1st Edition Appendix F: Puzzles

to Accompany

MEASUREMENT AND DATA ANALYSIS FOR

ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE

Second Edition, Taylor and Francis/CRC Press, c©2010

ISBN: 9781439825686

Patrick F. Dunn

pdunn@nd.edu

107 Hessert Laboratory

Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering

University of Notre Dame

Notre Dame, IN 46556

August 2009

Figure 1: Experiments

Across:

1. an experiment designed to teach2. Plato’s school of thought8. Aristotle’s school of thought10. a variable affected by the experiment

Down:

1. variable fixed throughout the experiment3. process by which laws are arrived at from experiments4. repeating experiments under the same, fixed operating conditions5. physical quantities of the process under investigation6. duplication of an experiment7. a thought experiment9. variable that is measured

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Figure 2: Units and Significant Figures

Across:

3. when no numerical factors other than 1 appear in all unit equations5. prefix for ten to the minus eighteen8. SI base unit of mass9. inconsistent system of units10. SI base unit for the amount of substance11. dimensionally independent units13. 14 lbm15. number of fundamental dimensions16. a quantity’s magnitude17. the absolute metric system

Down:

1. approximate density of air in SI units2. the international system of units3. SI base unit for luminous intensity4. dimensionless units6. approximate weight of two apples in SI units7. length, mass, intensity,...8. SI base unit of temperature12. number of significant digits in 0.001 234 514. prefix for ten to the plus eighteen15. pest in a Technical English garden

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Figure 3: Technical Communication

Across:

2. short form of written technical communication4. type of curve for analytical results6. a brief summary of a project and its results10. to take out an insurance policy11. to guarantee12. wrote about Alice

Down:

1. long form of written technical communication3. section in which results are evaluated5. longer in distance7. the natural logarithm of x8. a type of chart that is good to eat9. longer in time

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Figure 4: Basic Electronics

Across:

4. the unit for voltage6. the integral of current in time10. a passive circuit element11. coined the terms positive and negative for charge12. measures resistance14. the unit for inductance

Down:

1. its voltage is proportional to di/dt2. another possible arrangement of circuit elements3. measures voltage5. one possible arrangement of circuit elements7. measures current8. its current is proportional to dV/dt9. the unit for charge11. the unit for capacitance13. the unit for resistance

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Figure 5: Calibration and Response

Across:

1. known calibration input5. when ζ is less than one8. log10(P2/P1)12. fixed in time13. a lag in time14. process of quantifying errors

Down:

1. time for a system to stay within 10 % of its final value2. refers to indicating the true value exactly3. type of equation that governs linear first and second-order systems4. when the input is increased systematically6. refers to indicating a particular value upon repeated measurement7. a ten-fold increase in frequency9. variable in time10. time for a system to reach 90 % of its final value11. time constant of a first-order RC circuit

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Figure 6: Measurement Systems

Across:

1. removes unwanted signal content at certain frequencies4. signal that changes rapidly in time7. a sensor that provides motion8. today’s amplifier of choice10. requiring external power12. senses the physical stimulus and converts it into a signal13. gage factor related to the local resistance change14. gage factor related to the total resistance change

Down:

2. input impedance of an ideal op amp3. when the output is used as part of the input4. located within the experiment’s environment5. output impedance of an ideal op amp6. changes the signal into the desired quantity9. requiring no external power11. acronym for a very small sensor system

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Figure 7: Probability

Across:

8. set of all members in both A and B9. set of all members of A or B or both11. the most frequently occurring value12. continuous in both magnitude and time or space13. with specific, fixed intervals both in magnitude and in time or space

Down:

1. third central moment is used to define this2. relates to the peakedness of the distribution3. the integral of the probability density function is the probability (?) function4. arrangement irrespective of order5. continuous in magnitude and at fixed intervals of time or space6. second central moment7. probability that depends upon a previous event10. set comprised of ‘not the event’

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Figure 8: Statistics

Across:

2. interval that characterizes the range within which a next value will occur3. distribution characterizing successes and failures6. type of χ2 variable9. device to demonstrate the normal distribution10. a subset of the population12. the most common distribution13. probability that a specific number will occur out of all numbers

Down:

1. level equal to one minus the probability2. grouped into one set of measurands4. statistical method used to estimate population parameters5. the square root of the variance of the means7. type of distribution that characterizes deviation from a population8. distribution characterizing rarely occurring events11. approximate Student’s t-variable for large N at 95 % confidence

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Figure 9: Uncertainty

Across:

2. estimate of accuracy4. precision7. variance between two variables8. treated as a fixed systematic error10. (?) difference11. variable related functionally to measurands12. bias

Down:

1. error when upscale and downscale calibrations differ3. smallest, physically indicated division of an instrument5. not measurement uncertainty6. finite representation of a population8. degrees of (?)9. change in an output value over time

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Figure 10: Regression and Correlation

Across:

1. (?) error of the fit6. former name for regression8. type of variable that can be transformed into a linear one10. father of the least-squares method11. father of the word correlation12. type of least-square equations named by Gauss

Down:

2. related to the product of itself at one time to that at another time3. type of analysis to fit data with curves4. an interval related to probability5. type of correlation when the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.957. 1/10 000 000 of a meridian quadrant in SI units9. regression analysis order greater than one

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Figure 11: Signal Characteristics

Across:

1. magnitude4. type of frequency in units of Hz5. an even trigonometric function7. the fundamental frequency is the first (?)10. having no period11. mean-squared amplitude14. procedure by which a signal is constructed of Fourier components15. signal shape

Down:

2. has units of radians3. collection of time history records4. type of frequency in units of rad/s6. steady in time8. the absolute value of a complex number9. having more than one period12. non-deterministic13. the positive square root of the mean of the squares

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Figure 12: Digital Signal Analysis

Across:

3. occurs whenever the sample period is not an integer multiple of the signal’s frequencies5. the sampling frequency should be twice this frequency8. signal reduction at the beginning and end of a signal9. type of diagram used to determine aliased frequencies10. type of windowing filter

Down:

1. occurrence of false amplitudes at lower frequencies2. the discrete version of the FFT4. a range of signal frequencies6. ratio of number of sample points to number of discrete frequencies7. sampled at fixed time increments9. Danielson and Lanczos developed one type of it

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Figure 13: Experiments Solutions

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Figure 14: Units and Significant Figures Solutions

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Figure 15: Technical Communication Solutions

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Figure 16: Basic Electronics Solutions

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Figure 17: Calibration and Response Solutions

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Figure 18: Measurement Systems Solutions

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Figure 19: Probability Solutions

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Figure 20: Statistics Solutions

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Figure 21: Uncertainty Solutions

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Figure 22: Regression and Correlation Solutions

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Figure 23: Signal Characteristics Solutions

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Figure 24: Digital Signal Analysis Solutions

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