1.Basic Chemistry

ATOMS

• Atom: the basic unit of matter

• Nucleus: is the core of the atom. It contains protons (+), neutrons

• Electron cloud: contains the electrons (-)

• Valence electrons: the electrons available to form bonds

When Atoms Bond

• Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared molecule

2. Chemistry of Life

• Living organisms are made of carbon molecules

• With 4 valence electrons, can form 4 strong covalent bonds with many elements, including itself.

Quiz• Atoms are the ______________ of matter. • Structure of the atom:

– Protons: __________ charged particles– Neutrons: – Nucleus: – Electrons:

• Valence electronsCovalent bonds form when _____________. This process forms a ____________.

• Living organisms are made out of _____ molecules. This atom Carbon atom has ___ valence electrons.

Macromolecules

• Macromolecules: giant molecules formed by carbon through the process of polymerization

• Monomers: building blocks for different macromolecules; small repeating molecular units.

• Polymers: made up of many monomers which bond to form a macromolecule

The 4 Major Categories of macromolecules

• Carbohydrates: think sugars, starches

• Lipids: think fats, wax and oils

• Nucleic Acids: think DNA and RNA

• Proteins: think muscle and amino acids

CARBOHYDRATES

• Include sugars and polymers of sugars• Commonly form ring structures• Structure:

– Monomers: sugar molecules• Function:

– energy storage: glycogen – structural support: cellulose

Monomers

Starch and Cellulose

Starch is used as an energy storage molecule in plants

Cellulose is used for structural support creating the cell wall of plants

Both are polysaccharides

Cell membrane Phospholipid Bi-layer

• This creates a membrane that can separate two environments

LIPIDS

• Includes triglycerides, steroids, phospholipids• They don’t dissolve in water and tend to stick

together when placed in an aqueous solution• Structure:

– glycerol molecule + fatty acid

• Function – Energy storage– Membranes– hormones

Phospholipid Structure

NUCLEIC ACID

• Include DNA and RNA• Structure:

– Monomers: nucleotides

• Function: – Store and transmit hereditary information

PROTEINS

• Structure:– Monomers: amino acids– Polymers: proteins

• Function:– Catalyzing reactions (enzymes)– Regulate cell processes– Structural support– Chemical messengers…20 amino acids different combinations of Amino Acids

make various proteins.

POSTER

• pg 44 of your textbook• Divide page in 4 for the 4 major

macromolecules in living organisms– Name of the macromolecule– Drawing of its structure with color– Atomic composition– Minimum of 2 functions(Proteins should have

more)– 3 to 5 facts for each

NOTES• Some Definitions:

– Macromolecules: giant molecules formed by carbon through the process of polymerization– Monomers: building blocks for different macromolecules; small repeating molecular units. – Polymers: made up of many monomers which bond to form a macromolecule

• 4 Major categories of macromolecules:– Carbohydrates (sugar, starches)– Lipids (oils, fats waxes)– Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)– Proteins (muscles,

• Carbodydrates:– Structure: monomers are sugar molecules– Function: energy storage

• Lipids:– Structure: glycerol molecule + fatty acids– Function: energy storage, membranes, hormones

• Nucleic Acids– Structure: monomers are nucleotides– Function: Store and transmit hereditary information

• Proteins:– Structure: monomers are amino acids– Function: Catalyzing reactions, Regulate cell processes, Structural support, Chemical messengers