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August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA 1

Wireless Sensor Network

Prabhakar Dhekne

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

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Why Talk About

Wireless? Wireless communication is not a new technology but cellphones hae brought reolution in wireless communication

Wireless Technology has change! the way "rgani#ations $ in!ii!uals work $ lie to!ay

%n less than 10 years Worl! has moe! &rom '(e! to wireless networks Allowing people, mobile !eices $ computers talk to each other,

connect without a cable "nly aailable option &or 'el! !ata ac)uisition

%nterconnectiity with multiple !eices *sing ra!io+waes, sometimes light rees user &rom many constrains o& tra!itional computer $

phone system

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Ubiquitous

Computing uture State o& -omputing Technology.

/obile, many computers Small rocessors

ow ower -onsumption Relatiely ow -ost

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Ubiquitous

Computing Small, mobile, ine(pensie

computers33eerywhere

a!e into the backgroun! o& eery!ay li&e

-omputers eerywhere proi!es potential &or !atacollection3sensors Temperature ight

Soun! /otion ressure /any others

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Growth in Wireless

Systems Rapi! growth in cellular oice serices -ell phones eerywhere

Several wireless technology options have been available for the

last ~10-20 yrs

mini cell stations using existing standards like C!" or

#S!

wireless $"%& using $CS standards such as 'C( or

$)S*$"CS

satellite and microwave backhaul

"bove solutions +, for voice low-speed data. but do not

meet emerging needs for broadband access and mobile data

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Mobile Healthcare

Technologies

Mobile Healthcare can be regare

as the integration o! technologieso! meical sensors" mobilecomputing" an wirelesscommunications into a system o!

meical assistance#

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August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA

Application

$%amples Monitoring o! patient&s 'ital signs

(iabetes Asthma Hypertension $CG

)reicti'e usage in orer to

minimi*e the nees !or meication +mpro'ing the quality o! li!e

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August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA !

)otential ,ene-ts

+ncreasing the physician proucti'ity ane.ciency#

Wireless sensors enable the patients&!reeom o! mo'ements an there!orepromote new ways o! monitoring the patient#

)ro'iing clinicians remote access topatient&s in!ormation eliminates the nee tomanually locate an search throughpatient&s ata#

$nabling telemonitoring in emergencyscenarios an making remote iagnosispossible#

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August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA "0

The pro'ision o! /eal Time patientcare# 0o matter where the clinician is 0o matter where the patient is (o apply physiological and medical knowledge.

advanced diagnostics. simulations. and effector systems

integrated with information and telecommunications for

the purposes of enhancing operational and medical

decision-making. improving medical training. and

delivering medical treatment across all barriers

Mobile

Healthcare

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August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA ""

Typical (emo System

The patient is pro'ie with a wearablewireless sensor# The signal !rom thesensor is capture in a 0oe situate in

a mobile phone# The system allows ubiquitous access to

patient&s ata an meical in!ormationin real1time 'ia the mobile phone#

The meical ata is store 2 processein a ser'er" an can be use !orestablishing iagnostics an treatments#

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Application ser'er

Application ser'er centralises therecei'e ata an presents it to theuser as3 /aw ata 4ormatte as graphs

#B

A$$ Ser%er

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Wireless

Technology 5merging mainstream wireless technologies proi!e power&ul buil!ingblocks &or ne(t+generation applications WA 7%555 802311 9Wii:; hot+spots &or broa!ban! access .

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%r=AD 2 wireless%r=AD 2 wireless

+n!ra1re (ata Association

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Wi+iD Wireless A 7EotWi+iD Wireless A 7Eot

Spot;Spot; Wireless 4ielity base 9A0

/ost popular on aptops Replacement to wire! A -onnectiity on the moe Short+range 7100 meters; A! Eoc an!

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Wi+/a(D Wireless /AWi+/a(D Wireless /A

Wireless Ma% Eigh Spee! 40+F0 /bps /i!+range 7>0 ?meters;

5liminate the nee! &or cables Saing o& wire! cost "perates in 234 @E# %S/ ban!

+$$$ stanar @#B6

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August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA "

+ssues in Wireless

0etworking

%n&rastructure! networks

Ean!oH location management 7mobile %;

channel assignment

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August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA "!

