1.How to use this module 2.Learning outcomes 3.Introduction 4.Definition of terms 5.Epidemiology...
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1. How to use this module 2. Learning outcomes 3. Introduction 4. Definition of terms 5. Epidemiology 6. Measures of disease burden 7. Global burden of disease 8. DALYs 9. Section 1 Quiz 10. Classificatio n of countries 11. Section 2 Quiz 12. Risk factors 13. Section 3 Partners in Global Health Education GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE For more information about the authors and reviewers of this module, click here
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1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
GLOBAL BURDEN OF
DISEASE
For more information about the authors and reviewers of this module, click here
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
How to use this module• This self-directed learning (SDL) module has been designed for
medical and other health care students• We suggest that you start with the learning outcomes and try to keep
these in mind as you go through the module slide by slide and at your own pace.
• Print-out the GBD SDL answer sheet. Write your answers to the questions as best you can before looking at the answers.
• Repeat the module until you have achieved a mark of > 19/23 (>80%).
• You should research any issues that you are unsure about. Look in your textbooks, access the on-line resources indicated at the end of the module and discuss with your peers and teachers.
• Finally, enjoy your learning! We hope that this module will be complement your learning about Global Burden of Disease from other sources.
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this module, you should be able to :
1. Describe how disease burden is measured, including:• the definitions of 4 standardised mortality rates and their
limitations • how DALYs attempt to capture overall disease burden
2. Discuss the rationale behind the Global Burden of Disease project
3. Identify in the different world regions: • the leading diseases • the leading risks to health
4. Describe the concept of disease transition
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
The obvious and traditional approach is to measure overall mortality in different countries. The next slide shows some of the important, standardised mortality rates that are universally accepted and have specific definitions.
This module is concerned with taking an overview of disease or ill health in the world today. But how can we measure disease at the global level?
Introduction
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
Definitions of standard mortality rates
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
No. deaths between birth and age 1 year
Total no. live births
X 1000
Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR)
No. deaths from the 28th completed week of gestation till the end of the 1st week of life
Total no. live & stillbirths
X 1000
Under five Mortality Rate
(U5MR)
No. deaths occurring below the age of 5 years
Total no. live births
X 1000
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
No. maternal deaths per 100,000 live births
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
What do you think is the current under 5 mortality rate in the following countries
(number of deaths <5 years / 1000 live births) ?
Britain
Nigeria Pakistan
China
(Source : Unicef State of the World’s Children 2005)
6/1,000
198/1,000
37/1,000
103/1,000
Click to Reveal AnswersClick to Reveal Answers
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Life expectancy
• Life expectancy is another common
and useful measure of disease burden
• The normal life expectancy is taken as:
– 80 years for males
– 82 years for females
Acknowledgment:
http://www.musc.edu/catalyst/archive/1999/co2-11cardiac.htm
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
What do you think is the current average life expectancy in these countries?
Britain
Nigeria Pakistan
China
71 years
61 years51 years
78 years
(Source : Unicef State of the World’s Children 2005)Click to Reveal AnswersClick to Reveal Answers
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Do we need other estimates of disease burden?
• Both mortality rates and life expectancy are useful – but do not tell us anything about disease burden in people living with diseases
• This can best be captured by trying to assess quality of life
• Another option to express disease burden is in terms of loss of productivity
• This is the background to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) project: attempting to estimate the total burden due to diseases A man with polio begging for
money
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
In other words, the burden of disease is a measurement of the gap between the current health of a population and an ideal scenario where everyone completes their full life expectancy in full health.
The Global Burden of Disease project attempts to measure this total disease burden.
There are some 6 billion people in the world, There are some 6 billion people in the world, and hundreds of millions experience disease and hundreds of millions experience disease
or injury each year. Taken as a whole, the or injury each year. Taken as a whole, the combined pain, suffering, loss of productivity combined pain, suffering, loss of productivity
and unrealised hopes and dreams are our and unrealised hopes and dreams are our world’s burden of disease !world’s burden of disease !
