0

grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universiteti

iuridiuli fakultetis doqtorantura

xelnaweris uflebiT

ana WiRitaSvili

terorizmi, rogorc globaluri problema:

kriminologiuri analizi da brZolis

meTodebi saqarTveloSi

specialoba: sisxlis samarTali; sisxlis samarTlis procesi; kriminalistika; kriminologia; sasjelaRsrulebiTi samarTali.

samarTlis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori giorgi Rlonti

Tbilisi 2009

1

Sinaarsi

Sesavali........................................................................................................................................................................ 5

Tavi I.

terorizmis cneba da ZiriTadi maCveneblebi

1.1. terorizmis konteqstualuri Sinaarsi ( definiciebi) .................................. 7

1.2. saerTaSoriso terorizmis istoriuli mimoxilva ......................................... 25

1.3. terorizmis fenomeni saqarTveloSi: warsuli da realoba ................. 47

Tavi II.

terorizmis kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba

2.1. terorizmis formebi da saxeebi ........................................................................................ 52

2.2. terorizmis xarisxobrivi da ricxobrivi maCveneblebi

saqarTveloSi ....................................................................................................................... ............................... 97

2.3. terorizmi, rogorc transnacionaluri danaSauli (saerTaSoriso

midgomebi) .................................................................................................................................................................123

2.4. terorizmis da organizebuli danaSaulobis Taviseburebani ......... 174

Tavi III.

terorizmis kriminalistikuri Taviseburebani

3.1. terorizmis klasifikacia .......................................................................................................184

3.2. terorizmis sisxlissamarTlebrivi daxasiaTeba ......................................... 191

3.3. teroristuli aqtebis gamoZiebis strategia ..................................................... 211

3.4. terorizmis calkeuli sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis Catarebis

taqtika ..................................................................................................................................................................... 235

2

Tavi IV.

terorizmis prevenciasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi

aspeqtebi

4.1. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi politika da samarTaldamcavi

organoebis roli terorizmTan brZolaSi...................................................................... 246

4.2. terorizmis Tavidan acilebis samarTlebrivi Taviseburebani .... 250

4.3. terorizmis prevencia, msoflio gamocdileba .............................................. 251

4.4. saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi

(saerTaSoriso organizaciebi) ....................................................................................................... 256

daskvna ...................................................................................................................................................................... 259

gamoyenebuli literatura .................................................................................................................. 263

danarTi (sqemebi dakavSirebuli sagamoZiebo moqmedebTan) .............................. 271

3

Temis aqtualoba: sakvlevi Tema Tanamedrove periodSi gansakuTrebiT

did aqtualobas iZens, vinaidan:

terorizmi udides safrTxes uqmnis samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos

Camoyalibebasa da demokratiis Semdgom ganviTarebas;

terorizmi sazogadoebaSi iwvevs negatiur Sedegebs;

sruliad udanaSaulo mosaxleobaSi amyarebs mudmivi SiSis sindroms;

terorizmi xelyofs mosaxleobis sicocxles;

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, metad mniSvnelovania terorizmis arsis

Seswavla da misi gamomwvevi mizezebis gaanalizeba, mosalodneli

safrTxis prevenciisa da ukve Cadenili, gamovlenili danaSaulis

warmatebuli ZiebisaTvis.

kvlevis mizani: kvleva miznad isaxavs, ganxilul iqnas:

terorizmis, rogorc problemis arsi da gamomwvevi mizezebi;

terorizmis, rogorc kacobriobisaTvis safrTxis Semcveli movlenis

globaluri masStabebi;

kvlevis amocanebi: ganisazRvros terorizmis definicia, misi gamovlenis

formebi, terorizmis gamoZiebis taqtikis Taviseburebebi da meTodikis

aspeqtebi;

mecnieruli siaxleebi naSromSi:

1. axleburadaa ganmartebuli terorizmis definicia, romelic xSirad

azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs mecnierTa Soris;

2. wina planzea wamoweuli terorizmis, rogorc globaluri movlenis

gamomwvevi mizezebi;

3. terorizmis fsiqologiuri struqturis analizidan gamomdinare

gamokveTilia axali xedva aRniSnuli danaSaulis efeqturad

gamoZiebasTan dakavSirebiT;

4. ganviTarebulia idea eTno-kriminaluri Tanasazogadoebebis arsebobis

da maT mier gamowveuli daZabulobebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos

administraciul sazRvrebTan;

4

5. farTodaa ganxiluli politikuri terorizmi da misi Tanmdevi mZime

Sedegebi;

6. pirveladaa gaSuqebuli terorizmis gamoZiebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi.

Aam mizniT Catarebulia kvlevebi usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi;

7. ganxilulia axali midgomebi terorizmTan brZolisadmi

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis gamocdilebis mixedviT,

gaanalizebulia saqarTvelos TanamSromloba saerTaSoriso

organizaciebTan;

8. detaluradaa ganxiluli teroristuli aqtis dros SemTxvevis

adgilis daTvalierebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi;

9. gaSuqebulia terorizmis prevenciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi;

10. gansazRvrulia terorizmis wonaaRmdeg brZolis konkretuli

meTodebi;

kvlevis meTodebi: kvlevisas gamoyenebulia praqtikaSi momxdari faqtebis

analizi da winamdebare Temaze momuSave mecnierebis Sexedulebebi,

agreTve fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen

konkretuli pirebis da sxvadasxva jgufis teroristebad Camoyalibebaze.

danaSaulis gamomwvevi mizezebis Seswavlis da gamoZiebis mizniT

gamoyenebulia kriminologiisa da kriminalistikis kvlevis meTodebi.

naSromSi warmoCenili mecnieruli xedva da analizi xels Seuwyobs

terorizmis, rogorc problemis ukeT gaanalizebas, misi ganmartebis

daxvewas, rac sabolood uzrunvelyofs danaSaulisTvis swori

kvalifikaciis miniWebas. praqtikaSi teroristuli aqtebis gamoZiebis

dros gamoyenebuli iqneba sagamoZiebo taqtikaSi ganxiluli meTodebi da

rekomendaciebi. teroristis fsiqologiis Taviseburebebis dadgena da

ganzogadeba xels Seuwyobs aRniSnuli danaSaulis prevencias, rac

aranakleb mniSvnelovania masTan brZolisaTvis.

5

Sesavali

saqarTvelos xelisufleba ganagrZobs saerTaSoriso da Sida

terorizmTan brZolas. igi sajarod gmobs teroristul aqtebs, magram

teroristebi garkveulwilad mainc axerxeben gamoiyenon saqarTvelo,

rogorc satranzito qveyana. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom maTi

SesaZleblobebi am mxriv sagrZnoblad SeizRuda, gansakuTrebiT 2002

wlis bolos, pankisis xeobaSi Catarebuli samTavrobo ieriSis Sedegad.

2004 wlis seqtemberSi beslanSi momxdari teroristuli aqtis Semdeg,

qarTuli samarTaldamcavi organoebis mier pankisSi 2004 wlis bolos

Catarebulma gaZlierebulma antiteroristulma operaciebma mkveTrad

Seamcira transnacionalur teroristul jgufTa SesaZlebloba

satranzitod gamoeyenebinaT pankisis xeoba.

qarTuli samarTaldamcavi organoebis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia,

Tumca Sida reformebis, aSS-is mTavrobisa da dasavluri donorebis

teqnikuri da finansuri daxmarebis wyalobiT mdgomareoba am mxriv

umjobesdeba. kerZod, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi uzrunvelyofen Cveni

kadrebis kontrteroristul momzadebas saxelmwifo departamentis

antiteroristuli daxmarebis programis farglebSi. prokuraturaSi

moqmedebs eqvsi gamomZieblisa da prokurorisgan Semdgari specialuri

danayofi, romelic uSualod terorizmis dafinansebisa da fulis

gaTeTrebis saqmeebs iZiebs. Sinagan saqmeTa da saxelmwifo uSiSroebis

saministroebis reformirebisa da maTi kontrteroristuli potencialis

gaZlierebas xels uSlis saTanado resursebis, aRWurvilobisa da, rac

mTavaria, momzadebis nakleboba. reformatoruli Zalisxmeva kadrebis

denadobis maRal maCvenebelTan erTad gaurkvevlobis mizezi gaxda da

xeli SeuSala erTiani antiteroristuli politikis SemuSavebas.

`terorizmi~, `teroristebi~, `teroristuli saqmianoba~ es terminebi

praqtikulad yoveldRiurad Cndeba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi,

rac Cvens mosaxleobas gaurkvevlobasa da SiSs unergavs sakuTari

awmyosa da momavlis, aseve saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciiT

garantirebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis SesaZlo xelyofis gamo.

6

dReisaTvis terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis problemis Seswavla ori

mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs.

pirveli mimarTuleba ukavSirdeba terorizmis, rogorc politikuri

xasiaTis mqone saerTaSorisosamarTleblivi kategoriis Seswavlas. am

kuTxiT metad mniSvnelovani kvlevebi gvxvdeba n.s. beglovas, i.p.

bliSenkos, v.i. bliSenkos, t.s. boiarsozonoviCis, l.n. galenskaias, n.v.

Jdanovis, i.p. karpecis, e.g. liaxovis, l.a. mojorianis, i.a. reSetovisa da

sxvaTa samecniero naSromebSi.

aRsaniSnavia bolo wlebSi gamoqveynebuli sxva mimarTulebis samecniero

naSromebi, romlebSic terorizmis problema sisxlissamarTlebrivi da

kriminologiuri poziciebidan aris ganxiluli. am mimarTulebiT

gansakuTrebiT safuZvliani naSromebi aqvT i.u. antonians, t.a.

bogoliubovas, s.s. bosxolovs, a.i. dolgovas, v.p. emelianovs, m.p. kireevs,

v.s. komisarovs, g.m. minkovskis, a.v. naumovs, g.v. ovCinikovs, v.e. petriSevs,

v.p revins, k.n. salimovs, o.f. SiSovs da mraval sxva mecniers.

terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis problema dResdReobiT kvlavac

aqtualuri rCeba. amas adasturebs 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers niu iorkSi,

vaSingtonsa da pensilvaniaSi, xolo 2002 wlis 23 - 26 oqtombers

moskovSi, `nord ostis~ miuziklze momxdari sayovelTaod cnobili

tragikuli movlenebi.

Tanamedrove teroristebs gaaCniaT mzardi teqnikuri aRWurviloba,

sakmaod didi finansuri saxsrebi da organizebis maRali done. mocemuli

danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani Sida da

saerTaSoriso terorizms Soris zRvaris ararsebobaa. teroristul

organizaciaTa kavSirebi narkobiznesTan da iaraRiT ukanono

vaWrobasTan farTovdeba. fiqsirdeba teroristuli jgufebis zrdis

dinamika. [74-75]

Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi da saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg

efeqturad brZolis aucilebloba aqtualurs xdis mocemul

sakvalifikacio naSroms, vinaidan is terorizmis cnebisa da arsis,

saxeebisa da formebis, terorizmis gamo pasuxisgebisa da misi prevenciis

zomebis kvlevas eZRvneba.

7

Tavi I.

terorizmis cneba da ZiriTadi maCveneblebi

$ 1. 1. terorizmis konteqstualuri Sinaarsi (definiciebi)

terorizmis cnebis gansazRvra msoflio mecnierebisa da danaSaulTan

brZolis praqtikis erT-erT urTules problemas warmoadgens. amJamad

terorizmis daaxloebiT 200-mde gansazRvreba arsebobs da maTgan

arcerTia sayovelTaod miRebuli, rac ganpirobebulia, rogorc

terorizmis fenomenis sirTuliT, aseve Sidasaxelmwifoebriv da

saerTaSoriso doneze arsebuli subieqturi faqtorebiT.

terorizmis cneba. terorizmi umTavresad ganmartebulia, rogorc

daSineba, Zaladobrivi qmedeba, Zaladoba an Zaladobrivi qmedebiT muqara.

