1Q09 EPC Solution Hot Topic Final

8/2/2019 1Q09 EPC Solution Hot Topic Final

1/29

Alcatel-Lucent EPC Solution:

Evolved Packet Core

JANUARY 2009

H O T T O P I C

INTERNAL USE ONLY


2/29

Alcatel-Lucent EPC Solution: Evolved Packet Core

Alcatel-Lucent Proprietary and Confidential. 2009 All Rights Reserved. 2

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary...........................................................................32 Evolved Packet Core Overview.............................................................4

2.1 EPC: Radical changes in the network .........................................................43 LTE/EPC Market Overview...................................................................6

3.1 LTE market overview ............................................................................63.2 EPC challenges....................................................................................7

4 EPC Target Customers........................................................................95 EPC Components Description............................................................. 10

5.1 Serving Gateway................................................................................ 105.2 Packet Data Network Gateway............................................................... 105.3 Mobility Management Entity .................................................................. 115.4 Policy and Charging Rules Function ......................................................... 125.5 EPC: Dynamic management of mobility, data sessions and network policies......... 13

6 Alcatel-Lucents EPC Solution............................................................ 146.1 Key innovation areas of Alcatel-Lucents EPC solution................................... 156.2 Key customer benefits of Alcatel-Lucents EPC solution................................. 16

7 Competitive Overview ..................................................................... 167.1 Competitive landscape ........................................................................ 167.2 Legacy PS core evolution scenario........................................................... 177.3 New LTE mobile core scenario ............................................................... 17

8 Alcatel-Lucent Differentiators ........................................................... 188.1 Service-aware IP routing with advanced end-to-end QoS capabilities................. 188.2 Scalability without compromising performance ........................................... 198.3 Dynamic mobility and policy management ................................................. 208.4 Integrated network and service management ............................................. 218.5 Mobile Evolution Transport Architecture: Packet transport for LTE ................... 21

9 Abbreviations ................................................................................ 2310 Marketing Contacts ......................................................................... 2911 Additional Resources....................................................................... 29


3/29



The Topic in Three Points

Evolved Packet Core is a newmobile core for LTE; a

revolutionary new part of the

LTE network

EPC must address a new set ofnetwork requirements to deliver

true wireless broadband Quality

of Experience (QoE)

EPC must enable new businessmodels and the rapid

introduction of new services

1 Executive SummaryThe Evolved Packet Core (EPC) is an integral part of Alcatel-Lucents

end-to-end Long Term Evolution (LTE) solution. Alcatel-Lucent

envisages the EPC as the cornerstone of full and complete IP

transformation in mobile networks and a key enabler of the evolved

wireless broadband.

EPC is a new, all-IP mobile core network for the LTE; a converged

framework for packet-based real-time and non-real-time services. It

is specified by 3GPP Release 8 standards which will be finalized in Q1

2009.

The EPC provides mobile core functionality that, in previous mobile

generations (2G, 3G ), has been realized through two separate sub-

domains: Circuit-switched (CS) for voice and packet-switched (PS)

for data. As shown in Figure 1 (below), in LTE, these two distinct mobile core sub-domains, used for separate

processing and switching of mobile voice and data, are unified as a single IP domain. LTE will be end-to-end

all-IP: From mobile handsets and other terminal devices with embedded IP capabilities, over IP-based

Evolved NodeBs (LTE base stations), across the EPC and throughout the application domain (IMS and non-

IMS).

EPC is essential for end-to-end IP service delivery across LTE. As well, it is instrumental in allowing the

introduction of new business models, such as partnering/revenue sharing with third-party content and

application providers. EPC promotes the introduction of new innovative services and the enablement of new

applications.

Figure 1: LTE: Evolution from separate CS and PS core sub-domains (3GPP case shown) to one common IP core


4/29



2 Evolved Packet Core OverviewThe EPC is a new, high-performance, high-capacity all-IP core network for LTE. EPC addresses LTE

requirements to provide advanced real-time and media-rich services with enhanced Quality of Experience

(QoE). EPC improves network performance by the separation of control and data planes and through a

flattened IP architecture, which reduces the hierarchy between mobile data elements (for example, dataconnections from eNodeB only traverse through EPC gateways). Figure 2 shows the EPC as a core part of all-

IP environment of LTE.

Figure 2: Evolved Packet Core All-IP core for LTE

The introduction of the EPC and all-IP network architecture in the mobile network has profound implications

on:

Mobile services, as all voice, data and video communication are built on the IP protocol Interworking of the new mobile architecture with previous mobile generations (2G/3G) Scalability required by each of the core elements to address dramatic increases in number of direct

connections to user terminals, orders of magnitude of bandwidth increase, and dynamic terminal

mobility

Reliability and avalability delivered by each element to ensure service continuity.To address a radically different set of network and service requirements, the EPC must represent a breakaway

departure from existing mobile networking paradigms.

2.1 EPC: Radical changes in the networkAlcatel-Lucent sees the changes in LTE network as a radical departure from previous mobile paradigms:

End of circuit-switched voice: LTE uses a new paradigm for voice trafficVoIP. This ends a period of

more than 20 years during which one application dictated the whole network architecture. EPC treats voice

as it is: Just one of many IP-based network applications, albeit an important one that requires superb packet

network performance and one that is responsible for significant operator revenues.

Evolved wireless broadband:LTE must match and exceed the QoE of wireline broadband in LTE. This is

quite different from providing best-effort low-speed web browsing or Short Message Service (SMS)two data

applications for which the existing PS mobile cores were optimized.


5/29



Mobility as a part of the core network: In LTE, all mobility management is moved into the mobile core,

and becomes the responsibility of the MME. This is a consequence of the split of functions previously

performed by the RNC and NodeB. The MME requires a control plane capacity that is an order of magnitude

larger than the SGSN or PDSN, and must ensure interworking with 2G/3G legacy mobile systems.

End-to-end QoS becomes essential:LTE must provide superior end-to-end QoS management and

enforcement in order to deliver new media-rich, low-latency and real-time services. There is an expectedmove from four classes of service (CoS) available in 3G to nine QoS profiles with strict performance targets.

