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Chapter 151. The theory of how the universe was created is called the big bang theory. ^2. Which equation states that matter and energy are interchangeable? E=mc3. All matter in the Universe today camefrom an original pin prick of limitless energy.4. Is the universe contracting or expanding? Expanding.5 Is the universe speeding up or slowing down? Speeding up.6. Most of the matter in the universe is clumped together in large masses/clusters called galaxies.7. The colorof a star tells you what its temperature is.8. A star is mainly in this state of matter: plasma.9. What chemical reaction produces heatand energy in a star? Nuclear fusion.10. In the above reaction, four hydrogen atoms come together to make one helium atom.11 .What is the hottest color of a star? blue12.What is the coolest color of a star? red m13.All of the frequencies of electro magnetic energy that we can see (all of the colors visible to the

human eye) are called the continuous spectrum.14.Aspectrum with certain wavelengths missing is called an emission spectrum15.Aprojection of only the wavelengths/colors that get through a special filter is called an absorption

spectrum16. What is the most abundant element in the universe? hydrogen17.What magnitude is the brightest star we can see? 1st18. What magnitude is the dimmest star we can see? 6th19.The brightness ofa star is called its apparent magnitude20. The brightness ofa star 32.6 lightyears from Earth iscalled absolute magnitude.21 .The unit of measurementofdistances outside ofour solarsystem (i.e. between stars) is called a

light year22. The apparent shift of position of a star in Outer space due to the refraction of its light is called a

parallax23.The shapes ofstars in outer spacethat make different figures (i.e. Orion) are called constellation24. A star in the process of being born is called a protostar25.Name the three stages, in order, of a star's life: Birth, Main Sequence, Death26.When a star uses up all of its hydrogen and starts to die itmay grow into a red giant27. If a star is not very big itwill then shrinks down and become a white dwarf.28. What is the name of Earth's nearest star? The sun29. What is the size of our sun? Is it small, medium, large or extra large in size? medium30. Will our sun super nova? No!31 .Will our sun create a black hole? No!32. What will our sun end up as? White dwarf33. Huge, gigantic stars explode. What is this explosion called? Super nova34. The core of huge stars collapse and shrink, tearing a hole in space-time. What is this hole called?

Black hole

35. A graph that shows the relationship between the surface temperature and absolute magnitude iscalled a H-R diagram

36. Betelgeuse and Antares are both red giants.37. If the core of a star collapses into a mass of neutrons it becomes a neutron star.38. Ifthis mass of neutrons spins, projecting a stream of energy, it is called a pulsar star39. There is a black hole at the center of every galaxy.40. What is the name of our galaxy? The Milky Way41. What is the width (in distance) of our galaxy? 100,000 light years across42. How many stars are there in our galaxy? 200 billion43. How many galaxies are there in our universe? BILLIONS

44. What type (shape) is our galaxy? spiral45. An elliptical galaxy is also called a cosmic snowball46.A galaxy with no definite shape is called a irregular galaxy.47. A group of stars is called a star cluster48. Name the 4 main components of a galaxy: Stars, planets, black hole, dust/rock/ice,

gas/nebula.49.The snow on your TV is caused by cosmic background radiation from the big bang.50. How old is the universe? 13.5-14 billion years old

Chapter 15-flB^r) ft.rf Tu/O1. The brightest stars are first magnitude stars.2. The dimmest stars are sixth magnitude stars.3. In order to calculate a star's absolute magnitude, it is necessary to know its apparent

magnitude.4. In order to calculate a star's absolute magnitude, it is necessary to know its apparent

magnitude.5. The sun has a(n) absolute magnitude of +4.8 and an apparent magnitude of -26.8.6. In a(n) continuous spectrum every element has a unique set of bright emission lines.7. In a(n) absorption spectrum the pattern of black lines identifies the elements in a star's

atmosphere.8. Astronomers use an instrument called a(n) spectroscope to separate a star's light into a

spectrum.9. Gas or dust from a nearby star that falls into a(n) black hole to separate a star's light into a

spectrum.10. One of the most powerful energy sources in the universe is a(n) quasar.11. According to the big bang theory, at one time all of the contents of the universe were

compressed into a very small volume.12. A small, hot, dim star that no longer generates energy by nuclear fusion is called a(n) white

dwarf.

