1st Lecture Data vs. Information

Introduction to MIS

Data vs. Information

Data raw facts

no context

just numbers and text

Information data with context processed data value-added to data

summarized organized analyzed


Data A “given,” or fact; a number, a statement,

or a picture Represents something in the real world The raw materials in the production of

information Information

Data that have meaning within a context Data in relationships Data after manipulation


Data: 50210 Information:

5/02/10 The date of your final exam. $52,010 The average starting salary of an

accounting major. 52010 Zip code of state.


Data 6.34 6.45 6.39 6.62 6.57 6.64 6.71 6.82 7.12 7.06

SIRIUS SATELLITE RADIO INC.

$5.80

$6.00

$6.20

$6.40

$6.60

$6.80

$7.00

$7.20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Last 10 Days

Sto

ck P

rice

Information

Data Information Knowledge

Data

Information

Summarizing the data

Averaging the data

Selecting part of the data

Graphing the data

Adding context

Adding value

Data Information Knowledge

Information

Knowledge

How is the info tied to outcomes?

Are there any patterns in the info?

What info is relevant to the problem?

How does this info effect the system?

What is the best way to use the info?

How can we add more value to the info?

Figure 1.2 Characteristics of useful information

Information in Context

Information as A Competitive Weapon

Information technology and quality information are not the goals, but merely to support

organizations to reach

goals of Superior products and services

Greater productivity

Eventually success

Data, Information,and Systems

Information and Managers

Systems thinking Creates a framework for problem solving

and decision making. Keeps managers focused on overall goals

and operations of business.

Data, Information, and Systems What Is a System?

System: A set of components that work together to achieve a common goal

Subsystem: One part of a system where the products of more than one system are combined to reach an ultimate goal

Closed system: Stand-alone system that has no contact with other systems

Open system: System that interfaces with other systems


Generating Information Computer-based ISs take data as raw

material, process it, and produce information as output.

Figure 1.1 Input-process-output

Information Systems

Generic Goal: Transform Data into Information

At the Core of an Information System is a Database (raw data).

Information Systems

Why Do People Need Information?

Individuals - Entertainment and enlightenment

Businesses - Decision making, problem solving and control


The Benefits Synergy

When combined resources produce output that exceeds the sum of the outputs of the same resources employed separately

Allows human thought to be translated into efficient processing of large amounts of data

Data Processing

Recall that a basic system is composed of 5 components Input, Output, Processing, Feedback, Control

Typically processing helps transform data into information.

Input OutputProcessing

Raw Data Information

The Four Stages of Data Processing

Input: Data is collected and entered into computer.

Data processing: Data is manipulated into information using mathematical, statistical, and other tools.

Output: Information is displayed or presented.

Storage: Data and information are maintained for later use.

Processing

Summarizing Computing Averages Graphing Creating Charts Visualizing Data

Processing: Great Example

Navigation System Specialized Geographic Information System

Input: Maps, Addresses, Points of Interest, “Yellow Pages”

Processing: Computing Shortest Paths; Finding the Nearest Chinese Restaurant

Output: Directions (each turn + a map with arrows) List of nearby Chinese Restaurants (sorted by dist.)

Analysis – Navigation System

Recall that Information Systems have five more specific components:

People, Data, Communication Network, Hardware, Software.

In a Navigation System… what is the Communication Network? what is the Hardware? who are the People?

Course Goal: Help you analyze systems?

Step 1: Always ask yourself…What is the purpose of the system?

Step 2: Identify People, Data, Hardware, Software, Communication Network.

Step 3: Identify Input, Output, Processing, Feedback, Control.

Navigation System Feedback

So what is the feedback in a navigation system? Feedback is information about how the system

is performing. Feedback can help you identify problems with the

system…so you can improve it. Feedback helps you determine if the system is

achieving its goal. In a heating system, the feedback was the actual

temperature.

What is an information system? An information system is a system that

accepts data resources as input, and processes them into information products as output.

Includes four component parts Input Processes Output Feedback

Intro to Information Systems Concepts

Raw materials

(Inputs)Manufacturing Products

(Output)

Control (processes)

Feedback

Information system model

Hardware resources ( Machines and media)

Components of an Information System


•Data resources

•Databases

•Knowledge bases


• Software resources• Programs

• Procedures

People Resources (End users and IS specialists)



Figure 1.6 Components of an information system

Transaction Processing Systems

Management Information

Systems

Decision Support Systems

Types of Information Systems

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Hardware

Software

Databases

Networks

Other related components

are used to buildINFORMATION

SYSTEMS

Payroll System

Inventory System

Marketing System

Customer Service System

IS Vs IT

Expanding Roles of IS

1. Data Processing: 1950s-1960s

2. Management Reporting: 1960s-1970s

3. Decision support: 1970s-1980s

4. Strategic and End User Support: 1980s-1990s

5. Global Internetworking: 1990s-2000s

Classification of ISInformation Systems

Operations Support System

Management Support System

Transaction processing systems

Process control systems

Office automation systems

Management information systems

Decision support systems

Executive information systems

1. Operations support systems process data generated by business operations

Major categories are:

i) Transaction processing systems

ii) Process control systems

iii) Office automation systems

2. Management Support Systems provide information and support needed for effective decision making by managers

Major categories are

i) Management Information System

ii) Decision Support Systems

iii) Executive Information System

1. Operations Support System

i) Transaction processing systems

• Process business exchanges• Maintain records about the exchanges• Handle routine, yet critical, tasks• Perform simple calculations

ii) Process control systems monitor and control industrial processes.

iii) Office automation systems automate office procedures and enhance office communications and productivity.

2. Management support systems provide information and support needed for effective decision making by managers

Major categories are:

i) Management information systems

Routine information for routine decisions Operational efficiency Use transaction data as main input Databases integrate MIS in different functional areas

ii) Decision Support System

• Interactive support for non-routine decisions or problems• End-users are more involved in creating a DSS than an MIS

iii) Executive information systems

provide critical information tailored to the information needs of executives

Other categories

a) Expert systems

b) End user computing systems

c) Business information systems

d) Strategic information systems

Information Systems Development

Challenges

1. Workforce downsizing

2. Information overload

3. Employee mistrust

4. Difficult to built

5. Security breaches

Opportunities

1. Enhanced global competitiveness

2. Capture market opportunities

3. Support corporate strategy

4. Enhance worker productivity

5. Improve quality of goods and services

2.1 Types of Information Systems

Computer-based information systems (CBIS) use computer technology to perform some or all of their tasks and are composed of: Hardware Software A Database A Network Procedures People

Information Systems Inside Your Organization

Information Technology Outside Your Organization

Application Programs

An application program is a computer program designed to support a specific task, a business process or another application program.

Breadth of Support of Information Systems

Functional area information systems Enterprise resource planning systems Transaction processing systems Interorganizational information systems

Information Systems Support for Organization Employees

Office automation systems Functional area information systems Business intelligence systems Expert Systems Dashboards

Why Study IS?

Information Systems Careers Systems analyst, specialist in enterprise resource

planning (ERP), database administrator, telecommunications specialist, consulting, etc.

Knowledge Workers Managers and non-managers Employers seek computer-literate professionals who

know how to use information technology. Computer Literacy Replacing Traditional

Literacy Key to full participation in western society

1st Lecture Data vs. Information

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