This must be achieved while ensuring scalability of users, services and data sessions. In addition, although

not a part of the 3GPP Release 8 specification set, DPI and other advanced packet processing are required at

the beginning.

Policy management and enforcement:In LTE, service control is provided via the Policy and Charging

Rules Function (PCRF). This is a big change from previous mobile systems, where service control was

realized primarily through UE authentication by the network. PCRF dynamically controls and manages all

data sessions and provides appropriate interfaces towards charging and billing systems, as well as enables

new business models.

LTE requires significantly more capacity in both the data plane and control plane. The existing 2G/3G mobile

core elements cannot fully address LTE requirements without a series of upgrades to the platforms. Most of

the existing platforms that are envisaged to evolve to address LTE requirements are ill suited for high

capacity packet processing. Scaling the packet processing requirements on these platforms results in higher

consumption of system capacity, high latency, low performance and dramatic performance/feature tradeoffs.

In some cases, performance drops more than 50% or more when features like charging are enabled. Legacy

core platforms must dramatically change their product architectures to handle LTE, and even with these

architectural changes they are only a stop-gap solution that may require complex upgrade scenarios to

address LTE scalability and performance requirements.

Alcatel-Lucent believes that delivering a new LTE mobile core in the form of newly deployed, purpose-built

EPC elements is essential to ensure superior network performance and quality of services and to minimize

overall business costs. At the same time, this forward-looking EPC is a cornerstone for further business

evolution in mobile networks, allowing the creation of new business models and facilitating rapid deployment

of new innovative services.


6/29



LTE market

LTE provides an opportunity for wirelessservice providers to profitably deliver next-

generation wireless broadband and explore

new business models.

Critical ingredients for the LTE uptake includethe ecosystem of end-user devices,

applications and content, available spectrum

and seamless interworking with 2G/3G layers.

The market is at an early stage ofdevelopment, with trials in Japan and the

United States beginning in 2008 and mass-

market uptake forecasted for 2012.

By 2015, LTE is expected to represent 450million subscribers with a CAPEX of 4 billion

Euros. This is still a limited portion of the

global wireless market, which will be

dominated by 2G and 3G.

3 LTE/EPC Market OverviewThe EPC is an integral part of Alcatel-Lucents end-to-end LTE solution, therefore, the market conditions for

the EPC are the same as for LTE. However, it is worth noting the sometimes overlooked importance of the

EPC within the context of the LTE solution.

3.1 LTE market overview2008 saw a rapid surge of mobile data traffic fuelled by the

success of 3G-enabled laptops, ultra-portable and mobile

PCs, and innovative 3G handsets (Apple iPhone, Samsung

Player Addict). For the first time, mobile data traffic

volumes are significantly greater than voice traffic volumes

in many networks.

The uptake in mobile data subscriptions is growing

exponentially with the proliferation of new wireless devices

and flat-fee unlimited data tariff packages offered by the

operators. In addition to current services including e-mail,

instant messaging and personalized content such as

ringtones, end users are demanding higher bit rates for

increasingly sophisticated media-rich IP-based services;

services which include multi-player games, peer-to-peer

video and music sharing and downloading, and mobile

Web 2.0 applications1. Mobile data traffic growth will also

be affected by an increasing number and type of wireless devices which engage in machine-to-machine

communications.

With the growth of wireless multimedia content and service delivery, new competitors are appearing in the

wireless value chain. In particular, over-the-top (OTT)2 players such as Apple and Google are making their

current popular applications and services mobile (for example, iTunes, Google maps, Gmail and YouTube).

They are also federating third-party content and applications using open Software Development Kits (for

example, iPhone SDK and Android SDK). In response, wireless and converged service providers look for ways

to adapt their service offerings and subscription-based business models to capture both user-paid revenues

(UPR) and non-user-paid revenues (NUPR). For example, providers are considering more ad-based services,

premium services and converged applications that operate over multiple devices.

All these market trends put demanding new requirements on wireless networks in terms of performance

(speed), scalability, and the ability to provide better Quality of Experience (QoE).

There are several network evolution paths available to wireless operators that want to meet these new

network requirements. Operator strategies vary in their particular evolution path towards the evolved

1 Web 2.0 was first defined by Tim OReilly in 2004 as follows: Web 2.0 is a set of social, economic and technology trends that collectively form the basis for the next generation of theinternet a more mature, distinct medium characterized by user participation, openness and network effects. The key changes initiated by Web 2.0 are the use of the Web as anapplications platform, democratization of the Web, and employment of new methods to distribute information.2 Over-the-top application providers are third parties that provide services running on top of the telecom network, such as Google, Yahoo! and YouTube.


7/29



wireless broadband. Their decision is dependent on current assets (existing network(s), available spectrum),

and also on their time-to-market strategy and plan to offer differentiated and converged services. Two most

common approaches for further mobile evolution to LTE are:

Continue with existing evolution tracks (releases) on the 3G path, and consider theevolution to LTE at a later time. This path, also referred to as 3G+, allows 3G W-CDMA and

CDMA operators to upgrade to HSPA+. The 3G+ option provides spectral efficiency enhancements

and a smooth evolution path consisting primarily of a software upgrade to the 3G infrastructure and

re-farming of 3G spectrum.

Cap 3G evolution and continue further evolution with LTE: LTE offers a highly compellingalternative or complementary evolution path to 3G+ and WiMAX:

LTE expands network performance by delivering larger capacity (bandwidth) due to the higherspectral efficiency in large spectrum blocks. LTE also delivers low latency as a result of its flat-IP

architecture.

LTE reduces the network cost per megabit. This is due to high spectral efficiency, flat-IParchitecture, the use of latest hardware technologies and LTEs forecasted economies of scale (with

most Tier-1 global operators expected to evolve to LTE).

LTE eases the delivery and monetization of IP-based multimedia services and applications as aresult of its all-IP architecture, and suitability to integrate into Service Delivery Architectures

(SDA).