+ssues in Wireless

0etworking%n&rastructureless networksWireless MAC

Security 7integrity, authentication,con'!entiality; A Hoc /outing )rotocols

Multicasting an ,roacasting

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+noor $n'ironments

Three popular technologies

+ Eigh Spee! Wireless As7802311b 7234@E#,

11 /bps;, 802311a 7B@E#, B4 /bps $ higher;+ Wireless ersonal area etworks As 7%555804314;

EomeR

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August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA 2"

What is an A hoc

0etwork -ollection o& mobile wireless no!es &orminga network without the ai! o& anyin&rastructure or centrali#e! a!ministration

o!es hae limite! transmission range o!es act as a routers

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A Hoc 0etworks

Rapi!ly !eployablein&rastructure WirelessD cabling impractical A!+EocD no a!ance planning

,ackbone networkD

wireless % routers

/ etwork of access devices

/ ireless untethered

/ "d-hoc random deployment

/ Edge network Sensor networks.

$ersonal "rea etworks 3$"s4. etc5

/ isaster recovery

/ %attlefield

/ 6Smart7 office

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A Hoc 0etwork -haracteristics

=ynamic topologies imite! channel ban!wi!th ariable capacity links 5nergy+constraine! operation imite! physical security

Applications

/ilitary battle'el! networks ersonal Area etworks 7A;

=isaster an! rescue operation

eer to peer networks

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Security Challenges in

A Hoc 0etworks ack o& %n&rastructure or centrali#e! control ?ey management becomes !iIcult

=ynamic topology -hallenging to !esign sophisticate! $ secure

routing protocols

-ommunication through Ra!io Waes =iIcult to preent eaes!ropping

ulnerabilities o& routing mechanism on+cooperation o& no!es

ulnerabilities o& no!es -apture! or -ompromise!

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Security

-hallenges in a! hoc network security The no!es are constantly mobile The protocols implemente! are co+operatie in nature There is a lack o& a '(e! in&rastructure to collect au!it !ata o clear !istinction between normalcy an! anomaly in a!

hoc networks

Secure the Routing /echanism A mechanism that satis'es security attributes like

authentication, con'!entiality, non+repu!iation an!integrity

Secure the ?ey /anagement Scheme Robust key certi'cation an! key !istribution mechanism

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Scalable, reliable,consistent, !istribute!

serice

Calendar+ service

8ntegrate dynamic traffic schedule

Doctor prescription service

track health indicators

octor write prescription

Follow me kiosk service

receive and transmit messages

Fridge & shopping service

9ridge records stock

Suggests shopping based on recipe

Shopping guide in store

Sensor services

exercise monitor

biometrics

traffic information

services

Sensors mobile devices

Ser'ices while on mo'e

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Tourist guie

Stuttgart tourist gui!e ike /apJuest e(cept on mobile

!eice

/apping local interests /useums historical sites

Shopping $ restaurants Sample =ata

Small te(t with !escription, operatinghours

ocal map

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How it works

%n&o station %slan! o& wireless station 5mbe!!e! in area *sers hae cheap low ban!wi!th components %ntegrate! to network with high )uality connection Re)uires some oerlap to manage transition

between stations &or han! oH

Scaleable by loa! balancing 5ach center contains uni)ue in&ormation "erhea! o& communication

%nitiali#e e(ternally speci'e!K a!Lusts )uickly

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August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA 2!

Map1on1the1mo'e

roi!e appropriate map

-ounty resolution !riing in car

%n&o stations small area highban!wi!th

Remain!er lower ban!wi!th

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)roblems in a Mobile

$n'ironment ariable

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Constraints in mobilecomputing =A s3 aptop s3 cell phones

-ellular mo!em connectionD ailure

prone SpaceD oIce s3 city s3 county

ot continuous connectiity re)uire!

=ata such as pictures te(t 'les notstreaming au!io an! i!eo

Eeterogeneous !eices

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MA0$T3 Mobile A hoc

0etworks" collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming anetwork without any existing infrastructure and the relative

position dictate communication links 3dynamically changing45

From DARPA Website

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/apily (eployable 0etworks

ailure o& communication networks is a critical problem&ace! by 'rst respon!ers at a !isaster site maLor switches an! routers sering the region o&ten !amage! cellular cell towers may surie, but suHer &rom traIc oerloa!

