Name:______________________________________

Final Exam Review – Semester 2

Nuclear Reactions Study Guide

1. What are the 2 main types of radiation? Which one has mass?

Electromagnetic - light

particle - has mass

2. What are the 3 types of EM radiation that can be dangerous?

x-rays gamma Ultraviolet

3. What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?

When one goes up, the other goes down

4. What is the relationship between frequency and energy?

When one increases, the other increases. Higher frequency -> higher energy

5. What are the 3 types of particle radiation?

Alpha Beta Neutron (NOT gamma)

6. How far can each radiation type go through matter? (alpha, beta, gamma, neutron

Alpha – paper

Beta – paper, flesh

Gamma – stopped by concrete or lead

Neutron - water

8. What do each of the particles look like? (are they made of mass? If so what are they made of?)

Alpha – 2 protons, 2 neutrons

Beta - electron

Gamma – pure energy

Neutron - neutron

9. Explain the process of nuclear fission. What is needed to start it? What does it produce?

A neutron starts by hitting a nucleus, nucleus splits in half, releases energy and more neutrons

11. Explain what happens in nuclear fusion. What is needed to start fusion? What is created?

Two small atoms/nuclei collide and join together to create a larger nucleus, releasing energy

Identify the point(s) along the roller-coaster where:

1. Gravitational Potential Energy is at a Maximum:___________

2. Velocity Kinetic Energy is at a Maximum: ___________

3. Gravitational and Velocity Energy are approximately Equal: ___________

4. Velocity is increasing:______________

5. Gravitational Potential Energy is increasing:_____________

Define each of these types of energy, and give an example of something that has it:

9. Velocity - anything that is moving ex. Moving car

10. Spinning – anything moving in a circle ex. football

11. Thermal – anything hotter than the surroundings – ex the sun

12. Sound - anything that vibrates ex. Music, clapping

13. Light - wave, electromagnetic radiation ex. Visible light, ultra-violet

14. Electric -anything that has moving electrons ex. Telephone wires

15. Gravitational - anything that can fall – ex. Ball in the air

16. Chemical anything that can chemically react ex. Gasoline & oxygen

17. Elastic anything that has been stretched ex rubberband that is stretched

Explain a situation where chemical energy is transformed into light and heat energy.

Explain a situation where gravitational energy is transformed into velocity energy.

Explain a situation where velocity energy is transformed into gravitational energy.

Define each of the following vocabulary words:

Concave Lens takes parallel rays of light and spreads them out, allowing an

image to be made larger. Used in projectors

Convex Lens takes parallel rays of light and brings them together at a

focal point - a point where light rays converge(come together)

Absorbance - when an object does not reflect or transmit a wavelength or

wavelengths of light

Black absorbs all visible wavelengths

White reflects all visible wavelengths

Transparent almost all light is transmitted

Translucent some light is transmitted and some light is absorbed or

reflected

Opaque all light is reflected or absorbed

Polarized Light is light that vibrates in only one orientationLaser - emits (gives off light) almost completely in one direction and in one

wavelength, instead of normal radiation.

Coherent Light = all crests are together, and all troughs are together

Label each of these figures with two vocabulary words:

the bananas are absorbing all colors except yellow

the glass is refracting or bending light

the light is reflected off the mirror

the light is radiating or spreading out in all directions

the prism is splitting white light into roygbiv

convex lens focuses light through a focal point and flips it upside down

concave lens spreads out light and makes an image larger

Draw the rays of light that will pass through the lens from the object:

Define Vocabulary Words:

Electromagnetic Waves can travel through a vacuum

Radiate out from the source in all directions,

Radiation – waves that move out in all directions

Ionizing Radiation high-frequency high-energy electromagnetic waves like UV, X-rays & Gamma Rays

Radio Waves Low energy waves with longest wavelengths

Wavelengths of 1 m (10 -1 m) and longer

Microwaves Wavelength (1 m to 0.001 m)

used for communication, medicine

Infrared Waves Invisible electromagnetic waves that are detected as heat

Visible Light The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that human eyes can detect

ROY G BIV (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet)

Ultraviolet Light Higher energy than light waves

Can cause skin cancer and blindness in humans

Used in tanning beds and sterilizing equipment

X-Rays High energy waves

Used in medicine, industry and astronomy

Can cause cancer

Gamma Rays Highest energy

Blocked from Earth’s surface by atmosphere

Reflect the wave is bounced off, at an angle that is the same relative to perpendicular

Refract occurs when light passes from one medium to another (e.g. air to glass) and it changes speed and a change in the path.