13. A black hole is difficult to locate because it is so massive and dense that light cannot escapeits gravity.

14. Unlike spiral galaxies, elliptical galaxies stopped making stars more than 10 billion years ago.15. Galaxies with no definite shape, like the Large Magellanic Cloud, are called irregular galaxies.16. In one year, light travels over a distance called a(n) light year.17.The sun is in the longest stage of its life, called the main sequence.18. How bright a star is as seen from Earth is called apparent magnitude.19. The position of a star may seem to shift because of parallax20.A star's absolute magnitude does not depend on its distance from Earth.21.After the big bang, gravity caused the matter to be distributed in every direction as the

universe expanded.22.According to the big bang theory, cosmic background radiation was distributed in every

direction as the universe expanded.23. An object so massive and dense that not even light can escape its gravity is called a(n) black

hole.

24. Ahighly concentrated group of stars formed at the same time from the same nebula is calleda(n) globular cluster

25.Astronomers learn about the composition and temperature of a star by separating the star'slight into a(n) spectrum

26. Describe the three main types ofgalaxies classified by their shapes: Spiral galaxies have abulge in the center and spiral arms made up of gas, dust, and new stars. Ellipticalgalaxies are round galaxies without spiral arms that have stopped making newstars.Irregular galaxies have no definite shape and form stars very slowly.

27. How can astronomers use absorption spectra ofstars to find out which elements are in aparticular star? The absorption spectra of stars can be compared with the emissionspectra produced by elements. If the spectral lines of the star match certain elements,then it can be concluded that these elements are in the star or in its atmosphere.

28. Many scientists believe that the expansion rate of the universe will continue to increase. If itdoes, what will happen to the universe? If the expansion rate of the universe continues toincrease, the expansion of the universe will continue forever, even though stars will ageand die, and after billions of years the universe will become cold and dark.

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29. Describe the temperature and brightness of the star marked with an X. The temperature ofthe star is just above 10,000 degrees Celsius, and it has an absolute magnitude of about+10.5.

30. Explain how the apparent movement of the stars in the night sky different from the movementof the stars within a constellation. The stars in the night sky rise and set as Earth rotates.All of the stars in the constellation are moving relative to one another.

31. What information is plotted on the H-R diagram (x-y axis)? The H-R diagram graphs therelationship between a star's temperature and the star's brightness, which indicates thestar's age.

32. What is a supernova? A supernova is the explosion of a massive star at the end of its life.33. How does a neutron star differ from a pulsar? A neutron star is the compressed core of a

star that becomes a supernova. A pulsar is a spinning neutron star.34. What is a nebula? A nebula is an enormous cloud of gas and dust in space, and a region

where stars are born.

35. What are open clusters and where are they found? Open clusters are groups of a fewhundred to a few thousand stars that form when great amounts of dust and gas cometogether. They are usually located along the disk of a spiral galaxy.

36. What is cosmic background radiation? Cosmic background radiation is the radiation thatcomes from all directions in space and is left over from the big bang.

37. Approximately how old is the universe? About 13.7 billion years old38. Where are globular clusters found? Globular clusters are found near giant elliptical

galaxies and in a spherical halo that surrounds spiral galaxies.39. Describe the role of hydrogen in a main-sequence star. A main-sequence star generates

energy in its core as hydrogen atoms fuse into helium atoms.40. Why are blue stars so hot? Blue stars use their hydrogen very quickly. This generates a

great deal of energy, which makes them very hot.

41 Why do blue stars have short lives? Blue stars use their hydrogen very quickly. This •generates a great deal of energy, which makes them very hot.

42. Ifyou traced the paths of the stars in the night sky over a few hours, why would they all appearto circle around Polaris, also called the North Star? The stars appear to move around theNorth Star because Earth is turning on its axis, which is pointed towards the North Star.

43.The sun is about 1.5 x 1011 m from Earth. If the sun suddenly burned out, about how manyminutes would elapse before people on Earth would know? (Hint: The speed of light is about 3x 108 m/s). Show your work below: It would take about 8 minutes for the last ray ofsunlight to reach Earth.