Tanamedrove iuridiul literaturaSi terorizmis (laTinuridan terori

SiSi, saSineleba) cneba gulisxmobs politikuri, ekonomikuri,

ideologiuri Tu teroristebisaTvis misaRebi sxva saxis sargeblis

mopovebis mizniT calkeuli piris, pirTa jgufis Tu sxva obieqtebis

winaaRmdeg Zaladobis gamoyenebas, an misi gamoyenebis muqaras

amasTan, ruseTis federaciis 25.07.1998 w. # 130- federaluri kanoni

terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb mocemuli movlenis Zalze rTul

ganmartebas iZleva. kerZod, kanonSi naTqvamia, rom terorizmi aris:

Zaladoba an misi gamoyenebis muqara, mimarTuli fizikuri an iuridiuli

pirebis winaaRmdeg, agreTve qonebisa da sxva materialuri obieqtis

ganadgureba (dazianeba) an maTi ganadgurebis (dazianebis) muqara,

romelic iwvevs adamianTa daRupvis, mniSvnelovani qonebrivi zaralis

miyenebis saSiSroebas an sxva sazogadoebrivad saxifaTo Sedegs;

xorcieldeba sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis xelyofis, mosaxleobis

daSinebis an teroristebis sasargeblod saxelisuflebo organoebis

gadawyvetilebaze gavlenis moxdenis mizniT, an sxva marTlsawinaaRmdego

interesebis dakmayofilebisTvis; saxelmwifo an sazogadoebrivi moRvawis

sicocxlis xelyofa misi saxelmwifo an sxva politikuri moRvaweobis

Sewyvetis, an aRniSnuli moRvaweobis gamo SurisZiebis mizniT; ucxo

qveynis warmomadgenelze an saerTaSoriso organizaciis TanamSromelze

8

Tavdasxma omis provocirebis an saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

gamwvavebis mizniT.

amave dros, terorizmis ganmartebisadmi miZRvnili gansazRruli

naSromebis analizi cxadyofs, rom ganmartebis SemuSavebisas TiTqmis

yvela mkvlevars amoZravebs saerTo survili - ufro mkafiod

Camoayalibos `teroris~, `terorizmisa~ da `teroristuli aqtis~ cnebebi.

terorizmis sisxlissamarTlebriv gansazRvrebasTan dakavSirebiT

mecnierebSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. zogi maTgani (s.a. efirovi, a.v. naumovi)

miiCnevs, rom gacilebiT nayofieria ara terorizmis universaluri

gansazRvrebis Zieba, aramed misi ramodenime niSniT Semofargvla. sxvebis

azriT (a.e. Jalinski), sasargeblo iqneboda terorizmis samuSao

ganmartebis monaxva samarTlebriv doneze. msgavs azrs zogierTi

ucxoeli mkvlevaric iziarebs (magaliTad, a.m. lizeni), sxvebi ki (mag. v.

malisoni, s. malisoni), piriqiT, terorsa da terorizms, maTi farTo

azrobrivi datvirTvis gamo, ar miiCneven iseT cnebebad, romelTa

identificireba mkafiod gansazRvruli faqtobrivi movlenebiTaa

SesaZlebeli.

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 323-e muxlis mixedviT _

terorizmi aris, danaSauli, romelic xelyofs saxelmwifo

xelisuflebis interesebs (strategiuls, politikursa da ekonomikurs),

aseve sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas (vinaidan mosaxleobaSi teroristTa

winaSe umweobis, daucvelobis gancdas da SiSs badebs), adamianTa

janmrTelobas, sicocxles da qonebas.

Cveni azriT, terorizmSi unda vigulisxmoT danaSaulebrivi qmedeba,

romelic gamoixateba ZaladobaSi an misi gamoyenebis muqaraSi calkeul

pirTa an pirTa jgufis winaaRmdeg; romelsac Tan erTvis mosaxleobis

daSineba, adamianebSi depresiis, daZabulobisa da SiSis danergva

teroristebisTvis sasurveli gadawyvetilebis miRebaze gavlenis

moxdenis mizniT; igi gamoirCeva gazrdili sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebiT

da teroristuli aqtis Cadenis sajaroobiT. amasTan, teroristTa miznebi

SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos: religiuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri da a.S.

9

terorizmis arsi. terorizmis arsis gansazRvris mniSvnelobas

ganapirobebs terorizmis, rogorc damoukidebeli cnebis ganmartebis

aucilebloba. mkvlevarebi didi xania cdiloben, zustad ganmarton

aRniSnuli arsi, Tumca, kvlevis sirTulisa da sxva damatebiTi

dabrkolebebis warmoqmnis gamo, sayovelTaod arcerTi ganmarteba iqna

miRebuli. damabrkoleblad iqca is garemoebac, rom terorizmi, rogorc

movlena sxvadasxva aspeqtSi (filosofiuri, politikuri, fsiqologiuri,

samarTlebrivi da a.S.) Seiswavleboda. TiToeuli mkvlevari mocemul

movlenas misTvis saintereso kuTxiT ganixilavda da `terorizmis

ganmartebas sakuTar interpretacias aniWebda. [ 92_23,24,33]

Cveni azriT, terorizmis arsSi unda vigulisxmoT mocemuli

movlenisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis, originaluri niSnebisa da

misi ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebebis erToblioba, rac terorizmisTvis,

rogorc socialur-politikuri da samarTlebrivi kategoriisTvis aris

niSandoblivi. Tanamedrove iuridiul literaturaSi terorizmis,

rogorc danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Semdeg ganmasxvavebel niSnebs

gamoyofen:

I. terorizmi qmnis did sazogadoebriv safrTxes, romelic sayovelTaod

saxifaTo qmedebis an am qmedebis Cadenis muqaris Sedegad warmoiSveba.

II. teroristis ganzraxvaa mZevlad ayvanil pirTa an afeTqebis adgilis

maxloblad myof adamianTa sicocxlis mospoba.

III. teroristuli aqti sajarod sruldeba. sxva danaSaulebrivi qmedeba

gamoricxavs sajaroobas. is xorcieldeba mxolod im pirTa

informirebiT, romelTa qmedebaSic Tavad damnaSavea dainteresebuli.

terorizmi ki, sayovelTao gaxmaurebis, pirobebis Riad wayenebis gareSe

ar arsebobs.

IV. terorizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia SiSis, depresiisa da daZabulobis

ganzrax danergva. amasTan, msgavsi garemo iqmneba ara individualur an

viwrojgufur, aramed socialur doneze da warmoadgens obieqturad

aRmocenebul socialur-fsiqologiur faqtors, romelic gavlenas

axdens sxva pirebze da ubiZgebs maT teroristTa interesebis

sasargeblod garkveuli qmedebis Cadenis an maTi pirobebis miRebisken.

10

aRniSnuli garemoebis ignorireba iwvevs imas, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi

terorizmad socialur garemoSi SiSisa da daZabulobis gamomwvev

nebismier qmedebas Seracxaven. Tumca, terorizmi swored imiT

gansxvavdeba aRniSnuli qmedebebisgan, rom safrTxisSemcveli garemo

iqmneba ara uSualod daSinebis, aramed sxva miznebis miRwevisTvis. SiSi

am SemTxvevaSi aris mizanmimarTuli zegavlenis erTgvari obieqturi

berketi, romlis drosac misi danergva ara TviTmizani, aramed garkveuli

miznis miRwevis saSualebaa. amgvarad, safrTxisSemcveli garemos Seqmna

aris terorizmis gamoxatuleba, misi arsis gamomJRavneba da ara

saboloo mizani.

V. terorizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia isic, rom Zaladoba mimarTulia

erT obieqtze (adamianze, adamianTa jgufze, qonebaze), xolo garkveuli

qmedebis ganxorcielebaze dayoliebis mizniT fsiqologiuri zemoqmedeba

xorcieldeba sxva pirze. anu konkretuli piris gadawyvetilebaze

gavlena miiRweva ara uSualod mis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli

Zaladobrivi qmedebiT, aramed gareSe damaSinebeli faqtorebis

gamoyenebiT, rodesac es piri Tavad (Tumca iZulebiT) iRebs

gadawyvetilebas, daakmayofilos teroristebis moTxovnebi.

amasTan, zegavlena im adamianebze, visganac teroristebi garkveul Sedegs

moelian, SeiZleba iyos rogorc pirdapiri, ise arapirdapiri. magaliTad,

mTavrobisagan garkveuli moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis mizniT, nacional-

separatistebis mier sazogadobis TavSeyris adgilebSi mowyobili

afeTqebebi sociumze pirdapiri zegavlenis moxdenis klasikuri nimuSia.

igive qmedeba, Cadenili romelime piris mier sazogadoebaSi

saxelisuflebo partiis, rogorc wesrigis damyarebis `uunaro~ Zalis

mimarT undoblobis daTesvis mizniT, raTa am fonze daiwyos

mosaxleobisTvis regionSi an qveyanaSi viTarebis gaumjobesebis

dapirebis micema garkveuli kandidatisTvis arCevnebze upiratesobis

miniWebis sanacvlod, aris arapirdapiri zegavlenis magaliTi. [ 82_34,38]

terorizmis arsis Seswavlisas Tavs iCens garkveuli sirTuleebi. ase

magaliTad, g.v.ovCinikova aRniSnavs, rom terorizmis gansazRvrisa da

misi iuridiuli gaformebisadmi erTiani midgomis mTavari

11

damabrkolebeli faqtori ukiduresad politizirebuli Sefasebebia.[104

_7]

terorizmis arsisa da cnebis gansazRvris kidev erT damabrkolebel

faqtors terorizmisa da teroris cnebebis gaigivebis problema

warmoadgens. xSirad es cnebebi sinonimebad ixmareba. [118 -289]

migvaCnia, rom ufro marTebulia im avtorTa Sexeduleba, romlis

mixedviTac terorizmi danaSaulebrivi qmedebaa, xolo terori

nebismieri subieqtis (saxelmwifos, organizaciis Tu fizikuri piris)

qcevis xerxi Zalis gamoyenebiTa da muqariT SiSi danergos. v.p.

emelianovi `terors~ adarebs iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa `agresia~,

`genocidi~, `omi~; miiCnevs rom terori saxelisuflebo subieqtis mier

gamoyenebuli masobrivi Zaladobaa. amasTan dakavSirebiT avtori

ganixilavs iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa `ideologiuri terori~,

`saxelmwifo terori~, `administraciuli terori~ [80_15,16,18,41]

aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT agreTve, rom axlos dgas, magram ara

terorizmis identuria teroristuli aqtis cneba. rogorc v.p. emelianovi

aRniSnavs, isini xSirad igive TanafardobaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan,

rogorSic mTeli da nawili, gansakuTrebiT, Tu saqme realurad Cadenil

Zaladobriv aqts Seexeba. qmedebis teroristul aqtad aRiarebisTvis ar

aris aucilebeli, is Cadenili iyos sayovelTaod saSiSi meTodiT,

romelic zians miayenebs da ama Tu im saxis mZime Sedegis dadgomis

safrTxes Seuqmnis pirTa ganusazRvrel raodenobas. ase rom,

teroristuli aqtisTvis savaldebuloa terorizmis yvela niSani, garda

pirvelisa (sazogadoebrivi safrTxis Seqmna), Tumca, arc misi Tanaobaa

gamoricxuli.

gansaxilveli movlenebis safuZvels warmoadgens dateroreba (fr.

teroriser), romelic gulisxmobs devnas, daSinebas angariSsworebisa da

Zaladobis muqariT.

daterorebas, rogorc danaSaulebrivi qmedebis damoukidebel Tvisebas,

Semdegi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi axasiaTebs:

12

1. damnaSavis Zaladobrivi da sxva qmedebani warmoadgens ara

TviTmizans, aramed sxva miznis miRwevis saSualebas.

2. SiSs damnaSave mizanmimarTulad nergavs, rac exmareba mas

danaSaulebrivi miznis miRwevaSi da aiZulebs sxva pirs/pirebs

Caidinon teroristTa interesebis sasargeblo qmedeba.

3. saboloo Sedegi miiRweva ara Tavad damnaSavis (teroristis), aramed

im pirTa qmedebebis xarjze, romlebzedac xorcieldeba zewola.