an! !epen!ence on 7!amage!; wire! in&rastructure &or backhaul

%n a!!ition, e(isting networks een i& they surie maynot be optimi#e! &or serices nee!e! at site signi'cant increase in mobile phone traIc nee!s to be sere! 'rst respon!ers nee! access to !ata serices 7email, www,333; new re)uirements &or peer+to+peer communication, sensor net or

robotic control at the site /otiates nee! &or rapi!ly !eployable networks that

meet both the aboe nee!s +Mrecent a!ances in wirelesstechnology can be harnesse! to proi!e signi'cant new capabilities

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+n!ostations )rototype3 System!or /api (eployment

Applications "ut!oor %n&ostations withra!io backhaul &or 'rst respon!ers to set up

wireless communicationsin&rastructure at a !isaster site

proi!es WA serices an!

access to cache! !ata wireless backhaul link inclu!es !ata cache

roLect &or !eelopment o&D high+spee! short+range ra!ios

802311 /A- enhancements content caching algorithm $so&tware

har!ware integration inclu!ingsolar panels, antennas an!embe!!e! computing !eice withWA car!

WINLABs Outdoor Infostations Prototype (!!"

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A1Hoc Wireless

0etwork

P#$based

Linu% router&C

&outer network

with arbitrary topolo'y

AP

#opute

) stora'e

ser*ers

+ana'eent

stations

&adio +onitor

,orwardin' Node-AP

(.usto"

Sensor Node

(.usto"

/!011b

PDA

/!011b

Linu% P#

#oer.ial

/!011

A Ne(ible, open+architecture a!+hoc WA an! sensor networktestbe! 333 open+source inu( routers, AOs an! terminals 7commercial

har!ware; inu( an! embe!!e! "S &orwar!ing an! sensor no!es 7custom; ra!io link an! global network monitoringGisuali#ation tools prototype a!+hoc !iscoery an! routing protocols

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What is a WS0?

A network that is &orme! when a set o& small sensor!eices that are !eploye! in an 9a! hoc &ashion: nopre!e'ne! routes, cooperate &or sensing a physical

phenomenon3 A Wireless Sensor etwork 7WS; consists o& base

stations an! a number o& wireless sensors3

%s simple, tiny, ine(pensie, an! battery+powere!

Sensor (he device+bserver (he end user*computer

$henomenon (he entity of interest to the observer

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Why Wireless Sensors

0ow? /ooreOs aw is making suIcient -* per&ormanceaailable with low power re)uirements in a small si#e3

Research in /aterials Science has resulte! in noel

sensing materials &or many -hemical,

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Typical Sensor 0oe

4eatures A sensor no!e hasD Sensing /aterial

)hysicalP /agnetic, ight, Soun! ChemicalP -", -hemical Weapons ,iologicalP

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ortable an! sel&+sustaine! 7power, communication, intelligence;3

-apable o& embe!!e! comple( !ata processing3

Sensor ode !ardware

Sensor : "ctuator : "C : !icroprocessor : $owering ;nit

: Communication ;nit 3

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Sensors an Wireless /aio

Types o& sensorsD+ressure,+Temperature+ight+

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Cig

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WS0 A))9+CAT+E0S

otential &or new intelligent applicationsD Smart Eomes rocess monitoring an! control SecurityGSureillance 5nironmental /onitoring -onstruction /e!icalGEealthcare

%mplemente! with Wireless Sensor etworks

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Meical an Healthcare Appln

%ackbone

etwork

%ackbone

etwork

$ossibility for

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Meical an HealthcareMeical an Healthcare

ApplicationsApplications

Sensors equippedSensors equipped

with BlueToothwith BlueTooth

Source ;SC eb Site

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i,age 1 UC9A

%nestigate behaior o& chil!renGpatient eaturesD

Speech recor!ing G replaying osition !etection =irection !etection G estimation

7compass; Weather !ataD Temperature, Eumi!ity,

ressure, ight

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Ether $%amples

/%T !QArbeloH ab P The ring sensor

/onitors the physiological status o& the

wearer an! transmits the in&ormation to

the me!ical pro&essional oer the

%nternet

"ak Ri!ge ational aboratory

ose+on+a+chip is a /5/S+base! sensor

%t can !etect 400 species o& gases an!

transmit a signal in!icating the leel toa central control station

5R%-E%D /iniaturise!, %mplante!,

%!enti'cation Technology

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Structural Health

Monitoring

Semi-active Hydraulic Damper(SHD), Kajima Corporation, JapanModel bridge with attached wireless sensors,

