Principles of first aid Preserve life: Prevent deterioration: Promote recovery: Airway Breathing Stop bleeding Treat shock Treat other injuries Reassure Relieve pain Handle with care Protect from harm

Assess dangers Make safe Give emergency aid Get help Clear up Look after yourselfAction in an emergency

The first person at the scene of an incident should: Danger Make the area safe Response Airway Breathing Reassure the casualty and bystanders Use bystanders to help Prioritise and respond to the immediate needs of the casualty Send for help

Inform next of kin, if possible Complete reports to include: Details of the incidentAs soon as possible: Location of the incident Date and time of the incident Who was involved What was done Who was notified

If possible, wear disposable gloves, improvise with polythene bags or consider whether the casualty can help, eg apply pressure to bleeding. Remember: Wash your hands carefully afterwards.Infection control Clean surfaces with bleach diluted 1:10 with water. If possible, keep any minor wounds covered with a plaster. Buy and use a resuscitation face shield. Dispose of soiled items appropriately.

Recovery position

A Alert will talk but may be drowsy. V Responds to Voice responds to simple commands, eg open your eyes, or may respond to simple questions. P Responds to Pain will react (eg make a noise) to a pinch on the back of the hand. U Unresponsive there is no response at all.Levels of consciousness

Causes of unconsciousness: Fainting Imbalance of heat Shock Heart attack/ angina pectoris Stroke Head injuries Asphyxia/hypoxia/ near drowning Asthma Anaphylaxis Poisoning Seizures Diabetic emergencies

Primary surveyCheck for danger.Emergency life supportfor adults and children1 Check for response. Speak loudly and clearly to the casualty. Ask questions like are you all right?.If there is no response, shout for help. Do not leave the casualty.

Emergency life supportfor adults and children2 Open the airway. 3 Check for normal breathing. Look, listen and feel.

Emergency life supportfor adults and children4 If breathing normally, place in the recovery position. CALL THE EMERGENCY SERVICES

Basic life supportCarry out a primary survey:Emergency life supportfor adults and childrenCALL THE EMERGENCY SERVICESFor childrenIt can be more beneficial to give five initial breaths followed by cycles of 30:2 compressions and breaths. One-handed compressions may be more suitable. Danger Response Airway Breathing

Emergency life supportfor adults and children1 If not breathing normally, start CPR with 30 chest compressions. 2 Open the airway.

Emergency life supportfor adults and children3 Give two rescue breaths. Continue with 30 compressions and two rescue breaths until: Qualified help arrives to take over. The casualty starts to breathe normally. You become too exhausted to continue.

Chain of survival

Fluid loss bleeding, burns, severe diarrhoea or vomiting Cardiac problems heart attack, electrocution Anaphylaxis severe allergic reaction to stings, types of food, environmental features, poisonsShock: causes

Pale, cold, clammy skinShock: signs and symptoms Weak, dizzy, light-headed Nausea or vomiting Thirsty Yawning Anxiety or irrational behaviour Rapid, weak pulse Rapid, shallow breathing Dropping level of consciousness

Treat the cause and prevent the condition getting worse by:Shock: treatment Correct positioning of the casualty Reassurance Keeping the casualty fairly warm Monitoring breathing if necessary Do not give anything to eat or drink

Direct pressureBleeding Elevate Dress

Elevation slingSlings

Arm slingSlings

Choking

Heart attack position

Fractures

Nose bleeds

Duty of care for other peoples childrenWhilst first aiders would not normally give medication, youth leaders working with other peoples children have a duty of care equivalent to that of a responsible parentThey are often required to look after or carry medicines for young children and sometimes need to administer themLeaders should always seek parental permission before doing so

First aid kitsA guide to the contents of a kit: 1 pair of disposable non-latex protective gloves 20 individually wrapped sterile adhesive dressings 2 sterile eye pads 4 individually wrapped triangular bandages, preferably sterile 6 safety pins 6 medium-sized (approximately 12cm x 12cm) individually wrapped sterile unmedicated wound dressings

First aid kitsYou may like to include: Resuscitation shield Scissors Extra gloves Adhesive tape Steripods Guidance leaflet (a leaflet supplied with the kit or that you make yourself which includes brief instructions on emergency treatment) Individually wrapped moist cleaning wipes for the first aiders hands