4. Zaladobrivi da danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi SeiZleba iyos mimarTuli

erTi piris winaaRmdeg, xolo saboloo danaSaulebrivi Sedegi

miRweul iqnas mesame pirTa moqmedebis Sedegad. amasTan,

SesaZlebelia, rom damnaSavem qmedebis mimarTuleba da saboloo

danaSaulebrivi Sedegis miRweva erTsa da imave pirs daukavSiros. [82_

34,38]

aRsaniSnavia, rom rusul iuridiul literaturaSi terorizmi ganixileba

rogorc eqstremizmis gamovlinebis ukiduresi forma.

rusuli samarTlebrivi doqtrinis mixedviT, eqstremizmSi (eqstremistul

saqmianobaSi) igulisxmeba:

1. fizikur pirTa da garkveul organizaciaTa (religiuri,

sazogadoebrivi, politikuri da sxv.) saqmianoba, romelic miznad

isaxavs konstituciuri wyobis safuZvlebis Zaladobrivi gziT

Secvlas, ruseTis saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobis xelyofas, ruseTis

federaciis usafrTxoebis Seryevas, saxelisuflebo Zalauflebis

miTvisebas an xelSi Cagdebas, ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebebis

Seqmnas, teroristuli saqmianobis organizebasa da ganxorcielebas;

2. nacisturi an msgavsi atributikisa da simbolikis propagandasa da

sajaro demonstrirebas;

3. msgavsi saqmianobisken sajaro mowodebas

4. aRniSnuli saqmianobis dafinansebas.

terminma terorizmi cxare debatebi gamoiwvia. nacvlad imisa, rom

SeTanxmdnen terorizmis definicaze, socialuri mecnierebebis

warmomadgenlebi, politikosebi, iuristebi da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze

momuSave specialistebi ubralod kamaToben terminis mniSvnelobaze.

dalasSi texasis universitetis cnobilma eqspertma terorizmis

13

sakiTxebSi h. kuperma [58_233] scada problemis Sejameba da daskvnis

gamotana. misi sityvebiT, `problema problemis definiciaSia.~ Cven

SegviZlia SevTanxmdeT, rom terorizmi problemaa, magram ver

SevTanxmdiT imaze, Tu ra aris terorizmi.

terorizmis gansazRvra rTulia, igi xSirad garkveul dabneulobas

iwvevs. dabneulobas aZlierebs is faqti, rom adamianebi erTmaneTs

ukavSireben sityvebs SiSi (ing. teror) da terorizmi. samxedro Zalebis

mizani, magaliTad, mtris gulSi SiSis Canergvaa, xolo sistematuri

terori ZiriTad iaraRs warmoadgenda sxvadasxva konfliqtSi istoriis

manZilze. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom samxedro Zalmomreobasa da

terorizms Soris gansxvaveba ar arsebobs. antibirTvuli moZraobis bevri

wevri am mosazrebas imiT xsnis, rom gamosayeneblad mza birTvuli

iaraRi terorizmis gagrZelebas warmoadgens. bevri amave logikas

emxroba da acxadebs, rom quCis bandebi da kriminalebi terorSi

amyofeben sazogadoebas. Tu aRniSnuli logikiT vimsjeleT da miviCnieT,

rom yvela qmedeba, romelic SiSs iwvevs terorizms ganekuTvneba,

potenciuri definiciebis raodenoba SeiZleba usasrulod gaizardos.

erT-erTi upirvelesi mizezi, romelic arTulebs terorizmis definiciis

Camoyalibebas, aris is, rom misi mniSvneloba icvleba socialur da

istoriul konteqstSi. es ar niSnavs, rom `adamiani, romelic erTisTvis

teroristia, meoresTvis SeiZleba mSvidobisaTvis mebrZols

warmoadgendes,~ magram is, rom misi mniSvneloba cvalebadia, faqtia.

aseTi cvalebadoba gamowveulia imiT, rom terorizmi ar aris myari

movlena. danaSaulis msgavsad, isic socialuri faqtorebiT

ganisazRvreba da sociumis cvalebadobis paralelurad mniSvnelobas

icvlis.

winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia terorizmis ramdenime gavrcelebuli

definicia. es definiciebi sayuradReboa, Tumca mniSvnelovania gvesmodes,

rom arc Tu ise gamosadegi. aucilebelia, rom gaazrebuli gvqondes

definiciis konteqsti, vidre termins gamoviyenebdeT. terorizmis

gansazRvreba icvleba socialuri da istoriuli movlenebis fonze.

Sedegad, terorizmi problemas warmoadgens. [ 54_33]

14

terorizmis ramdenime gavrcelebuli konteqstualuri mniSvneloba.

terorizmis definiciebis gacnobamde, albaT, sasurvelia misi

mniSvneloba specifikur CarCoSi ganvixiloT. bevrad ufro gamosadegia

terorizmis konteqstualuri mniSvnelobebis Camowera, vidre sxvadasxva

definiciis damaxsovreba. qvemoT ganxilulia ramdenime konteqstualuri

sakiTxi.

istoria. terorizmis mniSvneloba droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala.

SeuZlebelia terorizmze saubari wina istoriuli konteqstis

gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. teqstis Semdegi nawili swored terorizmis

ganviTarebas asaxavs msoflio istoriaSi.

Tanamedrove terorizmi warmoiSva safrangeTis revoluciis dros (1789-

1795). es termini gamoiyeneboda safrangeTis mTavrobis mier

ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis aRwerisTvis. 1848 wlisTvis terminis

mniSvneloba Seicvala. mas iyenebdnen mTavrobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli

agresiuli revolucionerebis qmedebebis aRsaniSnavad. 1800-iani wlebis

bolos da 1900-ianebis dasawyisSi terorizmi im Zaladobriv qmedebebs

gulisxmobda, romlebsac axorcielebda sxvadasxva dajgufeba (muSaTa

organizaciebi, anarqistebi, erovnuli dajgufebebi, romlebic ucxo

Zalebis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen, ultranacionalisturi politikuri

organizaciebi da sxva).

II msoflio omis (1939-1945) Semdeg terorizmis mniSvneloba kvlav

Seicvala. rodesac xalxi win aRudga msoflioSi evropis dominantobas,

nacionalistur jgufebs teroristuli dajgufebebi ewodaT. 1964 wlidan

adreul 1980-ian wlebamde termini terorizmi gamoiyeneboda agresori

memarcxene dajgufebebisa da nacionalistebis aRsaniSnavad. 1980-iani

wlebis Sua xanebSi SeerTebul StatebSi terorizmad e.w. siZulvilis

jgufTa moZraobis Zaladobrivi qmedebebi moinaTla. saerTaSoriso

doneze ki terorizmi moiazreboda, rogorc subnacionaluri

(subnational) brZola. [51- 15-18]

meore aTaswleulis SecvlasTan erTad Seicvala terorizmis

definiciebic. dRes terorizmiT dakavebuli arian didi dajgufebebi,

romlebic saxelmwifosgan damoukideblad arseboben da misi wevrebi

15

ZiriTadad religiuri fanatikosebi arian. teroristul danaSauls

sCadian agreTve sxva Zaladobrivi dajgufebebi, romlebic ukmayofiloni

arian arsebuli socialuri garemoTi. ase rom, terorizmis definiciis

Camoyalibebisas istoriuli konteqstis gavlena mocemul negatiur

movlenaze aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia.

konfliqti. terorizmis mniSvneloba icvleba sxvadasxva tipis omebis

zegavleniTac. Cveulebrivi omis pirobebSi armiebi iyeneben komandos

taqtikas, rac Zalian hgavs terorizms. amerikis samoqalaqo omis dros

federalurma armiam maior jon andersons konfederatebs sarkinigzo

gzis darbevis ufleba misca. konfederatebma andersoni Seipyres da

jaSuSobaSi daadanaSaules. amis miuxedavad, andersons CrdiloeTSi

gmirad miiCnevdnen. igi ar atarebda uniformas da arc miRebuli normebis

Sesabamisad ibrZoda, magram armiebi, rogorc wesi, aqtiurad iyenebdnen

zemoT aRweril taqtikas omis periodSi da msgavs qmedebebs terorizmis

kvalifikacia arasodes eZleoda.

partizanul omebSi partizanebi teroristul taqtikas iyeneben xolme

mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. aseT dros maT SeiZleba sakuTari

mxardamWerebic iyolion teroris qveS damorCilebis mizniT. totalur

omSi sahaero Zalebi mTel qalaqebs anadgureben xolme cecxliT. swored

ase moiqca germaniis sahaero Zalebi (luftwaffe) stalingradSi 1942

wels, xolo britaneTisa da amerikis sahaero Zalebi drezdenSi 1945

wels. arc erT mxares miuCnevia, rom msgavsi qmedebebi terorizmTan iyo

asocirebuli. SeiZleba kidev mTeli rigi winaaRmdegobrivi magaliTebis

moyvana, rac naTlad dagvanaxebs, Tu rogor icvleba terorizmis

Sinaarsi konfliqtis tipis mixedviT. Tumca, termini terorizmi ufro

iseT Zaladobriv qmedebas aRniSnavs, romelic mSvidobian periodSi iCens

Tavs. [5820-22]

politikuri Zala. terorizmis gansazRvreba politikur Zalazea

damokidebuli. mTavrobebs SeuZliaT gazardon sakuTari Zala, Tu

oponentebs teroristebad moixsenieben. moqalaqeebi samTavrobo Zalebis

mxridan wamosul Seuracxyofas ufro iolad eguebian, rodesac

kontrteroristuli kampania warmoebs. `teroristebi~ ar sargebloben

imave humanuri privilegiebiT, rogoriTac `adamianebi.~ sazogadoebis

16

azriT, aralegaluri dakaveba da zogjer wamebac ki misaRebi meTodebia

teroristebis dasasjelad. teroristis damRam SesaZloa fataluri

Sedegebi gamoiRos.

represia. represiis cneba Tavisi SinaarsiT Zalian uaxlovdeba

Zaladobisas. zogierTi qveynis mTavroba sistematurad iyenebs

terorizms, raTa Tavisi moqalaqeebi mudmivi SiSis mdgomareobaSi

hyavdes. msgavsi saxis represiebi tardeba qveynis politikur

struqturebSi, rodesac liderebi saidumlo policiur Zalebs iyeneben

Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad. ioseb stalini (1879 - 1953) sabWoTa

kavSirs 1924 wlidan 1953 wlamde teroris meSveobiT marTavda. igive

meTodebs iyenebda sadam huseinic erayis marTvisas. laTinuri amerika

ramdenjerme moeqca represori liderebis mmarTvelobis qveS (xSirad

SeerTebuli Statebis xelSewyobiT).

represia SeiZleba oficialuri politikuri struqturebis gareTac

warmoebdes. es e.w. kanongareSe (extrajuridical) represiaa da mas

axorcieleben represiuli dajgufebebi, romlebic cdiloben sxvebis

daSinebas garkveuli qmedebebiT. politikuri represia terorizmis erT-

erTi formaa, magram adamianebi iSviaTad ukavSireben aseTi tipis

Zaladobas terorizms.[59- 11-13]

media. Jurnalistebi da telereportiorebi xSirad termins terorizmi

politikuri Zaladobis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneben. miuxedavad amisa, ar

arsebobs garkveuli standarti, romelic maT daexmareba definiciis

sworad gagebaSi. xSirad isini aRniSnul termins mxolod imitom

iyeneben, rom meti yuradReba miipyron. ase rom, terorizmis arsis

gansazRvraSi mediis roli SedarebiT umniSvneloa.

danaSauli. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom damnaSaveebi da teroristebi ori

sxvadasxva tipis Zaladobriv qmedebebs sCadian. zogierTi analitikosi

amaze Tanxmdeba, magram garkveuli kiTxvis niSnebi mainc rCeba. ramdenime

wlis win sisxlis samarTlis sakiTxebSi saprezidento komisiam

ganacxada, rom aucilebeli iyo sisxlissamarTlebrivi aqtis motivaciis

gadaxedva, raTa ganesazRvraT, iyo Tu ara konkretuli qmedeba

teroristiuli aqti (saxelmwifo mrCevelTa komiteti sisxlis samarTlis

17

saqmeTa warmoebis standartebisa da miznebis sakiTxebSi, 1976). komisiis

angariSis Tanaxmad, rodesac danaSauli politikurad motivirebulia, mas

terorizmis kvalifikacia eZleva. am midgomis problema isaa, rom

danaSauli danaSaulad rCeba imis miuxedavad, Tu ra motivacia imaleba

mocemuli qmedebis ukan. konfliqtisa da samTavrobo represiebis garda,

terorizmis yvela forma sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls ukavSirdeba.