Chapter 161. A solar system is a system of one or more stars, its planets and their satellites.2. Giant clouds of gas are called nebula3. A cloud of gas that gives birth to a star is called a solar nebula.4. What force pulls matter together? gravity5. What pushes matter apart? pressure6. The center of a star is called its core

7. The visible part of the sun that we can see from Earth is called its photosphere8. The sun's outer-most atmospheres are called the corona9. Combining four hydrogen atoms to create helium is how the sun produces its energy. This

process is called nuclear fusion10.The process above (#9) requires extreme high temperatures and high pressure11 .The distance from the sun to Earth is called one astronomical unit

12. Name the planets, in order, starting closest to the sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

13. Name the 4 inner/rocky planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars14. Name the 4 outer/gas giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune15.Which outermost "planet" is no longer a planet? Pluto ©16. Number "15 above" is now called a dwarf planet17. What two things balance each other out, keeping planets in orbit around their stars or

moons/satellites around their planets? Gravity and momentum/inertia18. Which one from #17 is a centripetal force? gravity19. Sketch a planet and its moon. Draw and label two arrows representing both

from #17 above.

20. What word means "hard, rocky, dirt surface?" terrestrial21. Which two planets have no moons? Mercury, Venus22. Which planet has one moon? Earth •23. Which planet has two moons? Mars24. Which planet has the most moons? Jupiter25. What is another name for "moon?" satellite26. Which planet is called "Earth's Twin?" Venus27. Earth's twin has a very dense and heavy atmosphere

28.Which two acids are in Venus' atmosphere? Sulfuric acid29. Counter clockwise is prograde rotation of the planets.30. Clockwise is retrograde rotation of the planets.31. Earth is the only planet with liquid water32.What color is Mars? Red. It is this color because it has lots of iron on its surface.33. Mars has a very thin atmosphere34. Satellites (moons) and small planets have little or no atmosphere because they are too smal

and have insufficient gravity to hold and maintain an atmosphere.35. On Mars water is frozen at the poles.36.The largest volcano in the solar system is on Mars, what is its name? Olympus Mons37. The longest and deepest trench is on the solar system is on Mars, what is its name? Valles

Marineri

38. Jupiter's big red spot is a giant hurricane39. How many earths can fit in Jupiter's big red spot? 3.1240.What planet is so light it would float in a giant bathtub ofwater? Saturn41. What interstellar objects are made of dust and ice? comets42.What interstellar objects are made out of solid rock and metal? asteroids43. Will Saturn's rings last forever? no44. Name Jupiter's 4 largest moons: lo, Europa, Callisto, Ganymede45. Name Saturn's 3 largest moons: Titan, lapetus, Rhea46. What planet is knocked over on its side? Uranus47. What planet has the big dark spot? Neptune48. Name a moon of Uranus: Miranda, Oberon, Titania, Umbrial49. Name a moon of Neptune: Tritan50. Name Pluto's moon: Charon51. What lies between Mars and Jupiter? Asteroid belt52.The theory that something large hit Earth (a small planetoid) is how our moon was created.53.The dark spots on the moon are called marias or "seas" (Latin)54. A full moon is a fully lit moon, an unlit dark moon is called a new moon.55. A word that describes the moon as getting brighter and bigger is waxing56.A word that describes the moon as getting smaller and less bright is a waning57. Where is the moon positioned during a solareclipse? Between the sun and the Earth58.Where is the moon positioned during a lunareclipse? Between the moon and the sun59. The tail of a comet always points away from the sun.60. This is because the sun projects a solar wind.61. Bits of asteroid or comet fragments that break off in outer space are called meteroid62.When these bits enter our atmosphere they burn up as meteor (also known as "shooting

stars").63. Bits of outer space material that strike the Earth's surface and can be found intact are now

called meteorites64. The "hole" left in the ground from an asteroid impact is called a crater65. There are two types of comets, what are they? Long-term, short term66. Does our solar system extend beyond the planets? yes67.The Oort cloud, beyond Pluto, is where our comets originate.68. Draw the planets, in order, relative to their "sizes."