LTE has become the common standardized target architecture for both 3GPP (GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS,

HSPA, HSPA+) and 3GPP2 (CDMA, EV-DO) standard tracks. It is currently chosen as a major strategic

option for short-term mobile evolution for many Tier 1 mobile operators, and considered by many more for

longer term evolution. LTE provides an evolution path to next-generation wireless broadband that will:

Boost overall network capacity while offering increased peak and average bit rates for end users. Support an increasing number of wireless devices per end user. Allow advanced network and service agility that can continuously integrate, blend and monetize new

premium content and services. This is true whether the content and services are developed internally

by the operator or jointly with operators partners and/or by the larger Internet community.

Drive revenue growth with a network capable of offering truly converged (wireless and wireline)services.

Reduce total cost of ownership for network operation. Improve QoE and integration between alternative wireless access systems. This allows providers to

offer ubiquitous services using a combination of cellular, broadcast and indoor systems.

For detailed information on LTE market drivers and perspectives, refer to Q4 2008 Hot Topic End-to-End

LTE Positioning and Strategy.

3.2 EPC challengesIn LTE, there are significant technological advances on the radio side (eNodeB). LTE provides more efficient

use of the spectrum with wider spectral bands reserved for LTE. This results in greater system capacity and

performance. At the same time, the mobile core has changed to provide higher throughput and low latency;

both a result of the simplified and improved flat all-IP network architecture.


8/29



Delivery of the superior LTE solution and its new technologies is an important task. The existing (2G/3G)

mobile cores, designed and engineered for low-speed, best-effort data, cannot provide the required scalability

and ensure high performance. LTE brings the following completely new set of IP requirements for the EPC:

IP routing and network addressing Centralized vs. distributed network architecture IPv6 (strategy, introduction, coordination with IPv4) End-to-end QoS deployment L2/L3 connectivity at the transport layer (eNodeB, SGW, PGW, MME) Security Interconnectivity to external networks Deep Packet Inspection, Lawful Interception

In order to address all these important aspects of EPCs introduction, a new generation of mobile core

equipment is required and a strong IP expertise is needed. Alcatel-Lucent is well situated to provide this IP

expertise due to its leading position in IP transformation projects worldwide and its incumbent position in

next-generation, terabit service routing (#2 market position in IP/MPLS edge routing).


9/29



Target Customer Identity Card

All LTE target customers and, in

particular:

GSM/WCDMA/HSPA operators CDMA/EV-DO operators

4 EPC Target CustomersTarget customers for Alcatel-Lucents EPC solution are mobile

operators who have chosen LTE for their evolution path, or are

currently investigating further evolution of their networks to

provide new, innovative wireless broadband services.

Because the EPC solution is an integral part of Alcatel-Lucents end-

to-end LTE solution, the target customers for the EPC are the LTE

target customers.

Within this broad general audience investigating LTE evolution, two distinct target customer groups are:

Current GSM/WCDMA/HSPA operators Current CDMA/EV-DO operators

Although these two groups have different technical requirements for interoperability with their existing

2G/3G mobile networks, and different steps for introducing LTE, the key requirements for the EPC are the

same. The key messages for Alcatel-Lucents EPC solution can be used to address both groups.

Alcatel-Lucent is one of the key vendors engaged in all major EPC trials. Currently, a number of target

operators have expressed their strategic preferences towards LTE. They all are Tier 1 operators:

Verizon Wireless NTT docomo Vodafone T-Mobile

The deployment strategy for EPC is the same for all operators (GSM/WCDMA/HSPA and CDMA/EV-DO)

moving to LTE: Introduce a new, evolved mobile core that facilitates the delivery of new services and ensures

full interoperability with legacy 2G/3G systems. While the interoperability details vary betweenGSM/WCDMA/HSPA and CDMA/EV-DO, the key LTE-enabling functionality of the EPC is the same across

all scenarios.


10/29



5 EPC Components DescriptionThe EPC is realized through four new elements:

Serving Gateway (SGW) Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (PGW) Mobility Management Entity (MME) Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)

While SGW, PGW and MME are introduced in 3GPP Release8, PCRF was introduced in 3GPP Release 7.

Until now the architectures using PCRF have not been widely adopted. The PCRFs interoperation with the

EPC gateways and the MME is mandatory in Release 8 and essential for the operation of the LTE.

5.1 Serving GatewayThe SGW is a data plane element whose primary function is to manage user-plane mobility and act as a

demarcation point between the RAN and core networks. SGW maintains data paths between eNodeBs and

the PDN Gateway (PGW). From a functional perspective, the SGW is the termination point of the packet data

network interface towards E-UTRAN. When terminals move across areas served by eNodeB elements in E-UTRAN, the SGW serves as a local mobility anchor. This means that packets are routed through this point for

intra E-UTRAN mobility and mobility with other 3GPP technologies, such as 2G/GSM and 3G/UMTS.

Figure 3: Serving Gateway

5.2 Packet Data Network GatewayLike the SGW, the Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW) is the termination point of the packet data

interface towards the Packet Data Network(s). As an anchorpoint for sessions towards the external Packet

Data Networks, the PDN GW supports:

Policy Enforcement features (applies operator-defined rules for resource allocation and usage) Packet filtering (for example, deep packet inspection for application type detection) Charging support (for example, per-URL charging)


11/29



In LTE, data plane traffic is carried over virtual connections called service data flows (SDFs). SDFs, in turn,

are carried over bearersvirtual containers with unique QoS characteristics. Figure 4 illustrates the scenario

where one or more SDFs are aggregated and carried over one bearer.

Figure 4: Service data flows and bearers

One bearer, a datapath between a UE and a PDN, has three segments:

Radio bearer between UE and eNodeB Data bearer between eNodeB and SGW (S1 bearer) Data bearer between SGW and PGW (S5 bearer)

Figure 5 illustrates three segments that constitute an end-to-end bearer. The primary role of a PGW is QoS

enforcement for each of these SDFs while SGW focuses on dynamic management of bearers.

Figure 5: End-to-end data path in LTE

5.3 Mobility Management EntityThe Mobility Management Entity (MME) is a nodal element within the LTE EPC. It performs the signaling

and control functions to manage the User Equipment (UE) access to network connections, the assignment of

network resources and the management of the mobility states to support tracking, paging, roaming and

handovers. MME controls all control plane functions related to subscriber and session management.