SeerTebul StatebSic ki gamoZiebis federaluri biuro Tavis oqmebSi

politikur danaSauls ar miawers terorizms.[9- 40-45]

religia. ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi religiurma dajgufebebma (an

konkretulad romelime religiam) didi roli iTamaSa terorizmis

ganviTarebaSi. eqstremaluri religiuri rwmena noyier niadags qmnis

terorizmis gasavrceleblad. religiuri Zaladobas safuZvlad sami

ZiriTadi motivi edeba [ 54_152] (1) garkveuli religiuri dajgufebebi

miiCneven, rom maT unda gawmindon samyaro axali epoqis Sesaqmnelad.

amas Zaladobrivi esqatologia ewodeba; (2) zogierTi sxva dajgufeba

miiCnevs, rom isini rCeulebi arian da samarTlianobis aRdgenisTvis

SeuZliaT xeli aRmarTon sxva adamianebze. aseTi midgoma friad

saxifaToa da mas Zaladobriv Seuwynareblobasa da religiur omebamde

mivyavarT. da bolos, (3) zogierTi adamiani, romelzec esa Tu is movlena

did STabeWdilebas axdens, Tavad igonebs surogatul religias da

sakuTari rwmenis gasavrceleblad Zaladobriv qmedebebs mimarTavs.

ekologiuri teroristebis saqmianoba am tipis fsevdoreligiuri

terorizmis SesaniSnavi magaliTia.

gansakuTrebuli formebi. zogjer terorizms gansakuTrebul konteqstSi

moixsenieben. aseTia magaliTad, teqnologiuri terorizmi, romelzec

qvemoT dawvrilebiT gveqneba saubari. terorizmis kidev erTi

specifikuri forma Seexeba kompiuterul Tavdasxmebs, virusebs da

informaciuli infrastruqturis darRvevas. amas kiberterorizmi ewodeba.

da bolos, narkotikuli danaSaulebrivi organizaciebi xSirad iyeneben

teroristul taqtikas, zogierTi teroristuli organizacia ki

narkotikebiTac vaWrobs, raTa politikuri miznebiT nakarnaxevi qmedebebi

daafinansos. analitikosebis nawili aRniSnuli tipis Zaladobas

narkoterorizms uwodebs. gamoZiebis federaluri biuros yofili

18

TanamSromeli uiliam daisoni amtkicebs, rom yovelive zemoT

CamoTvlili ar warmoadgens terorizmis calkeul formas da isini unda

ganvixiloT, rogorc garkveuli Tavdasxmebi politikuri teroristebis

mxridan.

cvalebadi konteqsti. sia konteqstualuri faqtorebisa, romlebic

zegavlenas axdenen terorizmis definiciaze, SeiZleba usasrulod

gagrZeldes. sakmarisia imis Tqmac, rom terorizmi politikuri Tu

socialuri konteqstis Secvlis paralelurad icvleba. terorizmis

sakiTxebze momuSave analitikosi aleqs Smidi (1983) ambobs, rom

mniSvneloba ar aqvs, rogor ganvsazRvravT terorizms. definicia

yovelTvis Seicvleba, radgan icvleba Zaladobrivi qmedebis

mniSvnelobac. Cven ar SegviZlia terorizmis gansazRvra. [47-256-266]

amgvari daskvnis fonze ganvixiloT Sesaswavli movlenis SedarebiT

cnobili definiciebi.

ramdenime cnobili definicia. yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli da

gamoyenebadi definicia, romliTac sargebloben sisxlis samarTlis

saqmeTwarmoebaSi da aseve samxedro da usafrTxoebis sferoebSi,

SemogvTavazes cnobilma specialistma kontrteroristul sakiTxebSi

braian jenkinsma [57_8,9] da jorjtaunis universitetis TanamSromelma

uolter leqverma. [57_72] maT terorizmis cneba erTmaneTisgan

damoukideblad gansazRvres, magram msgavs daskvnamde mividnen.

jenkinsma mogvawoda definicia, romelsac Tavad xSirad iyenebda

uSiSroebis ZalebTan konsultaciebis warmoebisas. jenkinsi (1984)

terorizms uwodebs politikuri cvlilebis gamowvevis mizniT

daSinebisTvis Zalis gamoyenebas. leqveri Tavis ganmartebaSi uaxlovdeba

jenkinss da aRniSnavs, rom terorizmi warmoadgens Zalis aralegitimur

gamoyenebas garkveuli politikuri miznis miRwevisTvis udanaSaulo

xalxis mizanSi amoRebiT. igi dasZens, rom martivi definiciis siRrmeebSi

qeqva da damatebiTi informaciis amoRebis mcdeloba usargebloa, radgan

termini Zalze winaaRmdegobrivia. leqveri sqolioSi aRniSnavs, rom

terorizmis definiciaze mTeli tomebi SeiZleba daiweros, magram es

tomebi iotisodenadac ver gazrdis Cvens gagebas terorizmis arsze.

19

Tavis gviandel namuSevrebSi leqveri ganavrcobs martiv definicias

mxolod imitom, rom is icvleba istoriis msvlelobis paralelurad.

jenkinsi da leqveri martivi midgomiT Tavisuflad ganixilaven

problemebs, Tumca, ar arsebobs gaazrebuli meTodi garkveuli

teroristuli aqtebisTvis martivi definiciebis SesamuSaveblad. martivi

definiciebi socialuri mecnierebebis muSakebsa da politikosebs

ukmarisobis grZnobas utovebs da simartive problemas ver gadawyvets.[57-

33-35]

miuxedavad amisa, leqveri miiCnevs, rom aucilebelia martivi definiciebi

SevinarCunoT, Tundac maTi susti mxareebiT, radgan sxvadasxva

adamianisTvis terorizmis mniSvneloba yovelTvis gansxvavebuli iqneba.

uSiSroebis TvalsazrisiT leqveris daskvnas aqvs garkveuli azrobrivi

datvirTva: terorizmi aris politikuri an kriminaluri (sisxlis

samarTlis) Zaladobrivi qmedebis erT-erTi forma samxedro taqtikis

gamoyenebiT, raTa daSinebis gziT moxdes garkveuli sistemis Secvla.

magram aRniSnuli definicia ver Wris problemis politikur aspeqtebs,

Tumca, gauTavebeli debatebis safuZvels aZlevs usafrTxoebis

uzrunvelmyofel struqturebs.

definiciebis nakli mxolod pragmatul simartiveSi ar mdgomareobs.

germaniam, gaerTianebulma samefom da espaneTma terorizmi 10 weliwadze

metia kanongareSed gamoacxades, amerika ki cdilobs am movlenas

samarTlebrivi definicia mouZebnos (mulendori da uaiTi, [59_409].

samarTlebrivi definiciebis momxiblavi mxare isaa, rom is mTavrobas

erTgvar uflebas aZlevs, Caidinos garkveuli danaSaulebi, romlebic

teroristuli aqtebis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba gamoiyenon. Tumca,

samarTlebrivi definiciebi sakmaod usargebloa, radgan terorizmis arc

socialur da arc politikur xasiaTs ar asaxavs da maTi arasworad

gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

samarTlebriv definiciebSi Sida winaaRmdegobebic iCens Tavs. magaliTad,

SeerTebuli Statebis samarTlebriv debulebebSi weria: `zogierT

dajgufebas SeiZleba teroristuli vuwodoT, maSin rodesac, sxva

dajgufeba, romelic analogiur qmedebas sCadis, legitimuri

20

revolucionerebis jgufad miiCneva.~ SeerTebuli Statebisadmi

megobrulad ganwyobilma mTavrobebma laTinur amerikaSi ramdenime

istoriulad usastikesi qmedeba Caidines kontrterorizmis saxeliT,

zogierTi laTino-amerikeli revolucioneri ki Tavis sasargeblod

iyenebs aSS-is damoukideblobis deklaraciasa da konstituciaSi

Camoyalibebul uflebebs, Tumca, maT mainc teroristebad movixseniebT.

ase rom, samarTlebrivi definiciebi xSirad araSorsmWvreteluria.[42- 20-

25]

marta qrenSou [47_1-10] miiCnevs, rom terorizmis gansazRvra

SeuZlebelia, Tu Tavad qmedeba, mizani da warmatebis SesaZlebloba ar

iqna gaanalizebuli. am midgomiT TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolebi iyeneben

legitimur samxedro meTodebs legitimur politikur samizneebze

TavdasxmisaTvis. maTi qmedebebi legitimurobis CarCoSi ufro maSin

jdeba, rodesac aris konfliqtSi gamarjvebis SesaZlebloba (Sansi).

teroristebi legitimurobis sami kriteriumidan (samxedro meTodebi,

samxedro samizneebi da gamarjvebis garkveuli Sansi), rogorc wesi, erT-

erTs ver akmayofileben.

qrenSou aseve acxadebs, rom revoluciuri xasiaTis Zaladobrivi qmedeba

ar unda agverios terorizmSi. qrenSousTvis terorizmi socialurad da

politikurad miuRebel Zaladobas niSnavs, romelsac udanaSaulo

samizne hyavs amoRebuli fsiqologiuri efeqtis misaRwevad. msgavsi

analitikuri gamijvna daexmara qrenSous, rom gamxdariyo erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani eqsperti terorizmis sakiTxebSi, magram ori sakiTxi mainc

problemad rCeba. nebismier pirs, romelsac aqvs politikuri

uflebamosileba terorizmis `legitimurobis~ gansasazRvravad, aqvs

teroristuli aqtebis ganxorcielebis Zalauflebac. garda amisa,

analitikuri definicia didad ar gansxvavdeba martivi definiciisgan.

reiganis prezidentobis periodSi (1981-1989) Zalze popularuli gaxda

terorizmis gansazRvra saxelmwifo politikuri terminebis gamoyenebiT.

analitikosebi asaxelebdnen teroristul saxelmwifoebs, romlebic

terorizms iyenebdnen amerikis interesebis winaaRmdeg. nil livingstoni

livingstoni [47_176] da arnoldi [43_5,15] gamoyofda xuT teroristul

Zalas, romlebic yofil sabWoTa kavSirs daqvemdebarebul

21

saxelmwifoebs emsaxurebodnen. israelis yofili premier-ministri

benjamin netaniahu (Benjamim Netaniahu) dasavleTs teroristuli

saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg mouwodebda. am logikiT definiciis dilemis

gadaWrac SesaZlebeli xdeboda teroristebi iyvnen yofili sabWoTa

kavSiris saxelmwifo uSiSroebis biuros (kgb) daqvemdebarebaSi myofi

`aCrdili meomrebi~ (Shadow Warriors) libiidan, siriidan,

bulgareTidan, aRm. germaniidan da samxreT koreidan.

Tumca, saxelmwifo politikuri terminebiT gajerebulma definiciebma

komunisturi imperiis dangrevamde rTuli periodi gamoiares. jeims

adamsma [45 _32,33] gviCvena, rom teroristebi ar kontroldebian da arc

arasodes kontroldebodnen mxardamWeri (damfinansebeli) saxelwifoebis

mier. zogierTi terorizmis momxre saxelmwifo marTlac umagrebda

zurgs garkveul teroristul dajgufebebs logistikuri da moraluri

mxardaWeriT, magram maTi gavlena mTlianobaSi Zalze umniSvnelo iyo.

terorizmi Zalze kompleqsuri da mniSvnelovani movlenaa imisTvis, rom

saxelmwifoebma akontrolon. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg

argumentebi saxelmwifo dafinansebis Sesaxeb Sesustda miuxedavad imisa,

rom ramdenime teroristi, romlebic aRmosavleT evropaSi imalebodnen,

daapatimres.

gansxvavebul definicias gvTavazobs edvard hermani, romelic ambobs,

rom terorizmi saxelmwifo represiebis konteqstSi unda ganisazRvros.

hermans mohyavs laTinoamerikuli mTavrobebis magaliTi da ambobs, rom

represiulma politikam ufro meti ubedureba moutana xalxs, vidre

saxelmwifos mier dafinansebulma teroristurma formirerebma moutanes.

maikl stoli [51_20-28] calke gamocemaSi aRniSnavs, rom terorizmi

yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba mTavrobebis mier Zalauflebis SenarCunebis

mizniT. uolter leqveris [ 57_6] azriT, ugunureba iqneba imis uaryofa,

rom saxelmwifo represiebma ufro naklebi ziani miayena xalxs, vidre

Tanamedrove terorizmma. Tumca, leqveri imasac aRniSnavs, rom

samTavrobo represiebi grZelvadiani politikuri problemaa da

gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove terorizmisgan. Tumca, sakiTxis CarTva

diskusiaSi met gaugebrobas gamoiwvevs da didad verc terorizmis arsis

gagebaSi dagvexmareba.

22

definiciis dilemis gadaWris mizniT, aleqs Smidi [57_70-111] Seecada

sxvadasxva poziciis Sejerebas. man daaskvna, rom ar arsebobs WeSmariti

da swori definicia, radgan terorizmi abstraqtuli cnebaa da

fizikurad ar arsebobs. martivi definicia ver gaswvdeba terminis yvela

potenciur mniSvnelobas. miuxedavad amisa, Smidi acxadebs, rom rigi

elementisa saerToa cnobil definiciebSi da maT umravlesobas ori

amgvari elementi aerTianebs, kerZod: 1. is pirebi, romlebic teroris

(SiSis) qveS imyofebian da 2. teroristebis samizneebi da msxverpli.

Smidma aseve SemogvTavaza terorizmis konglomeratuli definicia. mis

mier Catarebuli empiriuli analizis Sedegad ukve arsebul

gansazRvrebebSi 22 saerTo elementi gamoikveTa. Smidma Camoayaliba

definicia, romelSic 13 aseTi elementi gaaerTiana. mecnieri terorizms

ganixilavs, rogorc brZolis meTods, romelSic msxverpli simbolur

samiznes warmoadgens. agresiul Semsruleblebs SeuZliaT SiSis

qronikuli garemo Seqmnan zRvargadasuli Zaladobis gamoyenebiT.

procesSi uSualo msxverplis garda zaraldeba sazogadoebac,

romelSic uimedoba da SiSi isadgurebs.

zogierT mecniers miaCnia, rom Smidma definiciebis kombinirebiT erTi

gansazRvrebis Camoyalibebis dilema gadawyvita. zogi ki fiqrobs, rom

man ubralod SedarebiT daxvewa ukve arsebuli definiciebi. mocemuli

problemis ganxilvisas, analitikosebi ZiriTadad sam daskvnamde midian.

zogierTi qrenSousa da Tomas Tortonis azrs iziarebs da miaCnia, rom

terorizmis SemTxvevaSi ufro aralegitimur ZaladobasTan gvaqvs saqme,

vidre politikur revoluciasTan. sxvebi Smidis mosazrebebs emxrobian,

definiciebis sinTezs mimarTaven an sxvebis definiciebs iyeneben. da

bolos, zogierTebi saerTod ugulebelyofen problemis arsebobas. isini

saubroben terorizmze da gulisxmoben, rom yvelam icis misi

mniSvneloba.[43- 7-17]

ZiriTadi koncefciebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi

1. terorizmi ganisazRvreba socialur da politikur konteqstSi. es

aris upirvelesi mizezi imisa, rom terorizmis arc erTi definicia ar

aris warmatebuli.