Transmission when a material allows a wavelength to pass through it

Refractive Index this number is a measure of how slow light travels in a material. The higher the number, the more the light is refracted as it enters the material.

Prism a triangular piece of glass that refracts white light and splits it into ROYGBIV

Total Internal Reflection when light changes its medium at a very shallow angle – instead of refraction, it is completely reflected. Fiber optic cables use this

Name:_________________________________________

Physical Science Final Exam Review – SEMESTER 1List of Topics: Review Notes on these Topics

Experimental Design: Independent Variable, Dependent Variable, Control Variable, Hypothesis, ConclusionMatter & Measurement: Mass vs. Weight (& units), Length (& units), Volume (& units), Calculating volume from length, width, and height, definition of matter

Density: density = mass / volume, objects with a higher density sink and objects with a lower density float, gases have a density & low density gases float while high density gases sink

States of Matter = solid at lowest temperature, liquid at middle temperature, gas at highest temperature. How particles behave differently at each of the three states. Solid -> liquid = melting, liquid -> gas = evaporation, gas -> liquid = condensation, liquid => solid = freezing.

Mixtures = substance, matter, mixture, homogeneous mixture, heterogeneous mixture, distillation, chromatography, filtration, phase, solution, solute, solvent

Atoms = atom, element, proton, neutron, electron, nucleus, atomic mass, atomic number, use the periodic table to find the number of protons, neutrons, or electrons if you are given the element name or symbol, know all groups on the periodic table & which ones want to gain or lose electrons & which ones are stable or reactive, know difference between metals, non-metals, & metalloidsAtomic mass = # protons + # neutrons#neutrons = atomic mass – atomic numberAtomic # = # protons

Scientific Method

Vocabulary: Match each of the following words with the correct definition:

1.____Observation 2.____Inference3.____Independent Variable 4.____Dependent Variable5.____Control Variable(s) 6.____Hypothesis

a.) what is measure in an experiment

b.) what stays constant in an experiment

c.) using your senses to record notes about something; a fact

d.) a prediction or educated guess in an experiment

e.) what the experimenter changes in an experiment

f.) a conclusion, assumption, or prediction that remains to be tested

For the following experiment, answer the questions:

Bryan wants to find out which phone has the longest lasting battery. He uses an iPhone 5S, a Samsung Galaxy 5, an iPhone 6. He texts, using each of them from a full charge to a dead battery and records the time. He makes sure to text the same number of texts per hour on each phone.

7.) What is the independent variable?

8.) What is the dependent variable? Time the phone lasts

9.) What are two control variables? Start at full charge, #texts

10.) What is one hypothesis? Iphone 6 will last longer, Samsung will last longer

For the following experiment, answer the questions:

Michael wants to see how sunlight affects the height of plants. He puts the same type of plant in 3 locations: a sunny window, a shady spot, and darkness. He waters them all the same amount. He then measures their height after 2 weeks.11.) What is the independent variable? 3 locations

12.) What is the dependent variable? Height of the plants

13.) What is a control variable? Type of plant, amount of water

14.) What is the hypothesis? Plant in sunny window will grow more than others

For the following experiment, answer the questions:

Michelle decides to find out what type of candy students like best. She allows students to choose from 4 types of candies, and records the numbers of each that are taken.15.) What is the independent variable? Types of candy

16.) What is the dependent variable? Amount of candy taken of each type

17.) What is a control variable? Person giving out candy, number of students

18.) What is the hypothesis? Tootsie roll candy will be taken most

For questions #13-15, use the following experiment: Joseph wants to find the best sneakers for playing basketball. He has 5 people each wear 3 different brands of sneakers: Nike, Reebok, and Jordans. They each use the 3 brands of sneakers to run to the 3-point line and take a shot. He then records how many shots are made. Each person has a chance to shoot wearing all 3 brands. Joseph believes the Jordans will be best and cause the most shots to be made.