69. Do other solar systems (planets revolving around stars) exist in our galaxy? yes

Chapter 16 (ID:A)1. Small bodies of ice and cosmic dust are called comets2. The outer planets that have massive gas atmospheres are called gas giants3. Exceptfor Mercury and Venus, all the planets have natural satellites called moons.4. The glowing trails that result when meteoroids burn up in Earth's atmosphere are called meteors5. The cloud of gas and dust that formed our solar system is the solar nebula6. A planet that appears to spin in a clockwise direction when viewed from above its North Pole has

retrograde rotation7. The average distance between the sun and Earth is called a(n) astronomical unit8. A planet that appears to spin in a counterclockwise direction when viewed from above its North

Pole has prograde rotation9. When the shadow of one celestial body falls on another, a(n) eclipse occurs.10.Unlike most planets, Venus has retrograde rotation, which means that itappears to spin in a

clockwise direction when viewed from above its North Pole.11.Natural or artificial bodies that orbit larger celestial bodies such as planets are called satellites12.Because they are rocky and dense, the inner planets of our solar system are called terrestrial

planets.13.The large, interstellar cloud of gas and dust that formed our solar system is called the solar

nebula

14. Earth completes one revolution each year.15.How do gravity and pressure keep a nebula from collapsing? As particles in a nebula collide

and move away from each other, pressure is created. The outward pressure balances theinward gravitational pull, and the nebula becomes stable.

16. Describe the process of nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion is the process by which two or morelow-mass nuclei fuse to form another nucleus. When hydrogen nuclei fuse to form helium,ignition begins in stars.

17. How are the inner planets different from the outer planets? The inner planets are calledterrestrial planets. They are small, dense and rocky. The outer planets are gas giants withthick atmospheres and no solid surfaces.

18. Describe the difference between a solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse. In a solar eclipse, the mooncomes between the sun and the Earth and the moon's shadow falls on the Earth's surface.In a lunar eclipse, Earth comes between the sun and the moon, casting a shadow on themoon's surface.

19. Describe the current theory of how Earth's moon formed. The current theory states that asEarth was still forming, a large, Mars-sized object collided with Earth and broke off a pieceof Earth's mantle. The piece was blasted into orbit around Earth to form the moon.

20. What causes phases of the moon? As the moon revolves around the Earth, the amount ofsunlight on the side of the moon that faces Earth changes.

21. What characteristics of Earth's moon support the current theory of its formation? The moon has asimilar composition to the Earth's mantle.

22. What is the difference between an annular eclipse and a total solar eclipse? In an annulareclipse, the moon is farther from Earth and its shadow does not completely cover the discof the sun. In a total solar eclipse, the moon completely covers the sun.

23. Which planets are parts of the inner solar system? Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars24. Why are the inner planets known as the terrestrial planets? Because they are dense and their

surfaces are rocky.25. Compare the meaning of the terms period of rotation and period of revolution. The period of

revolution is the amount of time an object takes to revolve around the sun once (or its

year), while the period of rotation is the amount of time that an object takes to rotate once(or its day).

26.Explain how the planet Neptune was discovered. Astronomers noticed irregularities in theorbit of the planet Uranus that they thought might be accounted for if the gravity of a largebody like another planet was pulling it off course slightly. They pointed their telescopestoward the region of space suggested by their predictions and eventually discoveredNeptune.

27. How do meteorites vary in composition? There are three major types: stony, metallic, andstony-iron meteorites. Stony meteorites may contain carbon-bearing compounds. Metallicmeteorites have a distinctive metallic appearance. Stony-iron meteorites contain iron andstone.

28.How do scientists explain the unusual tilt of Uranus' axis at an angle of almost 90°? They believethat sometime early in the history of the planet, a massive object struck Uranus and tippedit over on its side.

29. How has the classification of Pluto changed? After Pluto's discovery, it was called the ninthplanet. In 2006, astronomers created a new definition of planet. Pluto does not fit the newdefinition, and so Pluto has been reclassified as a dwarf planet.

30.What causes the moon to appear red during a lunar eclipse? Earth's atmosphere acts like alens and bends some of the sunlight into Earth's shadow. When the sunlight hits theparticles in the atmosphere, blue light is filtered out.

31. Describe the two tails of a comet. One tail is made of electrically charged particles that arepushed away from the sun by the solar wind. The other tail that may develop is made ofdust particles and tends to follow the comet's orbit.

32.Why are the planets in the solar system shaped like spheres? Planets are shaped like spheresbecause gravity pulls all their material toward the center with equal force.

33. Light travels about 300,000 km/s in space. Jupiter is about 780,000,000 km from the sun. Howmany minutes does it take light from the sun to reach Jupiter? Show your work. It takes about43.3 minutes for sunlight to reach Jupiter.

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