What is the GBD (1)?
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
What is the GBD (2) ?
• The GBD study is a collaboration between the WHO, the World Bank and the Harvard School of Public Health.
• GBD is a measure of the amount of disease, disability, and death in the world today. It is a product of complex and interwoven demographic, economic, social, political, religious and environmental factors. It refers to the collective impact of disease on the world population.
• Disease burden can be attributed to either specific diseases (e.g. HIV, TB, obesity, diabetes) and also risks for ill health (unsafe sex, overcrowding, smoking, excess cholesterol). Therefore, the measurement of GBD allows us to address preventable diseases in each region of the world - how much of risks to health could be avoided in future years.
• An important development of this project was a single indicator of total disease burden – the DALY.
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)
The DALY is the internationally-accepted measure of death and disability and is increasingly cited as a powerful tool for decision makers in international health.
It is the sum of the number of years lost to premature mortality and the number of productive years lost to disability. One DALY is equivalent to one lost year of healthy life.
Calculation of DALYs is based on the assumption that everyone in the world has a right to the best life expectancy in the world. The only differences in the rating of a death or disability should be due to age and sex and not to income, culture, location or social class.
It’s attractiveness lies in the fact that it combines information about mortality and morbidity in a single number. DALY allows the losses due to disability and the losses due to premature death to be expressed in the same unit. Hence, DALYs facilitate comparisons of different health states or health outcomes.
DALY= YLL + YLD
Years of Lost Life (due to premature mortality)Years Lost to Disability (due to injury or illness)
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
Sample “DALY” calculations for a disease
Example A:• 100,000 children are stricken for 1 week with a disease with a disability weighting*
of 0.3; 2% die at 1 year old. • DALYs = YLL + YLD = (2000 X 80) + (100,000 X 7/365 X 0.3) = 160,000 + 575 = 160,600
Example B:• 100,000 adults are stricken for 2 years with a disease with disability weighting* of
0.6; 20% die at age 80 years.
• DALYs = YLL + YLD = (20,000 x 2) + (100,000 x 2 x 0.6) = 40,000 + 120,000 = 160,000
*There are STANDARDISED DISABILITY RATINGS for various conditions e.g deafness= 0.33, Down syndrome=0.5, Diarrhoea=0.12
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
Why are DALYs important?
DALYs attempt to provide an appropriate, balanced attention to the effects of non-fatal as well as fatal diseases on overall health. In the absence of such assessments, conditions which cause decrements in function but not mortality tend to be neglected.
DALYs help to inform debates on priorities for health service delivery, research and planning. For example, DALYs can be used to:
• Compare the health of one population with another – and allow decision makers to focus on health systems with the worst performance
• Compare the health of the same population at different points in time
• Compare the health of subgroups within a population - to identify health inequalities
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
QALYs* Prevalence
Incidence
Mortality rates• Maternal• Infant• Perinatal• Under five• Overall
DALYS
DALYs attempt to capture the overall disease burden
*Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) = Number of fully healthy years lost to a particular disease or risk factor
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
End of Section 1
Well done!You have come to the end of the first section.
We suggest that you answer Questions 1 and then 2 to assess your learning so far. Please remember to write your answers on
the mark sheet before looking at the correct answers!
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Question 1: Mark the following statements as either true or false on your answer sheet. Then click to reveal the answers.
