on the present farm has increased. Many Hispanic operators have not been on the farm long enough to establish long-term relationships with USDA personnel. 12. The share of high-value specialty crops (fruit, tree nuts, etc.)
was much higher than for U.S. farms. This helps explain high sales per farms for Hispanics. Some of the low USDA program participation may be attributed to the fact that only 12% of Hispanic farmers specialized in traditional commodity crops such as corn and grain.
10. USDA program participation among Hispanics is low.
11. But Hispanic Participation in USDA programs is increasing steadily.
9. In the 1990s, the number of Hispanic farms outside the border region increased and the geographic distribution of Hispanic farms transformed from a regional to a national phenomenon. The number of counties with Hispanic Farms increased from 589 counties in 1982 to 1,775 counties in 1997. (Based on published Ag. Census counts. Counties with less than three Hispanic farms may be showed as zero.)
Twelve Trends of Hispanic Operated Farms Twelve Trends of Hispanic Operated Farms ..Twelve Trends of Hispanic Operated Farms Twelve Trends of Hispanic Operated Farms ..
By David Buland and Fen Hunt,USDA/NRCS Economists
- 1%
-7% -8%
-1%
-7%
8%20%
32%
-20%-10%
0%10%20%30%40%
1982 1987 1992 1997US Hispanic
Land per Farm by Minority Group (Acres)
0
500
1000
1978 449 110 157 493 654 313
1982 440 104 172 323 548 291
1987 462 115 161 360 477 303
1992 491 123 140 421 591 309
1997 487 129 152 307 592 287
US Average B lackAsian-P acific
Islander Other Hispanic Female
Percentage of Operator-Owned Land
50%
55%
60%
65%
Percent
Owners
hip
US
Hispanic
US 61% 57% 59%
Hispanic 54% 54% 64%
1987 1992 1997
Average Sales per Farm
$0
$50,000
$100,000
$150,000
$200,000
$250,000
1982 $58,858 $12,212 $32,860 $145,472 $45,409 $55,919 $22,541
1987 $65,165 $14,483 $38,337 $169,782 $50,213 $60,686 $27,979
1992 $84,459 $19,431 $49,338 $192,156 $89,887 $115,200 $35,281
1997 $102,970 $25,826 $62,265 $208,783 $129,046 $117,728 $41,534
United States BlackAmerican
IndianAsian-Pacif ic
IslanderOther Hispanic Female
Classification of Farmsby the North Am erican Industry Classifications System
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
US
Hispanic
US 24% 2% 4% 3% 3% 1% 10% 34% 2% 4% 2% 2% 2% 6%
Hispanic 9% 4% 14% 4% 1% 2% 10% 41% 2% 2% 2% 1% 2% 6%
Oilseed and grain
Veg. and
M elons
Fruits & Nuts Trees
Greenhouse,nursery&floricult
Tobacco Cotton
Sugar Cane,
Hay, all other
Beef Ranchi
ng
Beef Feedlo
tsDairy Hogs
P oultry and
Eggs
Sheep and
Goats
Aquaculture and
other
Percentage of Farms Receiving Government Payments
33%
30%
36%
13%15%
19%
10%
20%
30%
40%
1987 1992 1997
USHispanic
Years on Present Farm
Percentage Change in # Farms compared with the previous census.
Number of Farms Receiving Government Payments
2,223
5,227
3,057
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
198719921997
His
pani
c Fa
rms
-
100,000200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000600,000
700,000
800,000
Tota
l Far
ms
US and Hispanic Farm Sales (including Gov’t Payments)Max. Value of Sales Number of Farms Percentage
US Hispanic US Hispanic
$ 1,000 195,344 4,610 10% 17%
$ 2,500 237,793 4,158 12% 15%
$ 5,000 245,256 3,777 13% 14%
$ 10,000 254,046 3,554 13% 13%
$ 25,000 286,849 3,592 15% 13%
$ 50,000 175,282 2,150 9% 8%
$ 100,000 161,582 1,791 8% 6%
$ 250,000 193,068 1,926 10% 7%
$ 500,000 91,528 1,030 5% 4%
$ 1,000,000 44,626 584 2% 2%
$1,000,000+ 26,485 545 1.4% 2.0%
Total 1,911,859 27,717 100% 100%
Years 1982 1997 % D 1982 1997 % D a/ b/ {[(b-a)/a]-1} c/ d/ {[(d-c)/c]-1} 1982 1997
2 or less 1,588 2,085 31% 127,176 92,574 -27% 1.2% 2.3% 3 - 4 2,079 2,759 33% 192,714 126,791 -34% 1.1% 2.2% 5 - 9 3,394 4,933 45% 360,458 263,642 -27% 0.9% 1.9%10 or more 6,644 14,348 116% 1,097,660 1,113,839 1% 0.6% 1.3%not reported 2,478 3,592 45% 462,968 315,013 -32% 0.5% 1.1%Total 16,183 27,717 71% 2,240,976 1,911,859 -15% 0.7% 1.4%
Hispanics U.S. % of Hispanic Farms
References: 1. Census of Agriculture, 1978, 1982, 1987, & 1992. Bureau of Census, www.census.gov
2. Census of Agriculture, 1997. USDA-NASS. http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/
3. Dismukes, Robert, 1997. Characteristics and Risk Management Needs of Limited-Resource and Socially Disadvantaged Farmers. USDA-Economic Research Service, Agriculture Information Bulletin, No. 733. www.ers.usda.gov/epubs/pdf/aib733/index.htm
4. Durand, J., D.S. Massey, & F. Charvet, 2000. The Changing Geography of Mexican Immigration to the United States: 1910-1996. Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 81(1), University of Texas.