MME manages thousands of eNodeB elements, which is one of the key differences from requirements

previously seen in 2G/3G (on RNC/SGSN platforms). The MME is the key element for gateway selection


12/29



within the EPC (Serving and PDN). It also performs signaling and selection of legacy gateways for handovers

for other 2G/3G networks. The MME also performs the bearer management control functions to establish the

bearer paths that the UE/ATs use.

The MME supports the following functions:

Security procedures: End-user authentication as well as initiation and negotiation of ciphering andintegrity protection algorithms.

Terminal-to-network session handling: All the signaling procedures used to set up packet datacontext and negotiate associated parameters like QoS.

Idle terminal location management: The tracking area update process used to enable the networkto join terminals for incoming sessions.

5.4 Policy and Charging Rules FunctionThe major improvement provided in Release 7 of 3GPP in terms of policy and charging is the definition of a

new converged architecture to allow the optimization of interactions between the Policy and Rules functions.

The R7 evolution involves a new network node Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF), which is a

concatenation of Policy Decision Function (PDF) and Charging Rules Function (CRF).

Release 8 further enhances PCRF functionality by widening the scope of the Policy and Charging Control

(PCC) framework to facilitate non-3GPP access to the network (for example, WiFi or fixed IP broadband

access).

In the generic policy and charging control 3GPP model, the Policy and Charging Enforcement Function

(PCEF) is the generic name for the functional entity which supports service data flow detection, policy

enforcement and flow-based charging. The Application Function (AF) here represents the network element

that supports applications that require dynamic policy and/or charging control. In the IMS model, the AF is

implemented by the Proxy Call Session Control Function, P-CSCF.

Figure 6 shows key PCRF interfaces towards other EPC elements.

Figure 6: Key PCRF interfaces


13/29



5.5 EPC: Dynamic management of mobility, data sessions and network policiesFor proper operation of the LTE network, all EPC elements must exhibit carrier-grade features. In addition,

all EPC elements must interwork in full harmony; the network procedures involve all EPC elements, in both

control and user planes.

Legacy 2G and 3G mobile core elements were designed for completely different network applications: Non-real-time, non-interactive data services such as e-mail and web browsing. There is a stringent set of

requirements for a reliable, scalable, high-performance network due to the dynamic nature of user mobility

in LTE, coupled with the short duration of multiple data sessions per UE and large-scale deployment targets.

To meet these demands, the EPC elements must be best in class, with superior IP performance.

The EPC must address the demanding requirements for multidimensional, dynamic management of mobility,

policies and data bearers; address itin an orchestrated manner that enables the highest LTE performance,

while ensuring interworking and interoperability with legacy 3G/2G systems. In addition, the EPC must

ensure interworking with legacy 2G and 3G systems. Figure 7 illustrates the dynamic nature of policy and

mobility management in LTE.

Figure 7: EPC: Dynamic management of mobility, data sessions and network policies


14/29



Plan

Alcatel-Lucents EPC solution isbased on high-performance,forward-looking, purpose-built

products with industry-leading:

Service-aware IP/MPLS routingwith advanced QoS

Secure and dynamic data plane,mobility and policy management

Integrated end-to-end networkand service management

6 Alcatel-Lucents EPC SolutionAlcatel-Lucent views LTE and the EPC as key corporate strategic

programs. Evolution towards LTE allows Alcatel-Lucent to capitalize

on its No. 1 position in fixed broadband. It allows Alcatel-Lucent to

extend its IP transformaton expertise and leadership from fixed,mobile and converged environments to capture a significant share of

the LTE market and assume a leadership position in this new

technology. While the technology is not expected to receive mass

acceptance before 2012, many operators are currently engaged in

trials or examining further steps towards LTE.

The Alcatel-Lucent EPC delivers :

Technical leadership in IP/MPLS and service routing (service-aware IP)

Broad expertise in mobility management across all wireless technologies Expertise and a proven track record in large-scale, real-time dynamic policy management

These three key areas of Alcatel-Lucents expertise and leadership are graphically represented illustrated in

Figure 8.

Figure 8: Alcatel-Lucents areas of expertise in delivering high-performance EPC

Alcatel-Lucent views the introduction of the EPC as a fundamental shift in mobile networks towards all-IP

wireless broadband; a new core that is a foundation for wireless broadband for years to come. Alcatel-Lucent

reduces the overall cost of LTE with forward-looking product architectures that minimize hardware

upgrades. At the same time its EPC solution has the capability to unleash new business models by allowing

integration with third-party content providers, securely allowing network opening (presence of new devices

and applications) and rapidly enabling and activating new services.


15/29



6.1 Key innovation areas of Alcatel-Lucents EPC solutionAlcatel-Lucents EPC solution delivers a new, service-aware all-IP mobile core. It is capable of true wireless

broadband QoE, and advanced end-to-end QoS with secure and dynamic bearer, mobility and policy

management. Table 1 outlines key innovation areas of Alcatel-Lucents EPC solution.

Table 1: Key innovation areas of Alcatel-Lucents EPC solution

Key innovation areas inAlcatel-Lucents EPC solution

Relevance to EPC/LTE

Service Aware IP Provides network awareness of connections and traffic flows andtheir mapping to services. This is essential when introducing newservice models and it aligns with LTE service requirements. This isalso important for advanced packet processing, such as DeepPacket Inspection (DPI).

Advanced, hierarchical QoScapabilities (per-session, per-flow,per-subscriber)

Ensures end-to-end QoS of new services and service bundles. Secure and dynamic bearer,

mobility and policy management Addresses LTE requirements and interworking with existing

systems. It also allows new charging models while protecting

network resources. Data and Control Plane Scalability Essential for delivery of evolved wireless broadband capabilities in

LTE environment. Minimizes further hardware upgrades in thenetwork.

High availability Allows support for real-time communication services.Alcatel-Lucents EPC solution is realized through products which represent the next-generation extensions in

key areas of Alcatel-Lucents expertise and leadership:

LTE/EPC gateways: Service-aware IP Routing to mobile MME: RNC/mobility management to LTE PCRF: Session/subscriber management in fixed broadband applications to LTE

Preliminary versions of these products are currently engaged in major LTE trials. Exact product details and

availability dates will be announced later.