23

2. konteqstualuri definiciebis TvalsazrisiT terorizmis Sinaarsze

gavlenas axdens istoriuli da politikuri faqtorebi, konfliqtebi,

politikuri represiebi da Zaladoba, masmedia, danaSauloba da sxva.

3. vinaidan terorizmis mniSvneloba cvalebadia, martivi definicia,

albaT, saukeTeso gamosavalia;

4. Tu usafrTxoebaze vakeTebT aqcents, Cveni azriT, umjobesia,

terorizmi taqtikuri TvalsazrisiT SevafasoT, radgan migvaCnia, rom

aRniSnuli negatiuri movlena brZolis erTerTi meTodia, igi

sazogadoebas aSinebs (terorSi amyofebs) da uqrobs stabilurobisa da

usafrTxoebis gancdas.

5. terorizmis taqtika moicavs: dabombvas, SenobisTvis cecxlis

wakidebas, TviTmfrinavis gatacebas, Tavdasxmas, adamianis gatacebas,

mZevlad ayvanas da teqnologiuri servisis mwyobridan gamoyvanas.

6. Tavdasxmis efeqturobis gazrdisTvis teroristebi iyeneben e.w.

gamaZlierebel faqtorebs. aseTi faqtorebia: transnacionaluri

mxardaWera, media, religiuri fanatizmi, teqnologiebi.

terorizmis tipologia. tipologia klasifikaciis sistemaa da

terorizmis imdeni tipologia SeiZleba arsebobdes, ramdenic definicia.

miuxedavad amisa, modelebi, klasifikaciis sistemebi da tipologiebi

definiciebis alternativas gvTavazoben. maT ramdenime upiratesoba aqvT.

pirvel rigSi, problemis mTeli masStabiT warmoCena SeuZliaT.

terorizmi ar aris erTi konkretulad gansazRvruli qmedeba, is

sxvadasxva qmedebis kombinaciebisgan Sedgeba. tipologia teroristul

qmedebaTa Taviseburebebs ukeT asaxavs, vidre definiciaTa umravlesoba.

meore mxriv, problemis masStabi mis dones avlens. terorizmi SeiZleba

iyos lokaluri, saxelmwifo an saerTaSoriso. tipologia gvexmareba

imis garkvevaSi, ra saxis terorizmTan gvaqvs saqme. da bolos: rodesac

terorizmis done gairkveva, reagirebis donis dadgenac gaadvildeba.

tipologiebi ar warmoadgens panaceas da isini ver wyveten yvela

definiciur dilemas. pirvel rigSi, terorizmi, rogorc procesi mudmivi

cvalebadobis reJimSia. tipologiebma SeiZleba gaaRrmavos Cveni codna

24

terorizmis Sesaxeb, magram TiToeuli teroristuli SemTxveva

unikaluria da unda ganvixiloT konkretuli socialuri, istoriuli da

politikuri garemos gaTvaliswinebiT.

tipologiis kidev erTi susti mxarea is, rom igi realobas amaxinjebs.

konkretuli modelis SemuSavebis Semdeg, zogierTi adamiani (maT Soris

mecnieric) cdilobs, terorizmis garkveuli formebi ukve mza

tipologiis models moargos. laTinur amerikaSi warmarTuli procesebi

amis cocxali magaliTia. mTavrobebma, Jurnalistebma, maswavleblebma da

revolucionerebma Camoayalibes ideologiuri tipologiebi laTinuri

amerikisTvis da Semdeg realoba TavianT politikur Tvalsazriss

moarges. movlenebis Secvlam nimuSze morgebis mizniT SeiZleba

realobis damaxinjeba gamoiwvios. aseT dros mkvlevarebi, rogorc wesi,

xedaven imas, rac surT rom dainaxon. garda amisa, tipologiebi Cqmalavs

detalebs. isini gvTavazoben zogad da ara konkretul nimuSebs maSinac

ki, Tu sworad arian Sedgenili.

piter flemingi, maikl stoli da aleqs Smidi [47 -153,159] akritikeben

terorizmis aRweris mizniT tipologiis gamoyenebas acxadeben ra, rom

tipologiebs safuZvlad mkvlevarTa mosazrebebi udevs da Sesabamisad,

maT azrebs asaxavs. tipologiebi aseve gvTavazoben sxvadasxva versiis

Sedarebas, rac rig SemTxvevaSi mizanSeuwonelia. flemingi, stoli da

Smidi kritikulad udgebian tipologiebs, radgan maTi azriT, arc erTi

maTgani ar moicavs siRrmiseul politikur analizs.

Tu daveTanxmebiT flemingis, stolisa da Smidis mosazrebebs, SeiZleba

uarvyoT tipologiebis gamoyeneba. Tumca, maT mainc SeiZleba SezRuduli

upiratesoba hqondeT. marTalia, isini ver wyveten definiciis problemas

da verc Rrma politikuri da socialuri sakiTxebis gaSuqebis meTods

gvTavazoben, magram tipologiebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba SedarebiT

SezRuduli funqciisTvis usafrTxoebis problemis taqtikuri

gansazRvrisaTvis. [44-66,67] zogierTi cnobili mkvlevari swored am

midgomas iyenebda terorizmis Seswavlisas.

terorizmis taqtikuri tipologia. adamianebi mudmivi konfliqtis

mdgomareobaSi cxovroben. marTlac, SeuZlebelia adamianTa socialuri

25

organizacia konfliqtebis gareSe. organizeba yvelaze mSvidobian

sazogadoebaSic ki aucilebelia, radgan makontrolebel organos

SeuZlia xalxi CarTos organizaciaSi da aiZulos misi wevrebi, rom

wesebs daemorCilon. Zalis Warbi raodenoba SezRudvebs unda

daeqvemdebaros. amitom, socialuri organizaciebi sinamdvileSi arasodes

arian `mSvidobianad~. piriqiT, yovelTvis `omis~ mdgomareobaSi

imyofebian. konfliqtis masStaburoba da done, marTalia, gansxvavdeba,

magram garkveul normebSi jdeba (konfliqti normatiulia). Tu am

varauds gaviziarebT, SevZlebT terorizmis arsSi Cawvdomas. aRniSnulis

sailustraciod ganvixiloT SeerTebuli Statebis armiis mier gasuli

saukunis 70-ian wlebSi SemuSavebuli koncefcia. vietnamis omis Semdeg

armia mixvda, rom misi misia icvleboda da igi momzadebuli unda

yofiliyo sxva tipis omebisTvisac. konfliqtebi SeiZleba nebismieri

saxis yofiliyo dawyebuli umniSvnelo dapirispirebidan (adgilobrivi

omebi), damTavrebuli birTvuli ganadgurebiT. omis mniSvnelobac (ukeTes

SemTxvevaSi) bundovania. am situaciis naTelsayofad SeerTebuli

Statebis armiam SemogvTavaza konfliqtebis speqtri, romelic iwyeba

dabali intensivobis konfliqtebidan da mTavrdeba yovlismomcveli

omiT. es suraTi, albaT, ufro adamianis damokidebulebas asaxavs, vidre

imis garkvevis saSualebas iZleva omis mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba

aRmovCndeT Tu mSvidobis, Tumca, terorizmis arsis gagebaSi namdvilad

gvexmareba.

1. 2. saerTaSoriso terorizmis istoriuli mimoxilva

terorizmis sawyisebi

realurad SeuZlebelia terorizmis arsSi Cawvdoma, Tu ar ganvixilavT

rodis da sad moxda misi aRmoceneba-ganviTareba. terorizmi iseTive

Zveli movlenaa, rogoric konfliqtebi. igi cxrameti saukunis

ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda da icvlida formasa da ideologias. magram

Tanamedrove terorizmi saTaves ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi iRebs.

Tanamedrove terorizmi evropaSi warmoiSva da msoflios danarCen

qveynebSi gavrcelda. igi Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso terorizmis

gamocdilebis safuZvlebs moicavs.

ganasxvaveben terorizmis Svid saxeobas:

26

1. ucxo, mtrulad ganwyobili qveynis specsamasaxurebis mier

aramegobrul saxelmwifoSi teroristul qmedebaTa dagegmva

destabilizaciis inspirirebisa da iq arsebuli xelisuflebis damxobis

an misi daSinebisa da damorCilebis mizniT.

2. individualuri xasiaTis teroristuli aqti politikuri anda

finansuri motivebiT.

3. adamianTa datyveveba da gataceba sxvadasxva politikuri an

merkantuli mosazrebiT.

4. afeTqebaTa organizacia sxvadasxva meTodebiT, maT Soris, dReisaTvis

farTod gavrcelebul kamikaZeTa gamoyenebiT.

5. sahaero, saxmeleTo da sazRvao satransporto saSualebaTa xelSi

Cagdeba da maTi teroristuli mizniT gamoyeneba.

6. Senoba-nagebobebsa Tu satransporto saSualebebSi mZevalTa masobrivi

ayvana SantaJis mowyobisTvis.

7. bioqimiuri da baqteriologiuri terorizmi Tavdasxmis obieqtis

ganadgurebis anda paralizebis mizniT. [ 21-216,217]

ganmanaTlebloba, revolucia da terorizmi

istorikosebi mecxramete saukunes xSirad ganmanaTleblobis xanas

uwodeben. evropasa da amerikaSi drois es monakveTi socialuri

problemebis mimarT inteleqtualuri damokidebulebis SecvliT

aRiniSna. ganmanaTleblobamde rigiT adamianebs saxelmwifos sakuTrebad,

xolo saxelmwifos didgvarovanTa klasis sakuTrebad Tvlidnen,

romelic Tavis mxriv sasoflo sameurneo miwebs flobda.

ganmanaTleblobiTi moZraobis Semdeg, revoluciurma Zalebma

moqalaqeobrivi azrovnebis axali stili daamkvidres. rigiTi adamianebi

darwmundnen, rom saxelmwofo yvelas dasacavad arsebobda da ara marto

didebulebisa. maT, visac xelSi Zalaufleba epyraT, aseTi azrovneba

aSinebdaT.

moazrovneebma evropis socialuri wyobis kritikas meTvramete saukunis

dasawyisidan mihyves xeli. SemdgomSi mecnierulma revoluciam,

27

ganmanaTlebeli filosofosebisTvis socialuri sakiTxebis wina planze

wamowevisTvis xelsayreli atmosfero Seqmna. meCvidmete saukuneSi

momxdarma aRmoCenebma Searyia saukuneebis winandeli warmodgena

samyaros Seqmnis Taobaze, rac Sua saukuneebis eklesiis mier

aristoteles ideebis interpretirebis Sedegs warmoadgenda.

filosofosebis azriT, Tu sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebas SeeZlo

kiTxvis niSnis qveS daeyenebina eklesiis SesaZlebloba, maSin socialur

mecnierebas SeeZlo eWvqveS daeyenebina sazogadoebis ekonomikuri da

politikuri wyobis principebi.

socialuri filosofiis mimdevrebs sjerodaT, rom, iseve rogorc, isaak

niutonma aRmoaCina moZraobis kanonebi, SeiZleboda socialuri

organizaciis warmmarTveli kanonebis mignebac. isini erTmaneTTan

mokamaTe filosofiur skolebSi gaerTiandnen da iseTi garemos Seqmnas

Seuwyves xeli, sadac socialuri wesrigis Zveli wesebi Tavs veRar

imkvidrebdnen. axali poziciebidan mecnierebma mefis Zalauflebis

kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayenebac daiwyes. mefeebi da sxva didebulebi

azrovnebis am mimarTulebiT moxiblulebi ar iyvnen. [ 44-66,67]

ganmanaTlebloba saerTaSoriso inteleqtualuri moZraoba iyo.

sxvadasxva politikuri Sexedulebebis miuxedavad, filosofosebma

Seqmnes saerTo azri xelisuflebis Taobaze. maT sjerodaT, rom

mTavroba an mmarTveli klasi konkretuli uflebebis dasacavad unda

arsebobdes da mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad demokratia aRiares.

folosofosebi amtkicebdnen, rom moqalaqeebs hqondaT uflebebi da

xelisufleba am uflebebis dasacavad unda Seqmniliyo. mTavroba rigiT

adamianebs unda ekontrolebinaT socialuri kontraqtis an konstituciis

saSualebiT, romelSic gazrdili iqneboda moqalaqeebis uflebebi, xolo

xelisuflebisa Semcirebuli.

britaneTis, CrdiloeT amerikis (maSindeli koloniis) mcxovreblebi

grZnobdnen, rom didi britaneTis ganviTarebis mimarTuleba uflebebisa

da qonebis dacvas moitanda Sedegad. Tumca, bevri amerikeli

kolonizatori darwmunebuli iyo, rom maTi es uflebebi irRveoda. 1775

wlisTvis amerikaSi dawyebuli saubrebi inteleqtualur wreebs gascda

28

da quCaSi, Semdeg ki brZolis velze gadainacvla. brZola ki 1783 wels

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis SeqmniT dasrulda.

amerikis revolucias didi mniSvneloba hqonda evropisTvis, magram

Tavidan am movlenas "konservatiul" revoluciad aRiqvamdnen.