5. Effland, A.B.W., and K. Kassel, 1998. Hispanics in Rural America: The Influence of Immigration and Language on Economic Well-Being. In Racial/Ethnic Minorities in Rural Areas: Progress and Stagnation, 1980-1990, L.L. Swanson, ed., USDA-ERS, Ag. Ec. Report No. 731. www.ers.usda.gov/epubs/pdf/aer731/AER731h.PDF
6. Effland, A.B.W., R.A. Hoppe, & P.R. Cook, 1998. Minority & Women Farmers in the U.S. In Agricultural Outlook, USDA-ERS, AGO-251www.ers.usda.gov/epubs/pdf/agout/may98/ao251d.pdf
7. Fimmen, Carol, Burton Witthuhn, Jeff Crump, Michael Brunn, Gloria Delaney-Barmann, Debi Riggins, Maria Gutierrez, Dan Schabilion, and Britta Watters, 1998. A Spatial Study of the Mobility of Hispanics in Illinois and the Implications for Educational Institutions. Julian Samora Research Institute, Working Paper #43. http://www.jsri.msu.edu/RandS/research/wps/wp43.pdf
8. Gutierrez P. and J. Eckert, 1991. Contrasts and Commonalities: Hispanic and Anglo Farming in Conejos County, Colorado. Rural Sociology, Vol. 56(2), pp. 247-263.
9. Huffman, W.E., and J.A. Miranowski, 1996. Immigration, Meat Packing, and Trade: Implication for Iowa. Iowa State University, Staff Paper #285. http://agecon.lib.umn.edu/isu/isu285.pdf
10. Kraft, S., 1993. Pilot Study of Limited Resource Farm Operators in Southern Illinois: Alexander and Pulaski Counties – Final Report. Submitted to the Illinois State Office of the U.S. Soil Conservation Service and the Shawnee Resource Conservation Development Council.
11. Mountjoy, D.C., 1995. Outreach Efforts: The Elkhorn Slough. Small Farm News, University of California at Davis.
12. Mountjoy D.C., 1996. Ethnic Diversity and the Patterned Adoption of Soil Conservation in the Strawberry Hills of Monterey, California. Society & Natural Resources, 9:339-357.
13. Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1996. Process for Identifying Limited Resource Farmers and Ranchers. Social Sciences Institute, Technical Report, Release 2.1. http://people.nrcs.wisc.edu/SocSciInstitute/limitedframe.htm
14. Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1997. Working with Asian and Hispanic Limited Resource Farmers and Ranchers. Social Sciences Institute, Technical Report, Release 4.1. http://people.nrcs.wisc.edu/SocSciInstitute/working_with_frames.htm
15. Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1998. Conservation in the 1996 Farm Bill: Social Factors Influencing Program Implementation. Social Sciences Institute.
16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1999. Social and Economic Data Access Web Site. Social Sciences Institute. http://people.nrcs.wisc.edu/SocSciInstitute/socanthrSoftData.htm
17. Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2000. Performance and Results Measurement System Parity Report. Strategic and Performance Planning Division. http://calais.itc.nrcs.usda.gov/prmsproducts
18. Perry, J., with B. Hoppe, et. al., 1998. Small Farms in the U.S. In Agricultural Outlook, USDA-Economic Research Service, AGO-251. http://www.ers.usda.gov/epubs/pdf/agout/may98/ao251e.pdf
19. Rochin, R.I., 1989. The Changing Nature of American Agriculture and Its Impact on Hispanic Farm Labor: Topics for Research and Analysis. Michigan State University, Working Paper No. 3. http://www.jsri.msu.edu/RandS/research/wps/wp03abs.html
20. Rogers, Carolyn C., 2000. Aege and Family Structure, by Race/Ethnicity and Place of Residence, Rural Minority Trends and Progress. In Rural Minority Trends and Progress, USDA-Economic Research Service, AGO-731. http://www.ers.usda.gov/epubs/pdf/aer731/AER731d.PDF
