1.Move to the Beat - Pre-workshop Booklet

8/2/2019 1.Move to the Beat - Pre-workshop Booklet

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MOVETOTHEBEAT!Understandingcontemporary&classicalmusicintheUKthroughthemediumofforeignmusicalinfluenceWorkshopPreparationBookletMarch2012


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ContentsAbouttheworkshopYourtaskWorkshopclasses&visitsAfricanmusic IndianmusicRockandrollUsefulWordsUKmusicandlinks


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Abouttheworkshop

MovetotheBeat!willprovideafascinatinginsightintocontemporaryand

classicalmusicintheUKandprovideanopportunityforyoutoexplorethe

influencethat

other

cultures

have

had

upon

both

modern

and

historical

musicaltastes.CurrentmusicalpreferencesandpatternsintheUKhave

beenwidelyinfluencedbyAfrican,AsianandAmericanmusic.Thisworkshop

willlookatmusicalinfluencesthroughouttheagesandhowtraditional

songanddancehasbecomeincreasinglymulticulturalduetothe

globalisationofthemusicindustry.

Task

Beforeattendingtheworkshopwekindlyaskyoutoresearchthemusicofyourown

country.DuringtheweekintheUKwewillaskyoutoshareexamplesofyour

countrysmusicandtellushowthemusicyoulistento/hearontheradiohas

changedovertheyears.YoucanbringCDs,orusetheinternet,orperhapsbringan

instrument.Thechoiceisyours!

Youwillonlyneedtoshareyourexampleswiththegroupfor510minutessoplease

donotbenervous.

Workshopclasses&visits

Throughouttheweekyouwilltakepartinanumberofmusicbasedworkshopsonthefollowingtopics:

Africandrummingtechniques Percussionfromacrosstheworld Stringedinstrumentsandtheiruseincontemporaryandclassicalmusic Postmodernmusicmakingtechniques Dance,rhythmandbeat(withanethnictwist)

Youwillhavetheopportunitytoexperiencemusicalexamplesandinstrumentaltechniquestypicalofa

rangeofcountries,bothfromthepastandthepresenttime.Youwillhavetheopportunitytoinvestigate,

compareandcontrastthemusicofyourownnativecountrywiththatofothers.

Theworkshopwillalsoprovideculturalvisitstoplacesofinterestandimportance,suchtheSymphonyHall

inBirminghamandtheCivicHallinStratforduponAvon,allowingyoutheopportunitytoexplorethe

musicalandculturalhistoryofthearea.


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AfricanMusic

Themusic

and

dance

forms

found

on

the

AfricancontinentincludeAfricanAmerican

musicandmanyCaribbeangenreslikesoca,

calypsoandzouk.LatinAmericanmusic

genresliketheflamenco,samba,rumba,

salsa;andotherrhythmbasedgenres,were

foundedtovaryingdegreesonthemusicof

Africanslaves,which,inturninfluenced

Africanpopularmusic.

African

traditional

music

often

relates

directly

to

nature.

Performances

may

be

long

and

often

involve

the

participationoftheaudience.Thereare,forexample,songstoaccompanychildbirth,marriage,hunting

andpoliticalactivities,musictowardoffevilspiritsandtopayrespectstogoodspirits,thedeadandthe

ancestors.

Musicalinstruments

Besidesusingthevoiceawidearrayofmusicalinstrumentsareused.Africanmusical

instrumentsincludearangeofdrums,slitgongs,rattles,doublebellsaswellasmelodic

instrumentslikestringinstruments,manykindsofxylophoneanddifferenttypesofwind

instrumentslikeflutesandtrumpets.

DrumsusedinAfricantraditionalmusicincludetalkingdrums,bougarabouanddjembe

inWestAfrica,waterdrumsinCentralandWestAfrica,andthedifferenttypesofngoma

drums(orengoma)inCentralandSouthernAfrica.Otherpercussioninstrumentsinclude

manyrattlesandshakers,suchasthekosika,rainstick,bellsandwoodsticks.

Image:BougaraboudrumInfluenceonNorthAmericanmusic

Africanmusic

has

been

amajor

factor

in

the

shaping

of

what

we

know

today

as

blues

andjazz.ThesestyleshaveallborrowedfromAfricanrhythmsandsounds,brought

overtheAtlanticOceanbyslaves.OnhisalbumGraceland,theAmericanfolk

musicianPaulSimonemploysAfricanbands,rhythmsandmelodies,especially

LadysmithBlackMambazo,asamusicalbackdropforhisownlyrics.

Image:AfricanrainsticksIntheearly1970s,RemiKabaka,anAfrorockmusician,laidtheinitialdrumpatternsthatcreatedtheAfro

rocksoundsinbandssuchastheRollingStones,andSteveWinwood'sTraffic.Hecontinuedtoworkwith

Winwood,PaulMcCartney,andMickJaggerthroughoutthedecade.