Zalauflebis centrma londonidan filadelfiaSi gadainacvla da

amerikeli liderebis umravlesoba (rigi gamoCenili pirovnebis garda,

rogoric iyo, magaliTad, Tomas jefersoni) SeerTebul Statebs

britanul demokratiad miiCnevda, oRond britaneTis gareSe. SeerTebuli

Statebis dabadeba evoluciuri procesi iyo. revoluciuri omi

ganixileboda evropaSi ZalauflebisTvis brZolis tradiciul

konteqstSi da misi Sedegi iyo britaneTi mefis gareSe.

1789-1795 wlebis safrangeTis revolucia ganmanaTleblobis igive

principebs efuZneboda, rasac amerikis revolicia, Tumca gansxvavebuli

da ufro sisxliani elferi hqonda. amerikis revoluciiT Zalaufleba

britaneTis mmarTveli klasidan amerikis mmarTvel klass gadaeca.

safrangeTSi Zalaufleba klasebs Soris gadanawilda. saSualo klasma

Zalaufleba didebulebs gamostaca da es gansxvavebuli ideologiiT

gamowveuli brZolis pirobebSi moxda, rac Tanamedrove sisxliani

revoluciis pirveli SemTxveva gaxldaT.

Tu amerikaSi revolucia demokratiisken mimarTuli grZelvadiani

procesi iyo, 1795 wels safrangeTSi xelisuflebis struqturebis

radikaluri cvlileba moxda. evropis saxelmwifoebi SeaSfoTa

ganviTarebulma movlenebma, didebulebi da maTi mxardamWeri mmarTveli

klasis warmomadgenlebi koSmarul sizmrebSic ver warmoidgendnen

arsebul realobas. maTYsakuTari samxedro Zalebis mobilizacia

moaxdines da evropa ocwlian omSi Caabes.

termini `terorizmi~ am periodSi gaCnda. meTvramete saukunis gamoCenilma

britanelma politikurma moazrovnem edmund berkma es termini

revoluciur parizSi Seqmnili viTarebis aRwerisas gamoiyena. man

Zaladoba "teroris samefod" moixsenia da termini "terorizmi" axali

xelisuflebis qmedebebis daxasiaTebisTvis gamoiyena. terorizmi

safrangeTis didebulTa, maTi ojaxis wevrTa da da mxardamWerTa xocvas

29

aRniSnavda. Semdegi 50 wlis manZilze ki, ramdenadac ironiuli unda

iyos, terorizmma mniSvneloba Seicvala. [ 44-66,67]

klasobrivi revolucia da terorizmis mniSvnelobis (Sinaarsis)

cvalebadoba

dasavleTis qveynebis moqalaqeTa gonebaSi "terorizmis" Sinaarsis

Secvlis arsebiTi mizezi mecxramete saukunis evropaSi gamefebuli

Zaladobis Tavisebureba iyo. safrangeTis revoluciam demokratiis

magivrad napoleoni warmoSva. Tumca, moTxovnileba demokratiaze

izrdeboda, rasac Sedegad axali moTxovnebi da politikuri brZola

mohyva.

mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi demokratiis mxardamWerebi erTian Zalas

ar warmoadgendnen. maT umetesobas saSualo klasis demokratiis

sjeroda, sakanonmdeblo procesis imedi hqonda da quCis aqciebs ar

mimarTavda. maT egonaT, rom SeZlebdnen konstituciuri monarqiis Seqmnas

da SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsad, demokratiuli sistemis mqone

qveynebad Camoyalibebas. evropis saSualo klasis demokratTa

umravlesobisTvis 1815-1848 wlebis mTavari amocana konstituciis miReba

iyo, romelic Tavisuflebas uzrunvelyobda. [45-18-30]

sxvebis midgoma demokratiisadmi aseTi SezRuduli ar yofila. maTi

Sexedulebebi ekonomikur ganviTarebas efuZneboda. mTeli dasavleT

samyaro ekonomikuri eqspansiis da swrafi industriuli zrdis

mtkivneul process gadioda (istorikosebi am periods "industriul

revolucias" uwodeben). industriuli revoluciis mier gamowveuli

problemebidan da kapitalistebis Zalauflebis zrdidan gamomdinare,

radikal-demokratebi amtkicebdnen, rom demokratia ara mxolod

Tavisuflebaze, aramed socialur Tanasworobazec unda yofiliyo

dafuZnebuli. es imas niSnavda, rom klasobrivi struqtura da qonebis

gadanawilebis wesi unda Secvliliyo. saSualo klasis demokratiuli

konstituciis ideasTan SedarebiT, es radikaluri azri iyo da

radikaluri revolucionerebi klasobrivi revoluciis ideas miemxrnen.

radikal-demokratebs, romlebic qonebis gadanawilebis ideas

emxrobodnen, socialistebi ewodaT. isini miiCnevdnen, rom qoneba

30

(sawarmo saSualebebis CaTvliT) kerZo sakuTrebaSi ar unda yofiliyo

is yvelas ekuTvnoda. radikal-demokratebs swamdaT, rom politikuri

Zalaufleba erToblivad unda ganekargaT. socializmis koncefcia

gansakuTrebiT popularuli sakuTari ojaxebisgan Sors myofi muSebis

zogierT jgufs Soris gaxldaT. [ 44-67-69]

socialistebis mTavari warmomadgeneli da moazrovne karl marqsi iyo.

warmoSobiT germanelma marqsma, romelic mecxramete saukunis ormocian

wlebSi sakuTar naSromebs londonidan avrcelebda, mimdevarTa

saerTaSoriso jgufi Seqmna. igi amtkicebda, rom demokratia ekonomikuri

Zalauflebis marTvis unarSi gamoixateboda da sakuTari poziciis

gasamarTlebeli argumentic SeimuSava. marqsi da misi momdevrebi

amtkicebdnen, rom kapitalisturi ekonomikuri sistema qveda klasebis

eqspluatacias eweoda sxvebis sakeTildReod da sistemis Secvlis

mowodebiT gamodioda.

Tumca, demokratizaciis procesi nela viTardeboda da zogierT

radikal-demokrats imis rwmena umyardeboda, rom Zaladobrivi

revolucia miznis miRwevis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo. radikal-

demokratTa mcire nawili iatakqveSeTSi gadavida da xelisuflebasTan

dasapirispireblad Zaladobis gza arCia. isini xalxSi "terorostebis"

saxeliT gaxdnen cnobilni, radgan kapitalistebisa da maTi

mxardaWerebis daterorebiT socialisturi revoluciis gaCaRebis imedi

hqondaT.

mikerebuli mravali iarliyis miuxedavad, karl marqsi terorizmis

momxre arasodes yofila. karl marqsi "revoluciur" cvlilebebze

saubrobda, magram arasodes ganumartavs ras gulisxmobda revoluciaSi.

amis garda, igi arasodes amarTlebda politikur mkvlelobebsa da

afeTqebebs. faqtobrivad, is xSirad saxalxod gmobda aseT qmedebebs.

misi azriT, socializmi demokratiaSi unda yofiliyo gamoxatuli da

ara ZaladobaSi; mosaxleobis mier Zalauflebis xelSi masiurad aReba

SeiZleba gamarTlebuli yofiliyo, magram mkvelobis calkeuli

SemTxvevebi ara.[47-256-266]

31

rodesac 1848 wlis dasawyisSi parizSi muSebma da saSualo klasis

vaWrebma revolucia moawyves da axali demokratiuli respublika

gamoacxades, gabatonebuli klasis warmomadgenelTa SiSi socializmis

mimarT gaizarda. revoluciis idea xanZariviT moedo evropas da sul

male misi yvela didi qalaqi Zaladobrivi protestis ama Tu im formam

moicva. Seiqmna STabeWdileba, rom demokratiam gamarjveba izeima. Tumca,

demokratebma sakuTari moZraobebis efeqturad konsolidireba ver

moaxerxes. safrangeTSi kidev erTi bonaparti, napoleon mesame avida

taxtze, centralur evropaSi ki samxedroebma samefo ojaxebis

mmarTveloba aRadgines. evropul qariSxals mxolod didi britaneTi

gadaurCa, sadac demokratiuli wyobileba nela-nela, magram mainc

viTardeboda.

1848 wlis revoluciuri moZraobebis Cacxromis Semdeg iniciativa

Zaladobrivi meTodebiT moqmedi radikal-demokratebis xelSi gadavida.

dasaxuli miznisken gzas isini faruli ZaladobiTa da mkvlelobebiT

miikvlevdnen da miuxedavad imisa, rom parizis, venis an berlinis

policiasTan da samxedro ZalebTan brZolaSi warumateblobas

ganicdidnen, axerxebdnen, moewyoT afeTqebebi da gadaewvaT qarxnebi. am

process ZirgamomTxreli revoluciuri Zaladobis kampania mohyva.

termini "terorizmi" ki sul ufro xSirad gamoiyeneboda am Zaladobis

aRsaniSnavad.

terorizmi da anarqistebis roli

1850-iani wlebisTvis radikal-demokratebi or jgufad gaiyvnen.

militaristi socialistebi gamoeyvnen SedarebiT mSvidobismoyvare

socialistebs. bevri adamiani, romelic mSvidobas uWerda mxars,

militaristebis moZraobas anarqizmad moixseniebda. termini "anarqia"

axali ar yofila. is ramdenime saukuniT adre warmoiSva, rodesac

berZeni filosofosebi mTavrobebis damxobaze alaparakdnen. ubralod

XIX saukuneSi man axali datvirTva SeiZina.

Tanamedrove anarqizmis saTaveebTan pier Jozef prudoni (1809-1865) idga.

Tavisma politikurma saqmianobam mas sabolood safrangeTis cixeSi

amoayofina Tavi, magram prudoni Zalismier qmedebebs piradad arasodes

32

mimarTavda. igi demokratiis gavrcelebas yvela klasisTvis Tanabrad

moiTxovda, rac sakuTrebis da xelisuflebis mospobiT unda momxdariyo.

qoneba yvelas sakuTreba unda gamxdariyo da centralizebuli mTavroba

farTo masStabis komunebSi mcxovreb ojaxebs unda SeecvalaT.

prudoni ar eTanxmeboda marqsisa da sxva socialistebis mosazrebas

xelisuflebis rolis Taobaze. socialistebis umravlesoba

centralizebul xelisuflebas aucilebel borotebad miiCnevda.

demokratebis msgavsad, socialistebsac swamdaT, rom moqalaqeebis

konkretuli uflebebis dasacavad aucilebeli iyo mTavrobis arseboba.

prudoni uaryofda amas da TandaTan saerTod gaemijna socialistebs.

misi rwmeniT, yvela mTavroba boroteba iyo, romelic mudam konfliqtSi

iqneboda adamianebis uflebasTan sakuTari survilisamebr emoqmeda.

prudons hqonda revoluciuri idealebi, magram misi gamosvlebi

mSvidobiani cvlilebebisken marqsis mowodebebs emsgavseboda, mis

naSromebSi arsebuli bevri araTanmimdevrulobis miuxedavad, prudons

zogadad swamda, rom gonivruli da logikuri qceva dasavluri

sazogadoebis mSvidobian rRvevas gamoiwvevda. msubuqi anarqia adamianTa

azrovnebaSi bunebrivi evoluciis gziT ganviTardeboda.

prudonis mowodebebs logikuri evoluciis Taobaze misi yvela mimdevari

ar iziarebda. maTi nawili darwmunebuli iyo, rom sazogadoeba

Zaladobrivi gziT unda daSliliyo. istoriaSi isini anarqisti

teroristebis saxeliT Sevidnen da dasavlur civilizaciaSi anarqizmis

mniSvnelobac Secvales. anarqistebs Soris ramdenime mniSvnelovani

teroristi iyo, maT Soris: mixeil bakunini, sergei neCaevi, piter

kropotkini, iohan mosti, ema goldmani, nikolai morozovi da karl

heinzeni.