16/29



6.2 Key customer benefits of Alcatel-Lucents EPC solutionTable 2 details the key customer benefits of Alcatel-Lucents EPC solution.

Table 2: Key customer benefits of Alcatel-Lucents EPC solution

Customer Issue How we address the issue Differentiation with our approachEnsuring reliabilityof voice servicesandinteroperabilitywith existingmobile systems

Using experience in deliveringhighly reliable and resilient IPnetworks

User experience and leadership inVoIP

Minimal risk of evolution of voice to VoIP Ensured interoperability and intra-mobility with

3GPP and non-3GPP (3GPP2) architectures

Easy introductionof wirelessbroadband services

Leadership in TPSDA and dynamicpolicy management

Sophisticated IP routing andpacket processing capability, end-to-end QoS with advanced trafficmanagement results in wirelessbroadband QoE

Evolved wireless broadband services enabled bythe introduction of LTE

Network scalability(users, services,bandwidth)

Unparalleled terabit capacity Advanced packet processing,including DPI, without affectingrouting and forwardingperformance. Purpose-builtsystem architecture enables thisprocessing from the chipset level.

Future-safe mobile core network architecture iscapable of meeting requirements in the future

7 Competitive OverviewAt this point, key competitors in LTE and EPC are Tier 1 mobile equipment vendors, Alcatel-Lucent,

Ericsson, Nokia Siemens Networks and Huawei.

7.1 Competitive landscapeThe full competitive overview should consider all EPC elements. Note that the EPC gateways represent key

new elements where the differences in opposing deployment scenarios are the greatest. Therefore, we will

examine the competitive landscape and related EPC introduction strategies from the perspective of the EPC

gateways. Note also that there is common agreement in the industry that an MME can be implemented using

improved and enhanced variants of previous generations of mobility management network elements, such as

the ATCA-based CPU-blade oriented platforms.

There are two competing approaches to the deployment of EPC gateways:

Use evolved (upgraded) legacy (2G/2G) PS core elements to perform MME and EPC gatewayfunctionality (Legacy PS core evolution scenario)

Deploy new mobile core network elements for EPC (New LTE mobile core scenario)These two approaches are endorsed by two opposing vendor camps. Although these two camps have different

points of view and approaches, they both agree that EPC gateways must be service-aware platforms with

high-performance IP routing capabilities.


17/29



7.2 Legacy PS core evolution scenarioIncumbent 2G/3G PS mobile core vendors plan to extend their core network domination through the

evolution scenario. They propose that existing SGSN, GGSN and PDSN elements should evolve to perform

the functions of MME, SGW and PDN GW. This approach largely assumes that EPC gateways are

implemented as general-purpose, computing-based xGSN platforms. While the combined 2G/3G and LTE

core functionality in a single network element is emphasized, the complexity of the new IP and data plane

requirements (packet forwarding and processing) is de-emphasized. According to this approach, increased

MME is scaled through CPU processing and memory. The key players using this approach are Ericsson,

Nokia Siemens Networks, Starent and Nortel.

7.3 New LTE mobile core scenarioIn this scenario, the demanding new requirements for the EPC gateways are addressed by the evolved, LTE-

optimized edge IP routing network elements. This approach is supported by IP/MPLS router vendors who

recognize that EPC represents a key architectural shift of the mobile core; a shift that is due to the new IP

data plane requirements, which cannot be met by evolving legacy core elements. Companies choosing this

approach include major edge router vendors (Alcatel-Lucent, Juniper, Cisco, Huawei), although only Alcatel-Lucent and Huawei have announced their strategic plans to address LTE/EPC. This approach is based on the

premise that EPC gateway functions are best addressed by a sophisticated edge-router platform that extends

data plane capabilities with LTE core wireless features.

Alcatel-Lucents combined and extensive experience and leadership in IP transformation projects, mobility

management and dynamic policy management distinguishes it from the competition. Alcatel-Lucent believes

that only the next-generation of service-aware, QoS-capable IP routers can deliver the critical performance of

EPC gateways for the LTE mobile core.

In addition, Alcatel-Lucent provides the MME function on an evolved mobility management network element

built on an ATCA-based CPU-processing platform. The PCRF function is delivered through a dedicated,

scalable, purpose-built policy management product.


18/29



8 Alcatel-Lucent DifferentiatorsAlcatel-Lucents EPC includes a leading set of features that are essential for addressing the new LTE core

requirements:

Low latency provided by wirespeed forwarding inherent to terabit service routing platform (EPCgateways).

High availability features such as non-stop routing, non-stop-forwarding, non-stop services, in-servicesoftware upgrades.

Sophisticated QoS/H-QoS and traffic management capabilities that enhance broadband QoE with finegranularity (per-service, per-subscriber, per-application QoS). This further optimizes resource

utilization and enables intelligent procession of traffic (L4-L3 inspection, DPI).

Advanced traffic management that supports per-user and per-application policies includes advancedsubscriber management and mobility features.

High performance which is not affected by packet size or number of processing filters applied (DPI, forexample).

High-capacity, distributed data plane architecture is capable of scaling to millions of concurrentsessions.

Advanced mobility management is delivered from a purpose-built platform Industry-leading dynamic policy management facilitates key enablers for new mobile services such as

creation, management, distribution and dynamic (real-time) enforcement of network policies.

Industry-leading network and service management delivers end-to-end IP OAM&P for LTE andensures interoperability with legacy 2G/3G and OSS/BSS systems.

Alcatel-Lucent provides key differentiation in four major areas:

Service-aware IP routing with advanced end-to-end QoS capabilities

Non-compromise scalability Secure and dynamic mobility and policy management Integrated end-to-end network and service management

In addition, Alcatel-Lucents leadership in network and service management and packet transport solutions

for mobile networks complements the Alcatel-Lucent EPC solution.