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Astheriseofrockandrollmusicisoftencreditedashavingbegunwith1940sAmericanblues,itcanbe

arguedthatAfricanmusichasbeenattherootofaverysignificantportionofallrecentpopularor

vernacularmusic.

CertainSub

Saharan

African

musical

traditions

also

had

asignificant

influenceonsuchwellknownworkssuchasDisney'sTheLionKing

andTheLionKingII:Simba'sPride,whichblendtraditionaltribal

musicwithmodernculture.SongssuchasCircleofLifeandHeLives

inYoublendacombinationofZuluandEnglishlyrics,aswellas

traditionalAfricanstylesofmusicwithmoremodernwestern

styles.

Additionally,theDisneyfilmincorporatesnumerouswordsfromtheBantuSwahililanguage.Thephrase

"hakunamatata,"forexample,isanactualSwahiliphrasethatmeans"noworries."Characterssuchas

Simba,

Kovu,

and

Zira

are

also

Swahili

words

which

mean

"Lion,"

"scar,"

and

"hate,"

respectively.

Task

Lookatfilmsandcartoonsinyourcountryandseewheremusicfromotherculturesisused.Isthemusic

traditionalormodern?Doesitemployaforeignlanguage?

CanyouseeanywaysinwhichAfricanmusichasinfluencedthemusicthatyoulike?


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IndianMusic

ThemusicofIndiaincludesmultiplevarietiesoffolk,pop,classical

musicandR&B.India'sclassicalmusictraditionhasaverylong

historyanddevelopedoverseveraleras.Itremainsfundamentalto

thelives

of

Indians

today

as

asource

of

spiritual

inspiration,

cultural

expressionandpureentertainment.

Indiaismadeupofseveraldozenethnicgroups,speakingtheirown

languagesanddialects,havingdistinctculturaltraditions.

Bhangra

Bhangraisalivelyformofmusicanddancethatoriginatedinthe

Punjabregion

to

celebrate

Vaisakhi,

the

festival

of

the

Sikhs.

Bhangra

beganasapartofharvestfestivalcelebrations,anditeventually

becameapartofsuchdiverseoccasionsasweddingsandNewYear

celebrations.Duringthelastthirtyyears,Bhangrahasenjoyedasurge

inpopularityworldwide,bothintraditionalformandasafusionwith

genressuchashiphop,house,andreggae,andinsuchformsithas

becomeapopsensationintheUnitedKingdomandNorthAmerica.

Dandiya

Dandiyais

aform

of

dance

oriented

folk

music

that

has

also

been

adapted

for

pop

music.

The

present

musicalstylecomesfromthetraditionalmusicalaccompanimenttothefolkdance.Itispracticedmainlyin

thestateofGujrat.Dandiyaitselfisakindofdanceratherthanmusic,themusiciscalledaGarbainlocal

language.

UttarakhandiMusic

Uttarakhandifolkmusichasitsrootsinnature.Themusicisrelatedtothevarious

festivals,religioustraditions,folkstoriesandlifeofthepeopleofUttarakhand.

ThesongsofUttarakhandareareflectionoftheculturalheritageandtheway

peoplelive

in

the

Himalayas.

Musical

instruments

used

in

Uttarakhand

music

includethedhol,turri,ransingha,dholki,daur,thali,bhankoraandmasakbhaja.

Tablaandharmoniumarealsoused,buttoalesserextent.

Image:ransinghaLavani

LavanicomesfromthewordLavanyawhichmeansbeauty.Thisisoneofthemostpopularformsofdance

andmusicthatispracticedalloverMaharashtra(secondmostpopulatedstateinIndia).Ithasbecomea

necessarypartoftheMaharashtrianfolkdanceperformances.


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Traditionally,thesongsaresungbyfemaleartistes,butmaleartistesmay

occasionallysingLavanis.ThedanceformatassociatedwithLavaniisknownas

Tamasha.Lavaniisacombinationoftraditionalsonganddance,particularly

performedtothebeatsof'Dholak',adrumlikeinstrument.

Image:DholakInteractionwithnonIndianmusic

Inthelate1970sandearly1980s,rockandrollfusionswithIndianmusicwerewellknownthroughout

EuropeandNorthAmerica.AliAkbarKhanwasakeyfigureinpopularisingIndianmusicintheWestduring

thetwentiethcenturyandperformedataconcertin1971withseveralfamousBritishmusicianssuchas

EricClapton,GeorgeHarrisonandRingoStarr.

Jazz

pioneers

such

as

John

Coltrane

embraced

this

fusion.