Quiz 1
a) The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) expresses the number of
deaths in the 1st year of life, according to the total
number of live and stillbirths
b) The Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR) expresses the deaths
in infants delivered in the last trimester of pregnancy until
the end of the age of 1 month according to the total
number of live and stillbirths
c) In the absence of adverse effects on health, men are
expected to live for 80 years
d) DALYs capture the number of healthy years lost to
disability
e) The calculation of DALYs involves an index of the
disability attributed to specific diseases
Click for the correct answer
a
b
c
e
d
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Group I developing countries with high mortality
• Sub-Saharan Africa
• South-East Asia
Group II developing countries with low mortality
• China
• Latin America
Group III developed / industrialised countries
• Europe
• North America
Classification of countries
Source: WHO World Health report 2002
The major diseases that affect people vary markedly in different world regions. Three major groupings of countries can be defined by geography, state of economic and demographic development, and mortality patterns.
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
Diseases Country group
I, II or III?
A Infectious and parasitic diseases
?
B Cardiovascular diseases ?
C Injuries ?
Question 2: Where do the major diseases occur in the world today?
Which country group has the greatest burden of the following diseases? Write down your answers on the answer sheet, then review the correct answers on the next slide.
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
DiseasesCountry group
A Infectious and parasitic diseases
Group 1
B Cardiovascular diseases Group 1
C Injuries Group 1
All of these diseases occur more commonly in developing countries with high mortality!!
Answer 2: Where do the major diseases occur in the world today?
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
Source: WHO World Health Report 2002
This bar diagram shows the sharp contrast in disease burden as well as the pattern of diseases in the three country groups – with disease burden measured by DALYs. The diagram shows clearly that the greatest burden for nearly all diseases falls upon people living in group 1 countries.
Group I Developing countries +
high mortality
Group II Developing
countries + low mortality
Group III Developed countries
DA
LYs
(000
000
)
What are the major diseases in the world today?
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
End of Section 2
Well done!You have come to the end of the second section.
We suggest that you proceed to answer question 3 to assess your learning further. Do remember to write your answers on
the mark sheet before looking at the right answer!
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Question 3: The table shows the % total DALYs for the leading 3 diseases for each group of countries. First write down the group corresponding to each row on the answer sheet and then click for correct answer.
HIV/AIDS Lower respiratory infections
Diarrhoel disease
Ischaemic heart
disease
Unipolar depressive disorders
Cerebrovascular disease Click to reveal
answers
(3a) 9.0 8.2 6.3 - - - I II III
(3b) - 4.1 - - 5.9 4.7 I II III
(3c) - - - 9.4 7.2 6.0 I II III
Disease Group
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
• An alternative way of looking at ill health is to consider risks for disease rather than diseases themselves
• A risk is defined as the probability of an adverse health outcome or a factor that raises this probability
• A single risk factor may underlie several diseases; e.g. unsafe sex is a risk for HIV/AIDS, many other sexually transmitted diseases and teenage pregnancy
• It is often more useful to direct health interventions against risks rather than specific diseases
• DALYs have been assigned to health risks as well as diseases
Risks rather than specific diseases
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
Factors which threaten health and are widely spread in populations have been identified in different regions of the world. These risks are strongly related to patterns of living and particularly to consumption.
The vast majority of threats to health occur more frequently in the poor and in those with little education and lowly occupations. Therefore, the leading risks to health identified in developing countries are also the leading health risks at the global level:
• Underweight – the leading risk factor for disease and death in the world today. Particularly affects young children, women during pregnancy and the elderly.
• Unsafe sex - the main factor in the spread of HIV/AIDS. > 99% of HIV infections in Africa are attributable to unsafe sex.
• Unsafe water.• Poor sanitation and hygiene - about 2 million deaths from childhood infectious
diarrhoea still occur every year in the developing countries of the world.• Iron deficiency.• In-door smoke. Half of the world’s population is exposed to in-door pollution, mainly
the result of burning solid fuels for cooking and heating. Globally, it is estimated that 36% of all lower respiratory infections and 22% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are associated with in-door pollution.
Relationship between risks to health and disease burden
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
What are the major risks to health in the developed world?