8.1 Service-aware IP routing with advanced end-to-end QoS capabilitiesService Awareness is instrumental to ensure evolved wireless QoE. Service Awareness is the unique ability of

Alcatel-Lucents EPC gateways to analyze, understand and process LTE traffic (service data flows and

bearers). It takes into consideration the different traffic types and different service requirements from the

perspective of network flows (L1-L3), sessions and applications (L4-L7).Advanced end-to-end QoS capabilities are achieved through advanced traffic management, with end-to-end

visibility of all network resources. EPC gateways guarantee high performance and scalability with fine

granularity of multiple service levels (QoS definitions) per-subscriber, or per traffic or application type. This

ability to perform advanced QoS and traffic management on several levels is referred to as hierarchical QoS

or H-QoS.


19/29



H-QoS provides additional control over network resources and optimizes bandwidth efficiency and service

quality, while ensuring maximum isolation and fairness between various services and applications. H-QoS

enables bandwidth allocation and management according to the bandwidth budget and/or priority of each

base station type, individual traffic or service category (and potentially for individual applications used within

a service category). For example, voice traffic can be granted the highest priority, followed by video services

and finally high-speed Internet traffic (with various quality grades for specific Internet applications. OTTInternet traffic (for example, YouTube) can be detected and managed using a pre-defined network policy. H-

QoS can also optimize resource utilization by ensuring that any unused bandwidth allocated to higher

priority services automatically becomes available, as needed, for lower classes of service.

8.2 Scalability without compromising performanceAlcatel-Lucent EPC gateways can address the most stringent LTE scalability requirements, because they are

architecturally tailored to allow unrestricted scaling without performance degradation. A typical advanced

multiservice router currently on the market cannot address this requirement for scaling without serious

performance degradation. Figure 9 illustrates the scenario where we see a significant drop in packet

forwarding capability of an advanced multiservice router when additional packet processing is required (in

this case, the smaller size packets with more ACL rules applied). The Alcatel-Lucent EPC gateway addresses

the same requirement without any impact on the performance. Figure 10 illustrates the same type of scenario

where, even under stress, the Alcatel-Lucent EPC gateway continues to apply processing rules and forwards

IP packets at 100% of the line rate.


20/29



Figure 9: Performance degradation of an advanced multiservice router under stress/scaling

Figure 10: Performance of Alcatel-Lucent EPC gateway with no degradation under stress/scaling

8.3 Dynamic mobility and policy managementThe Alcatel-Lucent MME is a purpose-built high-performance network element, designed and manufactured

for carrier-grade reliability. It has redundant hardware architecture and high availability ensured with built

in self-healing fault monitoring and recovery capabilities, including in-service software upgrades.

Its architecture is designed for high volume computing and performance, which enables it to support the

signaling load and direct control plane management of thousands of eNodeBs, while ensuring inter-working

with multiple standards legacy networks.

The Alcatel-Lucent PRCF platform is a result of Alcatel-Lucents industry leadership in fixed broadband. The

PRCF platform is developed using Alcatel-Lucents leading expertise in subscriber management and its vast

experience in managing large IPTV installations (for example, AT&Ts Lightspeed network). PCRF is a

carrier-grade, purpose-built policy management system, capable of dynamic scaling and high performance. It

provides tight integration with EPC gateways and the MME, as well as with LTE/EPC network and service

management platforms.


21/29



8.4 Integrated network and service managementNetwork and service management also plays a key role in LTE networks. The LTE QoE, in terms of coverage,

bandwidth, latency, and mobility (hand-over), is directly impacted by the configuration and management of

LTE network elements (eNodeBs, gateways, MME, PCRF) as well as the interworking with legacy 2G and 3G

layers. From an operator standpoint, an efficient and consolidated management system is crucial to contain

the total cost of network ownership, optimize asset usage, and streamline multi-technology network

operations.

Alcatel-Lucent meets this challenge with a comprehensive and field proven solution set for wireless network

management featuring:

Single OAM interface for all wireless technologies Support of multiple standards (GSM, W-CDMA, LTE, CDMA) Full suite of proven value-added tools to reduce OPEX Full integration with planning tools

End-to-end integration (IP infrastructure) Offers of integration services and customer services

With Alcatel-Lucents integrated network management system, operators will experience:

Continuity in look and feel and usability for GSM, W-CDMA to LTE and EVDO to LTE managementtools

Common security procedures, network level fault isolation, detection and resolution Coordinated management/provisioning across network elements Seamless inter-technology QoS continuity (such as unified Radio Resource Management, East-West

OAM interface) ensuring smooth service continuity between legacy and LTE networks

Tight integration with transport8.5 Mobile Evolution Transport Architecture: Packet transport for LTE

Alcatel-Lucent offers a flexible evolution path to packet-based backhaul through a comprehensive Mobile

Evolution Transport Architecture (META). This end-to-end architecture delivers the intelligence, flexibility,

simplicity and cost-effectiveness required to evolve mobile transport networks to all-IP. META can support

LTE and 2G/3G while addressing the explosion in demand for connectivity from a new generation of mobile

devices and applications.

META offers the following benefits to LTE operators:

All-IP: With all wireless technologies becoming IP-capable, transport networks must be scalable,flexible and provide high availability with resilience. Service providers who employ packet-based

mobile transport on optical, microwave or IP/MPLS solutions comprising META can leverage these

same technologies for LTE. In addition, these technologies all support the transport of legacy protocols

using circuit emulation or pseudowires.


22/29



Increased capacity at lower cost: The introduction of LTE poses an issue for existing mobiletransport networks that are unable to cost effectively support added capacity requirements. To reduce

transport costs, operators must take advantage of low-cost Carrier Ethernet that scales to the capacity

required by LTE. Through META, several eco-friendly cell site aggregation systems are available to

make efficient use of transport facilities while providing the necessary QoS to protect revenues and the

end-user experience. Tighter QoS integration: Operators want tighter integration between backhaul and base stations to

allow dynamic traffic management when networks become congested. These abilities help meet QoS

demands and ensure timing distribution over packet-based transport. Distributed intelligence in the

transport layer permits load balancing between base stations, gateways and backhaul. Greater synergy

across the mobile and transport layers also enhances QoS alignment.