B.F. Spencers Lab, Civil E., U. Illinois U-C

Accelerometer board prototype,Ruiz-Sandoval, Nagayama & Spencer,Civil E., U. Illinois Urbana-Champaign

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Application in

$n'ironment Monitoring /easuring pollutant

concentration

ass on in&ormation

to monitoring station re!ict current

location o& pollutant

olume base! on

arious parameters Take correctie

action

$ollutants monitored by sensors in

the river

Sensors report to the base

monitoring station

S2

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August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA B0

$ehic%lar ra''ic Control

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/eshD =istribute! =ata Sensing, Rel

aying, $ -omputing ia ehicular Wir

US FCC allocated 5.850 to

5.925 GHz dedicated short

range communication(DSC!

oad side to "ehicle

"ehicle to #ehicle

communication

Pro(ect at he )niversit# o' Cali'ornia* Davis

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0etwork characteristics o!

WS0 @enerally, the networkD

-onsists o& a large number o& sensors 710> to106;

Sprea! oer large geographical region7ra!ius 1to 10>km;

Space! out in 1, 2, or > !imensions

%s sel&+organi#ing *ses wireless me!ia

/ay use interme!iate 9collators:
http://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/rubinet/vmesh.htmlhttp://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/rubinet/vmesh.htmlhttp://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/rubinet/vmesh.htmlhttp://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/rubinet/vmesh.html

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Sensor 0etwork Topology

Eun!re!s o& no!es re)uire care&ul han!ling o&topology maintenance3

re!eployment an! !eployment phase

umerous ways to !eploy the sensors 7mass,in!ii!ual placement, !ropping &rom plane33;

ost!eployment phase

actors are sensor no!es position change,reachability !ue to Lamming, noise, obstacles etc,aailable energy, mal&unctioning, the&t, sabotage

Re!eployment o& a!!itional no!es phase

Re!eployment because o& mal&unctioning o& units

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Ergani*ation into A Hoc

0et %n!ii!ual sensors are )uite limite!3

ull potential is reali*e only by using a

large number o& sensors3

Sensors are then organi*einto an a!

hoc network3

ee! eIcient protocolsto route an!

manage !ata in this network3

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0etwork Topologies

Star Single Eop etwork All no!es communicate

!irectly with @ateway o router no!es -annot sel&+heal Range >0+100m -onsumes lowest power

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0etwork

Topologies /esh

/ulti+hopping network All no!es are routers Sel&+con'guring network o!e &ails, network sel&+

heals Re+routes !ata through

shortest path Eighly &ault tolerant

network /ulti+hopping proi!es

much longer range Eigher power

consumptionno!es mustalways listen

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0etwork

Topologies Star+/esh Eybri!

-ombines o& starOs lowpower an!

meshOs sel&+healing

an! longer range All en!point sensor

no!es can communicatewith multiple routers

%mproes &ault tolerance %ncreases network

communication range Eigh !egree o& Ne(ibility

an! mobility

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Sel!1Ergani*ing W9A0

"pportunistic a!+hoc wireless networking concepts starting to mature %nitial use to e(ten! WA range in user+!eploye! networks

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)ow to get information

from ata-centric Sensor etworks> (ypes of ?ueries

)istorical ?ueries "nalysis of data collected over time

+ne (ime ?ueries Snapshot view of the network

$ersistent ?ueries $eriodic monitoring at long and regularintervals

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So!tware

4ramework!"C layer 3(iny +S. routing4Configuration (able

$ower consumption status replacement strategy

Sensor ata !anagement

!iddleware

"pplication 3passing parameters via "$84

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Technical

challenges Sensor !esign

Sel&+organi#ing network, that re)uires

0+con'guration o& sensors Ran!om or planne! !eployment o&

sensors, an! collators

Auto+a!!ressing Auto+serice !iscoery

Sensor locali#ation

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)ower

Consumption imite! ower Source

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$n'ironmental 4actors

Wireless sensors nee! to operate incon!itions that are not encountere! bytypical computing !eicesD Rain, sleet, snow, hail, etc3 Wi!e temperature ariations

/ay re)uire separating sensor &rom electronics

Eigh humi!ity

Saline or other corrosie substances

Eigh win! spee!s

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Historical Comparison

-onsi!er a 40 ear "l!-omputer

/o!el Eoneywell E+>00 /ica 2

=ate 6G164 FG200>

-* 2 /E# 4 /E#

/emor

y>2 ?< 128 ?2 ?< B12 ?< B12 ?

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