rusi revolucioneri mixeil bakunini ruseTis mefes ebrZoda. brZolaSi

mas mxarSi edga sergei neCaevi. mogvianebiT rusma teroristebma

anarqistuli organizacia Seqmnes, saxelwodebiT "narodnaia volia",

romelic 1878-1881 wlebSi moqmedebda. "narodnaia volias" mTavari

warmomadgeneli nikolai morozovi iyo. organizaciis ZiriTad taqtikas

ruseTis mTavrobis wevrebis mkvleloba warmoadgenda. rusma anarqistebma

33

ramdenime Tanamdebobis piri mokles, maT Soris mefe aleqsandre meore. [

44-69-71]

anarqistebis saqmianoba mxolod ruseTiT ar Semoifargleboda. karl

heinzeni (1809-1880) germaneli radikal-demokrati gaxldaT, romelic

anarqistebs SeuerTda. 1848 wels evropaSi revoluciis damarcxebis

Semdeg, igi SeerTebul StatebSi gaemgzavra. princi piter kropotkini

(1842-1921) ruseTidan iyo devnili. safrangeTSi emigraciaSi myofi, is

revolucias amarTlebda. iohan mosti 1864 wels daibada. amarikaSi

emigraciaSi yofnis dros niu jersiSi gamocemul gazeTSi igi terorizms

uWerda mxars da "saqmeze orientirebuli propagandiTa" da "naRmebis

filosofiis" mowodebebiT gamodioda. mostis mtkicebiT, Zalismieri

qmedebebi propagandis saukeTeso formas warmoadgenda. mis azrs

iziarebda ema goldmanic (1869-1940).

anarqizmi saerTaSoriso moZraoba iyo. misma mimdevarma teroristebma

sxvadasxva qveynis ramdenime lideri gamoasalmes sicocxles, ramac maT

mowinaaRmdegeebs mizezi misca emtkicebinaT, TiTqos anarqistebis

saerTaSoriso SeTqmulebis mizani msoflio wesrigis darRveva iyo. es

sinamdvilsgan sakmaod Sors idga, radganac anarqistebs mxolod saerTo

suliskveTeba aerTianebdaT. sinamdvileSi, anarqistebis saerTaSoriso

moZraoba winaaRmdegobrivi gaxldaT, radgan masSi erTamneTTan moqiSpe

didi dajgufebebi monawileobdnen. miuxedavad amisa, SeTqmulebis SiSi

izrdeboda da bevr adamians swamda, rom anarqistebi msoflio doneze

iyvnen organizebuli.

ramdenadac ironiuli unda iyos, dasavleTis qveynebSi anarqistuli

Zaladoba erovnuli tendenciebis matarebeli iyo. imavdroulad

anarqistebi xelisuflebis mospobis mowodebiT gamodiodnen, magram

gaCnda ramdenime organizacia, romlebic TviTmmarTvelobis damkvidrebas

moiTxovda. mecxramete saukuneSi anarqizmis momZlavrebis paralelurad

erovnuli moZraobac ikrefda Zalas. ucxo qveynis gavlenis qveS myofma

nacionalistebma okupantebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi anarqistebis taqtikas

mimarTes, mTel evropaSi erovnuli moraobis dajgufebebma "naRmebis

filosofia" SeiTvises da nacionalistma teroristebmac moZalade

anarqistebis magaliTs mibaZes.

34

erovnuli moZraobis wevrebi sakuTar Tavs teroristebad ar miiCnevdnen.

maTi azriT, anarqistebi ideisTvis da sakuTari qveynis

keTildReobisTvis ibrZodnen. anarqistebi socialurad izolirebulebi

aRmoCndnen, magram erovnuli moZraobis wevrebs ufro meti mxardaWeris

imedi hqondaT. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi erovnuli moZraobis

wevrebs "teroristebs" uwodebdnen, magram Tavad moZraobis wevrebi

Tvlidnen, rom erovnuli saqmisTvis ibrZodnen da anarqistebisgan

mxolod taqtika gadaiRes.[46-31-45]

anarqistebisgan gansxvavebiT, nacionalisturi irlandiis respublikuri

armiis (ira) wevrebs sjerodaT, rom irlandia TviTmmarTvelobas

imsaxurebda. maT ar uaruyviaT saxelisuflebo kontrolis idea, ira-s

xelisuflebis nacionalizacia surda. sakuTarma sisustem aiZula

irlandielebi, anarqistebis taqtika gamoeyenebinaT. meoce saukuneSi maT

magaliTs evropis sxva nacionalurma dajgufebebmac mimarTes.

miuxedavad ori gansxvavebuli poziciisa, SeuZlebelia mecxramete

saukunis anarqizmisa da nacionalizmis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. grant

vorldlou (1982) nacionalur terorizms anarqizmis istoriuli

ganviTarebis rgolad miiCnevs. riCard rubenSteini (1987) am sakiTxs

Tanamedrove anarqistebze da nacionalistur jgufebze dakvirvebis

Sedegebis mixedviT ganixilavs. misi TqmiT, gza, romelsac teroristebi

gadian, sanam gadawyveten, rom Zaladobas mimarTon, msgavsia anarqisti da

nacionalisti teroristebis gzisa da maT mier sakuTari moqmedebebis

gasamarTleblad dasaxelebuli mizezebic erTmaneTs hgavs.

jei bauer beli ira-s magaliTze ganixilavs im saerTo niSnebs, rac

axasiaTebT anarqistul da nacionalistur tradiciebs. 1916 wlidan

moyolebuli ira-s rigebi socialisti revolucionerebiT da

nacionalistebiT aivso, romlebic socializmis zogierT aspeqts

uaryofdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini gansxvavebul poziciebze idgnen,

erTi da igive tradiciis memkvidreebi gaxldnen. orive maTganis

tradiciebma ki evropis terorizmis Tanamedrove forma Seqmna.[48-23-28]

terorizmi, Tanamedrove gagebiT, mecxramete saukunis bolos

anarqizmidan iRebs saTaves. anarqistebis ZiriTadi TavSesafari dasavleT

35

evropa iyo, magram sakuTar kampaniebs msoflios sxva kuTxeebSic

awarmoebdnen. maTi yvelaze warmatebuli qmedebebi ruseTSi 1905 da 1917

wlis revoluciebis win ganxorcielda. anarqistebis jgufebis wevrebma

mokles ruseTis xelisuflebis ramdenime warmomadgeneli, maT Soris

mefe.

anarqizmi aseve gavrcelda SeerTebul StatebSi da muSaTa gamosvlebSi

gamoixata. amerikeli anarqistebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, evropeli

emigrantebi iyvnen, sakuTar Tavs muSaTa organizebuli moZraobis

wevrebad miiCnevdnen. amerikeli anarqistebi ZiriTadad industriul

raionebSi aqtiurobdnen da anarqizmmac aSS-Si iseTi muxti ver SeiZina,

rogoric evropaSi. memarjvene eqstremizmi anarqistuli moZraobis

nawils Seadgenda, magram meoce saukunis Sua wlebidan memarjvene

jgufebma anarqistebis magaliTs mibaZes da Zalis gamoyenebaze

gadavidnen. msgavsi moqmedebebis didma nawilma Tavis droze imperiul

ruseTSi areuloba gamoiwvia.

terorizmi da rusuli revolucia

me-19 saukunis bolos ruseTi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda evropis sxva

didi qveynebisgan. klasobrivi gansxvaveba didgvarovnebsa da glexebs

Soris TiTqmis iseTive iyo, rogoric safrangeTis revoluciamde. rusi

glexebi ukidures siRaribeSi cxovrobdnen. mrewveloba ramdenime

qalaqSi viTardeboda, magram ruseTis ekonomikuri da samTavrobo sistema

ar aRmoCnda mzad Zireuli cvlilebebisTvis. mefe aleqsandre II-m (1855-

1881) fici dado, rom sistemaSi cvlilebebs Seitanda. magram roca amis

gakeTeba scada, revoluciuri terorizmis qarcecxlSi moeqca.

ruseTSi sam Zalas hqonda pretenzia saxelmwifos reformirebaze, magram

miznis misaRwev erTian gzaze es Zalebi ver SeTanxmdnen. aleqsandre II-s

jgufs ruseTis sruli modernizeba surda. meore inteleqtualebis

jgufi miiCnevda, rom ruseTi dasavluri liberaluri demokratiis

modelis mixedviT unda gardaqmniliyo. Zalismierma anarqistebma ki sxva

gza airCies: maT miaCndaT, rom qveynis problemebi mxolod revoluciiT

SeiZleboda gadawyvetiliyo. `narodnaia volia~ erT-erTi aseTi

dajgufeba gaxldaT. rodesac man 1870 wels revoluciuri terorizmis

36

kampania wamoiwyo, iseT konservatiul institutebs daupirispirda,

rogoricaa: eklesia, policia da samxedro Zalebi. `narodnaia volias~

wevrebi im daskvnamde mividnen, rom aucilebeli iyo am gamanadgurebeli

organizaciebis morCilebaSi yola teroris gziT.

`narodnaia volia~ ruseTis revoluciuri azrovnebidan warmoiSva.

leqveris Tanaxmad [57 -15,16] anarqistuli terorizmis filosofias

ruseTSi mixeil bakuninma da sergei neCaevma Seasxes xorci. maTi

revoluciuri azrovneba damoukideblad ganviTarda da 1860 wels

inteleqtualur kavSirad Camoyalibda. orive mefis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis

momxre iyo da am miznis miRwevisTvis Zalismier qmedebebs uWerda mxars.

miuxedavad amisa, im erSic ki, romelmac cota xanSi Zalismieri

anarqistuli kampania da komunisturi revolucia gadaitana, bakuninisa

da neCaevis ideebi ritorikis doneze darCa.

leqveris azriT, bakuninisa da neCaevis ideebma didi gavlena iqonia

gviandeli periodis revolucionerebze. Zaladobasa da mkvlelobebs

swored maTma moZRvrebam daudo safuZveli. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi

Sexedulebebi ideologiurad dasavleT evropis anarqias Camohgavda,

mainc gansxvavdeboda anarqiis dasavleTeli mimdevrebis naazrevisgan.

rusi anarqistebi propagandas mosaxleobaSi im imediT eweodnen, rom

maTSi demokratiuli revoluciis naperwkals Seitandnen. leqveris

azriT, isini ar iyvnen radikali revolucionerebi [ 44 -71]

leqvers ar eTanxmeba riCard rubenSteini. rubenSteins swored rusi

revolucionerebis magaliTi mohyavs imis dasturad, rom me-19 da me-20

saukunis anarqias Soris fundamenturi gansxvaveba ar arsebobs. orive

saukunis teroristebi werdnen msgavs traqtatebs da erTnaeri idealebis

rwmena hqondaT. me-20 da 21-e saukunis teroristebis Sedarebisas,

erTaderTi gansxvaveba 1800-ian wlebsa da dRevandelobas Soris

arsebuli droa, ambobs rubenSteini.

miuxedavad kamaTisa, rusebis namuSevrebma udidesi gavlena iqonia.

neCaevma revoluciuri principebi Camoayaliba Tavis `revoluciur

katexizmoSi~. misi suliskveTeba aisaxa gviani meoce saukunis

naSromebSic. rubenStaini `katexizmos~ karlos marigelas `The

37

Minimanual of the Urban Guerilla~-s adarebs da ambobs, rom

niSandoblivi gansxvavebebi maT Soris ar SeiniSneba.

bakunini miiCnevda, rom rusuli mmarTveloba qurdobis safuZvelze

aRmocenda. `revoluciis, terorizmisa da banditizmis~ pirobebSi, misi

azriT, erTaderTi gza saxelmwifo Zalauflebis damxobisTvis ajanyeba

iyo. am ritorikis gamo neCaevi da bakunini mefis keTilganwyobas ver

moipovebdnen, samagierod Zalze popularulebi gaxdnen gviandel

revolucionerebs Soris. leqveri [57-15,16] aaskvnis, rom aseTi

revoluciuri gancxadebebi ufro rusul eqspresionistul literaturas

axasiaTebda, vidre teroristul filosofias.

am filosofias eyrdnoboda `narodnaia volia~. maT mokles policiis

ufrosi moskovSi da gaagrZeles afeTqebebisa da mkvlelobebis kampania.

1881 wlis maisSi mizans miaRwies da fizikurad gaanadgures mefe

aleqsandre II. paradoqsia, magram amas maTi dacema mohyva. aleqsandre III-m

(1881-1894) msgavs qmedebebs bolo mouRo. `narodnaia volia~ Cacxra da

revolucionerebma miwisqveSeTSi gadainacvles. 1894 wels aleqsandre

nikoloz II-m (1894-1917) Secvala, romelic Tavidanve iyo ganwiruli

Camosagdebad.

nikoloz II-m pirveli revolucia 1905 wels igema, mas Semdeg, rac misi

jari damarcxda iaponiasTan omSi. am damarcxebas emateboda ruseTis

ekonomikuri problemebi da biurokratiuli uunaroba. umuSevari muSebis

garkveulma jgufma demonstraciebi wamoiwyo sankt-peterburgSi,

paralelurad ramdenime kacma amboxeba moawyo rusul navigaciaSi. maTi

qmedebebi sastikad CaaxSes, magram revoluciuri suliskveTeba malulad

mainc Rvivdeboda. rus revolucionerebs kidev erTi erovnuli ubedureba

sWirdebodaT sakuTari brZolis gamarjvebiT dagvirgvinebisTvis

Sesaferi garemos Sesaqmnelad. amanac ar daayovna da 1914 wels ruseTi I

msoflio omSi Caeba.