Security: Migration to IP requires an end-to-end approach of security for next-generation mobiletransport networks. This is especially important when the network infrastructure and RAN are shared

among service providers, and both security and resource contention must be addressed. One option is

to use IPSec tunneling between the eNodeB and the security gateway to secure data and provide QoS

for operators choosing to administer security centrally. The second option is to use connection-

oriented packet transport, implemented with MPLS-TP.

Converged, multi-generational support: Transport networks must support the co-existence of2G, 3G and LTE/WiMAX. With a converged, multi-technology solution like META, IP can be

transported over packet networks using optical, microwave or IP/MPLS technologies. To ensure the

continuity of service on both legacy and LTE technologies, a clear segregation of traffic types must be

maintained, thus enabling the application of appropriate QoS. By converging transport of 2G/3G

mobile and LTE using a common transport network, service providers can save CAPEX and OPEX,

through a more scalable, flexible, resilient and secure transport network.


23/29



9 Abbreviations3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project). 3GPP is a cross-country organization initially in charge of

the definition of the 3G UMTS standard.

3GPP2 (3rd Generation Partnership Project 2). 3GPP2 is a cross-country organization in charge ofthe definition of the 3G cdma2000 standard and its evolutions.

AF (Application Function)AF is the generic name for the network element that supports applications

that require dynamic policy and/or charging control. For 3GPP IP access types, P-CSCF supports the AF.

AS (Access Stratum). The AS is the set of features associated to the radio interface and Access Network.

CDF (Charging Data Function). The CDF controls the building of the CDR whose content and format is

specified by 3GPP standard documents.

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). CDMA is a medium-access method in which different users are

allocated different code sequences.

CDR (Charging Data Record).A CDR is a collection of information (connection time, allocated

resources.) used in billing and accounting.

CGF (Charging Gateway Function). The CGF is a gateway between the Core Network nodes and the

Billing Domain. It supports CDR storage and management (opening, closing).

CRF (Charging Rules Function). The CRF is a PS Core Network element introduced in UMTS for IMS

flow-based charging.

CS (Circuit Switched domain). The CS domain is the subset of the 2G/GSM and 3G/UMTS CoreNetwork domain dedicated to the support of packet-based services.

CSCF (Call Session Control Function). The CSCF is a SIP-based server in the IMS architecture for

establishing, terminating or modifying IMS sessions.

DL (Downlink). The communication link from the base station to the mobile.

E-UTRAN (Evolved-UTRAN). E-UTRAN is the Access Network evolution for 3GPP 3G standards.

EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution). EDGE is a high bit rate evolution of 2G/GSM

networks.

EMM (EPS Mobility Management). EMM refers to the set of signaling procedures between the terminal

and the MME used for user attachment and location management.

eNodeB (evolved NodeB). eNodeB is the radio transmission and receiver node of E-UTRAN Access

Network.


24/29



EPC (Evolved Packet Core). EPC is the Packet Core Network evolution for 3GPP 2G/3G standards.

EPS (Evolved Packet System). EPS is the 3GPP name for the evolution of UMTS. EPS encompasses both

E-UTRAN and EPC.

GERAN (GPRS EDGE Radio Access Network). GERAN is the 3GPP name for the GSM access network.

It refers to the initial 2G/GSM voice system, as well as GPRS and EDGE evolutions.

GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node). The GGSN is a 2G/GSM and 3G/UMTS Core Network entity

supporting packet data transmission to and from mobile terminals.

GMSC (Gateway Mobile Switching Center). The MSC is a specific type of MSC, used as a gateway with

the PSTN.

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). GPRS is an evolution of 2G GSM networks for packet data

service support.

GSM (Global System for Mobile communications). GSM is the well-known 2G cellular telephonysystem.

GTP (GPRS Tunnelling Protocol). GTP is a protocol used in EPC for establishing data sessions. It also

provides data encapsulation between network nodes. GTP was inherited from the 2G/GPRS standard.

HLR (Home Location Register). The HLR is one of the HSS components.

HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access). HSDPA is a high-speed enhancement of 3G/UMTS

networks for network-to-terminal transmission.

HSPA (High Speed Packet Access). HSPA designates the combination of HSDPA and HSUPA.

HSS (Home Subscriber Server). The HSS is the master database of 3G networks containing the user

subscription-related information.

HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access). HSUPA is a high-speed enhancement of 3G/UMTS

networks for terminal-to-network transmission.

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). IETF is an international community dedicated to the

evolution of Internet and Internet standards.

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). IEEE is a professional association for the

advancement of technology. IEEE covers a wide range of technical areas, including wireless

telecommunications.

ISIM (IMS Subscriber Identity Module). See SIM.

ITU (International Telecommunication Union). ITU is an international organization controlling

global telecom networks and services coordination.


25/29



IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem). IMS is a 3GPP framework, designed for delivering IP multimedia

services to end-users.

IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity). The IMSI is a private unique mobile subscriber

identifier used in 3GPP networks including GSM, UMTS and EPS technologies.

IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications 2000). IMT-2000 is the ITU name for post-

2G network evolutions. 3GPP/UMTS and 3GPP2/cdma2000 are part of the IMT-2000 standard family.

LTE (Long Term Evolution). LTE is a 3GPP work item dealing with the definition of 3G Access Network

evolution. It is also known as E-UTRAN.

MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service). MBMS is a broadcast/multicast service

defined by the 3GPP.

MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output). MIMO is a generic term for multi-port systems. It is usually

applicable to antenna systems for E-UTRAN.

MGCF (Media Gateway Control Function). The MGCF is an IMS node controlling the signaling inter-

working with PSTN for voice circuit-switched services.

MGW (Media Gateway). The MGW is responsible for media conversion to and from the PSTN, under the

control of the MGCF.

MME (Mobility Management Entity). MME is an entity part of the EPC network which controls session

and user-mobility management.

MMD (MultiMedia Domain). MMD is the cdma2000 equivalent of the IMS subsystem of UMTS

networks.

MNC (Mobile Network Code). The MNC is part of the IMSI and uniquely identifies the home operator of

the subscriber in a country.