B_____19. The independent variable in this experiment is:(a) the 5 people (b) the 3 brands(c) the number of shots made (d) the court(e) the size of the shoe

C_____20. The dependent variable is:(a) the 5 people (b) the 3 brands(c) the number of shots made (d) the court(e) the size of the shoe

A_____21. The control variable is:(a) the court (b) the 3 brands(c) the number of shots made (d) none of the above

22. Using at least 3 full sentences, describe the Scientific method.

Density Write the letter of the vocabulary word next to the correct definition

(a) Length X width X height (b) displacement

(c) Weight (d) mass

(e) density (f) buoyancy

(g) Matter (h) hypothesis

(i) Volume (j) observation

(k) inference (L) independent variable

(M) dependent variable

1._L___ what the experimenter changes

2.__J__ using your 5 senses to take note of your surroundings

3.__i__ the amount space that an object takes up or occupies

4.__D__ the amount of matter in an object

5.__E__ mass divided by volume

6.__B__ if an object is placed into water, it pushes up the same amount of water as its volume

7.___A_ the way to calculate the volume of a cube or rectangular sold

8.__F__ the force exerted by a liquid on an object inside it

9.___K_ a prediction based on observations

10.__G__ anything that has mass and takes up space

11.___M_ what is measured in an experiment

12.__C__ the amount that gravity pulls down on an object

13.__H__ a prediction or educated guess in an experiment

14. What is the density of a baseball that has a mass of 200 grams and a volume 300 ml?

Answer:_________ ____ <-units

15. A gold bar has a mass of 1000 grams and a volume of 50 ml. What is the density?

Answer:_________ ____ <-units

16. A zinc bar has a volume of 7 ml and a density of 7 g/ml. What is its mass?

Answer:_________ ____ <-units

17. Emanuel is given a cube that measures 2 cm on each side. He uses a balance, and finds that the mass is 32 grams. What is the density of the cube?

Answer:_________ ____ <-units

18. Fareed is given a coin that he is told is gold, with a mass of 80 grams. If gold has a density of approximately 20 g/ml, what should the volume of his coin be?

Answer:_________ ____ <-units

19. What is the mass of a cube of steel that has a density of 10 g/ml and a length of 3 cm ?

Answer:_________ ____ <-units

20. Yesslee wants to see if her silver bar is real. She uses the displacement method, starting with a graduated cylinder that is filled up to 40 ml with water. She places the bar into the cylinder, and it now reads at 94 ml. The density of silver is 9 g/ml. What should the mass of the bar be if it is real silver?

Answer:_________ ____ <-units

Label at least 2 small lines. ******ESTIMATE the LAST DIGIT and INCLUDE UNITS******

21.____________________

22.___________ 23._____________ 24. 48.11 ml 25. 12.8 ml

Use the technique of displacement to find the volumes of the objects.******ESTIMATE the LAST DIGIT and INCLUDE UNITS******

Draw the water level that is indicated below, making sure to draw the meniscus.

Initial volume: Final Volume: Volume of Rod:

26.____________ 27._____29.0_ 28.______10.0

Short Answer: Answer the following questions in complete sentences

29. Explain what you know about an object’s density if it sinks in water. Explain what you know about its density if it floats in water. (full credit only for BOTH)

Sinks > density is higher than waterfloats > lower than 1.0 g/ml – lower than water

30. Explain the process of using density to identify a material, step by step. How would you use density to find out if something is made out of real gold?

Find mass, find volume, divide mass by volume, compare to known density of gold

31. Explain why it is essential to include units in your answers and in general.

32. Explain how you know which equation to use (of the three density equations), based on the question asked.

Whatever question is asking for, you use that equation