George

Harrison

(of

the

Beatles)

played

the

sitar

onthesong"NorwegianWood(ThisBirdHasFlown)"in1965.JazzinnovatorMilesDavisrecordedand

performedwithmusicianslikeKhalilBalakrishna,BihariSharma,andBadalRoy.

OtherWesternartistssuchastheRollingStones,TheMove

andTrafficincorporatedIndianinfluencesandinstruments,

andaddedIndianperformers.

Inthelate1980s,IndianBritishartistsfusedIndianand

WesterntraditionstomaketheAsianUnderground.Sincethe

1990s,CanadianbornmusicianNadakawhohasspentmostof

hislifeinIndiahasbeencreatingmusicthatisanacoustic

fusionofIndianclassicalmusicwithwesternstyles.

Inthenewmillennium,AmericanhiphophasfeaturedIndianmusic.Mainstreamhiphopartistshave

sampledsongsfromBollywoodmoviesandhavecollaborated withIndianartists.Examplesinclude:

Timbaland's"IndianFlute" ErickSermonandRedman's"React" SlumVillage's"Disco" TruthHurts'hitsong"Addictive" TheBlackEyedPeasalsosampledAshaBhosle'ssong"YehMeraDil"intheirhitsingle"Don'tPhunk

WithMyHeart".

In1997,theBritishbandCornershoppaidtributetoAshaBhoslewiththeirsongBrimfulofAsha,which

becameaninternationalhit.BritishbornIndianartistPanjabiMCalsohadaBhangrahitintheU.S.with

"MundianToBachKe"whichfeaturedrapperJayZ.


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IndianrockTherockmusicsceneinIndiaisextremelysmall,butithasitsoriginsin1960sand70swheninternational

starssuchastheBeatlesvisitedIndiaandbroughttheirmusicwiththem.Theseartists'collaborationwith

IndianmusicianssuchasRaviShankarandZakirHussainhaveledtothedevelopmentofRagaRock.International

radio

stations

such

as

The

Voice

of

America,

BBC,

and

Radio

Ceylon

played

amajor

part

in

bringingWesternpop,folkandrockmusictoIndia.

TaskWhatisBollywood?FindoutaboutanIndianfilmandtrytoseewhereandwhymusicisused.


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RockandRollTheoriginsofrockandrollhavebeendebatedmanytimesbutthereisageneralagreementthatitarosein

theSouthernUnitedStates aregionwhichwouldproducemostofthemajorearlyrockandrollacts

throughthe

meeting

of

various

influences

including

traditional

African

music

and

European

instrumentation.

ThemigrationofmanyfreedslavesandtheirdescendantstomajorurbancenterslikeMemphis,NewYork

City,Detroit,Chicago,ClevelandandBuffalomeantthatblackandwhite

residentswerelivingincloseproximityinlargernumbersthaneverbefore,

andasaresultheardeachother'smusicandevenbegantoemulateeach

other'sfashions.Radiostationsmadebothwhiteandblackformsofmusic

availableandAfricanAmericanmusicalstylessuchasjazzandswingwere

takenupbywhitemusicians.

Theimmediaterootsofrockandrolllayinrhythmandblues.Particularlysignificantinfluenceswerejazz,blues,gospel,country,andfolk.Inthe1930sjazz,andparticularlyswing,bothinurbanbaseddancebandsandbluesinfluencedcountry

swing,wasamongthefirstmusictopresentAfricanAmericansoundsforapredominatelywhiteaudience.

The1940ssawtheincreaseduseofblaringhorns(includingsaxophones),shoutedlyricsandboogie

woogiebeatsinjazzbasedmusic.

UsefulWordsBhangra

Jazz

Rhythmandblues

Samba

Rhumba

Salsa

Bass

Tempo

Calypso

Bollywood

Popmusic

Swing


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UKMusic:wheredoesourmusiccomefrom?TheUKhasborrowedheavilyfromtheworldsmanyvariedmusicalinfluences,buttheprocessreally

gainedmomentumafterthe1940s.Priortothe2ndWorldWar,Britishhomegrownpopularmusicwas

primarily

male

dominated

and

semi

operatic.

The

exception

to

this

was

the

music

hall

comedic

songs

whichcanbetracedbacktoAmericanvaudevilleactsofthetime.

The1940sboughttheBigBandsoundtoBritain,probablythemostfamousAmericanbandleaderbeingGlennMiller(link1).ThisstylewascopiedbyBritishbandssuchasthoseledbyJackParnell,TedHeathand

BillyCotton(link3).ThiswasalsotheeraofthecroonerssingerswithadistinctivestyleAmericahad

FrankSinatrabutBritaindidntstartproducingitsownbrandofcrooneruntiltheearly1950speople

suchasDickieValentine,MattMunroandFrankieVaughan(link4).