MSC (Mobile Switching Center). The MSC belongs to the Circuit Core Network and is responsible for

circuit-switched call control.

MT (Mobile Terminal). MT is the part of the terminal that supports the radio-related protocols and

components, as well as the UICC module.

NAS (Non Access Stratum). The NAS is the set of access-independent network features related to the

management subscriber data and communication contexts. In EPC network, the NAS signaling terminates inthe MME.

NGN (Next Generation Network). NGN refers to the new packet-based converged network architecture.

NodeB. NodeB is the radio transmission and receiver node of the 3G/UTRAN access network.


26/29



OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). OFDM is the radio technology family chosen

for the E-UTRAN physical layer. It is based on the mapping of a wide-band signal for transmission onto large

numbers of narrow-band modulated subcarriers.

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). OFDMA is a multi-user multiplexing

technique based on OFDM subcarrier arrangement.

P-GW (PDN Gateway). The Packet Data Network Gateway is part of the EPC. It is the functional network

entity that terminates the SGi interface towards the PDN.

PCEF (Policy and Charging Enforcement Function). PCEF is the generic name for the functional

entity which supports service data flow detection, policy enforcement and flow-based charging. For 3GPP IP

access types, the GGSN supports the PCEF .

PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function). The PCRF is a concatenation of PDF and CRF network

nodes.

PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol). PDCP is the radio interface protocol layer that controls theheader compression and security protection.

PDF (Policy Decision Function). The PDF is a PS Core Network element introduced in UMTS for IMS

flow policy control.

PDP Context (Packet Data Protocol Context). PDP is the name for the 2G/GPRS or 3G/UMTS packet

session context that is set up between the terminal and the Packet Core Network. In EPS networks, EPS

bearer is equivalent to the PDP context.

PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network). A PLMN is a public mobile network owned by an operator. It is

uniquely identified by a concatenation of MNC and MCC codes.

PoC (Push-to-talk over Cellular). PoC is a walkie-talkie-like speech service defined by the OMA.

PS (Packet Switched domain). The PS domain is the subset of the 2G/GSM and 3G/UMTS Core Network

domain dedicated to the support of packet-based services.

PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network). PSTN is the public worldwide circuit switched-based

telephone network.

RNC (Radio Network Control). The RNC belongs to the UTRAN and controls radio protocols and the

UTRAN Base Stations.

S-GW (Serving Gateway). The Serving GW is part of the EPC. It is the functional network entity that

terminates the interface towards E-UTRAN.

SAE (System Architecture Evolution). SAE is a 3GPP work item which helps define 3G Packet Core

network evolution (also known as EPC).


27/29



SDF (Service Data Flow). An SDF is a flow of packet data identified by the IP 5-tuple (source IP address,

destination IP address, source port number, destination port number, and protocol ID of the protocol above

IP).

SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node). The SGSN is a 2G/GSM and 3G/ UMTS Core Network entity

supporting packet data transmission to and from mobile terminals.

SIM (Subscriber Identity Module). Like the USIM (for UMTS) and ISIM (for IMS), the 2G/SIM is an

application of the UICC card within the user terminal. It supports user-related information such as identity,

security credentials, phonebook, and application-specific information.

SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). SIP is an application-layer control protocol developed by the IETF

that is used for establishing IP-based multimedia services such as Voice over IP.

SM (Session Management). SM refers to the set of signaling procedures between the terminal and the

MME that is used for bearer management.

SMS (Short Message Service). SMS is the well-known text-message service introduced in 2G/GSMnetworks.

TA (Tracking Area). The TA is a group of contiguous cells that helps track terminal locations in IDLE

mode.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). TCP is a reliable end-to-end connection-oriented data-transport

protocol defined by the IETF.

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access). TDMA is a medium-access method in which different users are

allocated different time periods.

TDD (Time Division Duplex). TDD is a duplex transmission method based on time separation.

TE (Terminal Equipment). TE is the part of the terminal that supports user applications and application-

level protocols, as well as user interface.

TISPAN (Telecommunication and Internet converged Services and Protocols for Advanced Networking).

TISPAN is the ETSI technical body controlling next-generation converged network definition.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol). UDP is a connectionless end-to-end non-reliable transport protocol

defined by IETF.

UE (User Equipment). UE is the 3GPP name for a mobile terminal. AUE is composed of a TE and a ME.

UL (Up-Link). A communication link from a mobile to a base station.

UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband). UMB is the 3GPP2 equivalent of the EPS standard ( now practically

abandoned).


28/29



UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). UMTS is the 3G standard developed by the

3GPP consortium.

USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity Module). See SIM.

UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network). UTRAN represents the access network (or

the radio-specific part) of a 3G UMTS network.

WCDMA(Wide band Code Division Multiple Access). The chosen radio technology for 3GPP UTRAN.

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability Microwave Access). The IEEE packet radio standard for short

and long-range wireless Internet.


29/29



10Marketing ContactsLTE Evolved Packet CoreGary Leonard +1 508 4297 321, [email protected]

Aleksandar Pavlovic +1 613 784 6407, [email protected]

LTE Radio Access and MMEAnthony Berkeley +44 1 79377 5783, [email protected] Gueret +33 1 3077 0845, [email protected]

End-to-End LTE SolutionJean Jones +1 978 952 7934, [email protected] Testu +33 1 3077 5466, [email protected]

11Additional Resources Evolved Packet System (EPS): The LTE and SAE Evolution of 3G UMTS (Hardcover) by Pierre

Lescuyer (Author), Thierry Lucidarme (Author) http://www.amazon.com/Evolved-Packet-System-EPS-

Evolution/dp/0470059761/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226335030&sr=8-1

Advanced QoS for Multi-Service IP/MPLS Networks [ILLUSTRATED] (Paperback) by RamBalakrishnan (Author)

http://www.amazon.com/Advanced-QoS-Multi-Service-MPLS-Networks/dp/0470293691/ref=pd_bbs_sr_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226334696&sr=8-5

01 2009 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

Job Number CAR4688081203

1Q09 EPC Solution Hot Topic Final

Documents

Transcript of 1Q09 EPC Solution Hot Topic Final