Overweight and obesity are important determinants of health which lead to adverse metabolic changes, including elevated blood pressure, unfavourable cholesterol levels and increased resistance to insulin. They raise the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus and many forms of cancer. According to the WHO World Health Report 2002, obesity on it’s own accounts for about 200,000 deaths in the United States of America and Canada alone, and about 320,000 deaths in the 20 countries of Western Europe.
Tobacco and excess alcohol consumption are major risks to health in the developed world. Alcohol was estimated to cause 20-30% of oesophageal cancer, liver disease, epilepsy, motor vehicle accidents, and homicide worldwide.
The world is living dangerously, says Dr Gro
Brundtland (Former Director General, WHO)
either because it has little choice, which is often the case among
the poor, or because it is making the wrong
choices in terms of it’s consumption and it’s
activities.
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
As life expectancy increases, the major causes of death and disability shift from communicable, maternal and perinatal causes to chronic, non-communicable ones.
In the developing world:
• According to the World Health Report 2002, there has been an increase in the consumption of alcohol and tobacco and an adoption of unhealthy lifestyles synonymous with a Western life style.
• This has led to an increased incidence of obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and conditions linked to them. Meanwhile, the burden of infectious disease remains.
• The resultant burden, consequent on the combined impact of communicable and non-communicable diseases, has been described as a “double whammy”.
The concept of epidemiological transition
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
• The next 3 slides show the disease burden (measured by DALYs) attributable to 10 leading health risks according to country group
• Note how single risks underlie several diseases and how these relationships differ in different regions
• Note that the total number of DALYs (x axis) is much greater in the developing than the developed worlds
Health risks in different world regions
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
Burden of disease attributable to 10 selected leading risk factors, by level of development
Source of data: WHO World Health report 2002
Burden of disease attributable to 10 selected leading risk factors, by level of development
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
Source of data: WHO World Health report 2002
Burden of disease attributable to 10 selected leading risk factors, by level of development
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
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For the section just ended, answer Questions 4 - 6 to assess what you have learnt. It is still required that you put down your answers
on the mark sheet before looking at the right answer!
End of Section 3
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
Introduction 1
Click to reveal
answers
Question 4: This picture shows a traditional “three-stone” kitchen in rural West Africa. Write down: a) 3 risks to health b) 4 diseases that can result from these risks
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
Question 5:
Write down 3 risks to health that are associated with regular consumption of the meal shown.
Introduction 1
Introduction 1
Click to Reveal Answers
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Question 6:
List 3 diseases that are associated with the health risk shown in this photograph.
Introduction 1
Introduction 1
Click to Reveal AnswersClick to Reveal Answers
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health Education
Introduction 1
What strategies can reduce risks to health?
The population
Reduce risks in the population as a whole
The individualTarget individuals within
a particular population
Most risk- reducing
strategies involve a component of
behaviour change.
• Legislation, tax, financial incentives by government• Health promotion campaigns• Engineering solutions; e.g. safety belts in vehicles, provision of piped water
• Change health behaviours of individuals through personal interaction with a health provider
“Any health action - promotive,
preventive, curative, or rehabilitative
activity, where the primary intent is to improve health.”
1. How to use this
module
2. Learning outcomes
3. Introduction
4. Definition of terms
5. Epidemiology
6. Measures of disease
burden
7. Global burden of
disease
8. DALYs
9. Section 1 Quiz
10. Classification of
countries
11. Section 2 Quiz
12. Risk factors
13. Section 3 Quiz
14. Reducing Health
Risks
15. Sources of
information
Partners in Global Health EducationSources of information
Copy and paste these links into your browser to access these information resources:
• The World Health report 2002 – Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life; http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/
• Unicef State of the World’s Children 2005; http://www.unicef.org/sowc05/english/
Other resources:
• Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease
Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJ. The Lancet 2002; 360:1347-1360
• Regional patterns of disability-free life expectancy and disability-adjusted life expectancy: Global Burden
of Disease Study; Murray CJ, Lopez AD. The Lancet 1997; 349:1347-1352