Duringthe1950sandearly60s,BillyCottonretainedthebigbandstyle

butalsobegantoincorporateelementsofvaudevillewithhisBlackand

Whiteminstrels.ThemusicwaspredominantlySouthernBlackAmerica

withsuchdiversesongsasOldManRiverandMammy.Thestylecan

bedirectlyattributedtotheAmericanartist,AlJolsonwhowasa

vaudevilleperformer.

Inthemid1950s,anewtypeofmusiccametothefore,primarilyaimed

atayoungergenerationRockandRoll.IntheUSA,themainproponentswereElvisPresley,BillHaley,

LittleRichardandBuddyHolly,tonamebutafew.BritaincounteredwithCliffRichard(link5),TheShadows(aquiteuniqueelectricguitarinstrumentalgroup),TommySteeleand,somewhatsurprisingly,

LonnieDonegan(link6)whosestylewasprimarilyskifflewhich,inturnwasastyleborrowedfromAmerican

jug

bands

of

the

1920s

and

1930s.

Jug

bands

were

so

called

because

many

of

the

instruments

werehomemade,i.e.teachestbass,washboards,and,ofcourse,emptywhiskyjugsorjars.

Intheearly1960s,thebiggestmusicalinfluenceremainedAmerican,somuchsothattheRollingStones

wereinitiallyidentifiedasanAmericangroup,despitetheleadvocalist,MickJaggerbeingborninKentin

theUK(link7).TheRollingStonesmusicwasanamalgamofrockandroll,jazz andbluesandwas,perhaps,thestartoftheBritishpop(asinpopular)musicscene.Alsoatthistime,probablythemost

influentialgroupofthe1960sand1970scameintobeingTheBeatles.

InitiallyTheBeatlesperformedcoversofAmericanrockandrollsongsbutrapidly

began

writing

songs

in

their

own

style.

They

also

became

interested

inEasternmusicalstylesfromtheIndiansubcontinent,withleadguitarist

GeorgeHarrisontakingprobablymoreinterestthantheothergroupmembers.

ThisstylecanbeheardonthetrackWithinyou,withoutyou,writtenin1967by

Harrison.However,theinfluencecouldbemoresubtle,withthesitarbeing

incorporatedintoanessentiallyBritishpopsongasinNorwegianWood(links8and9).

Otherstylesbeganemerginginthe60sand70s,borrowingfromavarietyofprimarilyAmericanandBlack

Americaninfluences.ThesewereasdiverseasGeorgeMellyandtheFeetwarmers(link10)withtheirown

brandofTradJazz. ThistypeofjazzcantraceitsrootsbacktoNewOrleanswhereitisstillpopulartoday.


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OtherstylessuchastheblueswereperformedbysuchmusiciansasEricClapton,with,perhapsultimately

morethananoddingreferencetoJamaicanreggaemusicfromnoneotherthantheiconicBritishheavy

rockbandLedZeppelin,withtheircompositionDyerMaker(link12).RobertPlant,formerleadsingerwithLedZeppelinfurtherdiversifiedin2008withacollaborationwith

AlisonKrauss,arespectedcountryandwestern/bluegrasssinger(link13).And,ofcourse,Britishbandssometimeshavebeenknowntounashamedlyborrownotonlyaparticular

stylebutwholepiecesofmusicandadaptittotheirownparticular,individualstyleHoeDownby

Emerson,LakeandPalmerisjustoneexample(link14).Links

1) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPXwkWVEIIw2) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pfCFU3Mqww&feature=related3) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSlkI2KBg6c&feature=fvsr4) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsMrJufcIc5) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4IA7DR1jK06) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1sie9FHM9s&feature=related7) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLnMFqItQXs8) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljnv3KGtcyI9) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lY5i4rWh4410)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBFuzPl7UA11)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eK9E6Eu3Y&feature=related12)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5s9illHQlc13)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acX_2zkA0KA

14)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nj2onxSQp9Q

(iftheselinksdonotoperateinyourcountry,pleaseusegoogleoryoutubetosearchsomeofthenamesandstyles

mentionedabove)

Contentfrompages411isbasedonarticlesfromWikipedia.com,youtube.comandotherwebsitesThispublicationreflectstheviewsofanumberofsources,andLNfEcannotbeheldresponsibleforanyusewhichmaybemadeoftheinformationcontainedtherein.


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ProducedbyLanguageNetworksforExcellence,UniversityofWolverhampton

Thisproject

has

been

funded

with

support

from

the

European

Commission.

This

publication

reflects

the

views

only

of

the

author,

and

the

Commissioncannotbeheldresponsibleforanyusewhichmaybemadeoftheinformationcontainedtherein.

1.Move to the Beat - Pre-workshop Booklet

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