1917 wlamde rusi xalxi ekonomikuri gaWirvebisa da carizmis uRelqveS

gminavda. TebervalSi sankt-peterburgSi Cveulebrivi gaficva

revoluciaSi gadaizarda. 1905 wlisgan gansxvavebiT, ruseTis armia

muSebis mxares gadavida da axali mTavroba Camoyalibda. rusebi

38

cdilobdnen daerwmunebinaT mokavSireebi, rom isini gaagrZelebdnen oms

da egonaT, rom kapitalisturi ekonomikis zrda CixSi moqceul rusul

ekonomikasac waeSveleboda. ruseTis did qalaqebSi muSaTa sabWoebi

Camoyalibda.

Tebervlis revoluciis (menSevikebis) ZiriTadi Secdoma imaSi

mdgomareobda, rom ruseTSi arapopularuli omi hqondaT gaCaRebuli.

aman Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo qveynis SigniT mdgomareoba daiZaba, ramac

germanelebi aiZula, I msoflio omisgan ruseTis CamoSorebis gzebi

eZebna. gamosavlis ZiebaSi maT ndobiT aRWurves v. i. lenini, romelmac

piroba dado, rom ruseTs omis mdgomareobidan gamoiyvanda, Tu

germanelebi Zalauflebis mopovebaSi daexmarebodnen. ruseTSi

dabrunebulma leninma bolSevikebze kontrolis mosapoveblad 1917 wlis

oqtomberSi meore revolucia moawyo da ruseTi oms CamoaSora.

rusuli revolucia terorizms axleburad iyenebda. lenini da misi erT-

erTi leitenanti leon trocki miiCnevdnen, rom terorizmi burJuaziis,

rogorc klasis ganadgurebisTvis da mTavrobis gadayenebisTvis unda

gamoeyenebinaT. Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis Semdeg terorizms isini

Sinauri mtrebze kontrolis warmoebisa da saerTaSoriso

arakeTilmosurne ZalebTan gamklavebisTvis mimarTavdnen. omebma da

revoluciam ruseTi Zalian daasusta. terorizmis muqariT lenini da

trocki imedovnebdnen, rom mtrul saxelmwifoebs, pirvel rigSi,

dasavleT evropis qveynebsa da da SeerTebul Statebs ruseTis saSinao

saqmeebSi Carevis saSualebas ar miscemdnen.

terorizmis gavrcelebis muqariT leninma da trockim komunisturi

revoluciis SiSi Caunerga dasavleTSi bevr adamians. zogierTebisTvis

komunizmi da terorizmi identuri cnebebi gaxda. miuxedavad imisa, rom

rusebi da mogvianebiT sabWoelebi naklebad axerxebdnen ajanyebebis

mowyobas sxvaTa teritoriebze, dasavleli liderebi SeSindnen, rom

komunisti teroristebi safrTxes Seuqmnidnen demokratiul mTavrobebs.

marTalia, lenini da Semdeg misi mimdevari, ioseb stalini (mmarTvelobis

wlebi: 1922-1953) ufro warmatebulebi teroris gansakuTrebul saxeobaSi

(sakuTari xalxis xocvaSi) iyvnen, magram komunisturi ajanyebis SiSi

39

meoce saukunis bolomde gagrZelda. zogierT adamians es SiSi jer kidev

Rrmad aqvs gamjdari.

1986 wels nil livingstonma terorizmi aRwera, rogorc yofili sabWoTa

qveynebis mier mxardaWerili omi. imave wels Jurnalistma kler

sterlingma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom yvela saxis terorizmi komunisturi

fabulis nawils warmoadgens. eWvgareSea, sabWoelebi cdilobdnen

teroristuli jgufebis daxmarebas, rogorc ki amis Sansi miecemodaT,

magram aRniSnulis gaTanabreba saerTaSoriso terorizmTan mainc ar

SeiZleba. simarTle rom iTqvas, sabWoTa ritorikam cota ram Tu gaakeTa

iseTi analitikosebis ideebis gasabaTileblad, rogoric livingstoni

iyo. garda amisa, saxelmwifos mier mxardaWerili terorizmis

livingstoniseuli analizi sakmaod xelsayreli aRmoCnda.

dRes bevri cnobili eqsperti terorizmis sakiTxebSi amerikel liderebs

arwmunebs, rom terorizmis ZiriTadi gamovlinebebi islamisturi

moZraobis Sedegia. salam al-maraiaTi (1994) ki aRniSnavs, rom islamis

dasaxeleba terorizmis gamomwvev mizezad ewinaaRmdegeba Tavad am

religiis ZiriTad principebs. ufro metic, es amaxinjebs mTel rig

sakiTxebs, romelTac saerTaSoriso terorizmi efuZneba. analogiurad,

gavrcelebuli mosazrebebis miuxedavad, rusuli revolucia ar

warmoadgens terorizmis wyaros meoce saukuneSi. Tanamedrove terorizmi

bevrad ufro rTuli da kompleqsuri movlenaa da mxolod erT faqtors

ver daefuZneba.

kidev erTi mizezi imisa, rom terorizmis safuZvlad xSirad rusuli

revolucia moixsenieba aris is, rom leninis gamarjvebam da misma

naSromebma didi gavlena iqonies teroristebze 1917 wlidan moyolebuli

dRemde. teroristebis nawili leninis, trockisa da sxva

revolucionerebis namuSevrebs TavianTi Teoriebis, taqtikisa da

ideologiis Camosayalibeblad iyenebda da miuxedavad imisa, rom am

naSromebSi boroteba ar iyo, gavlena realurad igrZnoboda da igrZnoba

dRemdec. [ 44-77]

40

Zveli da axali terorizmi

terorizmis dasavluri tradicia axali ar aris. Tanamedrove

revoluciuri terorizmi 1800-ian wlebSi anarqistuli Zaladobisagan

warmoiSva. dabneuloba am sakiTxSi rusuli revoluciis Sesaxeb mcdari

cnobebidan momdinareobs. II msoflio omamde evropaSi faSisturi

dajgufebebi gamoCndnen da xelSi aiRes mmarTveloba espaneTSi, italiasa

da germaniaSi. sabWoelebis msgavsad, faSistebi teroris saSualebiT

marTavdnen, magram ar iyvnen teroristebi Tanamedrove gagebiT.

Tanamedrove terorizmi aRmocenda 1950-ian wlebSi antikoloniuri

revoluciebisa da dasavleTSi 1960-iani wlebis antikoloniuri

moZraobis dros.

jeims freizeri da ian fultoni (1984) miiCneven, rom unda ganvasxvavoT

terorizmi II msoflio omamde da Tanamedrove terorizmi. isini am or

fazas `Zvel~ da `axal~ terorizms uwodeben. Zveli terorizmi

anarqistul ideologiasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. igi naRmebis radikalur

filosofias efuZneboda da arsebuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi

efeqturad gamoiyeneboda.

freizeri da fultoni gamoyofen ramdenime faqtors, romlebic `axal~

terorizms `Zvelisgan~ ganasxvaveben. pirveli maTgania media.

warsulisgan gansxvavebiT, dRes terorizmi ufro met xalxs swvdeba. es

faqtori mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli meore iseT faqtorTan, rogoric

komunikaciaa. teroristuli aqtebis Sesaxeb informacia swrafad ver

gavrceldeboda, rom ara swrafi globaluri sakomunikacio kavSirebi.

mesame faqtoris qveS Tanamedrove iaraRis daxvewiloba da dazianebis

efeqturobis fantastikuri zrda igulisxmeba. `Zveli~ terorizmi

dinamitis gamoyenebas ukavSirdeboda, `axals~ ki Tanamedrove

teqnologiuri iaraRis farTo arCevani aqvs. da bolos, `axal~

teroristebs aqvT mzardi mobilurobis upiratesobac.

uolter leqveri [57-91] kidev erT gansxvavebas aRniSnavs, romelsac

samiznis SerCevas ukavSirebs. leqveris azriT, Tanamedrove teroristebi

ufro umowyaloebi arian, vidre maTi istoriuli winamorbedebi da

Tavisi mosazrebis gasamyareblad ruseTis gamocdileba mohyavs. leqvers

41

aramarto sjera, rom istoriuli terorizmi ritorikuli xasiTis iyo,

aramed aRniSnavs, rom rusi anarqistebi eqstremalurad seleqciurebi

iyvnen TavianT samizneebTan mimarTebaSi. igi ambobs, rom Tanamedrove

terorizms axasiaTebs ganurCeveli Zaladoba da samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis intensiur samizned amoReba. Tanamedrove teroristebi

mTavrobebs dartymas imiT ayeneben, rom klaven moqalaqeebs, Tavs esxmian

TviTmfrinavebs, avtobusebs da sxva samizneebs, sadac udanaSaulo

mSvidobiani pirebi imyofebian. Tanamedrove teroristebi CarTulni arian

udanaSaulo adamianebis sensaciur xocvaSi. [44 -71,76]

riCard rubenStaini [47-264] Zirfesvianad ewinaaRmdegeba Zaladobis `Zvel~

da `axal~ fazebad dayofis yovelgvar mcdelobas. misi azriT, ar

arsebobs imis mtkicebuleba, rom teroristebi ufro metad moZaladeebi

gaxdnen. mas miaCnia, rom es pirobiTi mosazrebebi arasworia. rubenStaini

miiCnevs, rom terorizmi dResac igivea, rac guSin iyo da `Zvelsa~ da

`axals~ Soris realurad Zalze mcire gansxvavebaa.

`Zveli~ da `axali~ terorizmis Tema gverdze rom gadavdoT, naTelia,

rom terorizmi dasavleTis gamocdilebaSi garkveul tradicias

eyrdnoboda. dasavleTSi teroristebi motivirebulebi iyvnen an

garkveuli ideologiiT sazRdoobdnen. es naTeli gaxda II msoflio omis

Semdeg. terorizmma axali Zala SeiZina 1960-ian wlebSi da fanatikosebis

xelSi politikur iaraRad iqca. nacionalisturi da rovuliciuri

dajgufebebi sakuTar Tavs "protagonistebad" moiazrebdnen dasavleTis

mmarTveli pirebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. devid rapoportis Tanaxmad,

vietnamis omma, antikolonialisturma moZraobam da zogadad,

sazogadoebrivi wesrigis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayenebam mWidro kavSirebi

gaaba teroristul dajgufebebs Soris.

kidev ufro didma gansxvavebam iCina Tavi 1990-ian wlebSi, rodesac

teroristul saqmianobas safuZvlad religiuri fanatizmi da masobrivi

ganadgurebis iaraRis gamoyeneba daedo. brus hofmani (1999), ian leseri

(1999) da uolter leqveri (1999) aRniSnuls `axal terorizms~ uwodeben.

miuxedavad amisa, albaT ukeTesi iqneboda terorizmi, rogorc Zaladobis

manifestacia gangvexila.

42

drois ama Tu im periodSi terorizmi viTardeba da vlindeba

sxvadasxvagvarad. faqtobrivad es imas niSnavs, rom terorizmi yovelTvis

`axalia~. [ 44-74,76]

terorizmi dasavleTSi jer safrangeTis revoluciis, xolo Semdeg

ruseTis oqtombris revoluciis paralelurad ganviTarda. irlandiaSi

revoluciur liderebze didi gavlena iqonia amerikis brZolam

TavisuflebisTvis da mebrZoli anarqistebis revoluciurma naSromebma.

bevrma gaiziara ideebi leninis naSromebidan. Sedegad irlandiaSi

ganviTarebuli moZraoba Semdegi etapia Tanamedrove terorizmis

ganviTarebis istoriaSi.

Tanamedrove etapze mravalma saxelmwifom erovnul usafrTxoebas

narkoproblema daukavSira da misi gadaWra qveynis saSinao da sagareo

politikis ganuyofel nawilad miiCnia. gaCnda axali termini

,,narkotikuli terorizmi, ese igi didi odenobiT narkotikuli

nivTierebebis masobrivi gavrceleba ama Tu im saxelmwifos, an mis

romelime nawilSi, rac safrTxes uqmnis mravali adamianis sicocxles an

janmrTelobas; aseTive moqmedeba, mimarTuli romelime erovnuli,

eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri anda sxva raime niSniT gaerTianebuli

jgufis mTlianad an nawilobriv mosaspobad. [21-29]Aam mxriv gamonaklisi

arc Cveni qveyanaa. saqarTvelos nakisri aqvs organizebul danaSaulTan

brZolis saerTaSoriso valdebuleba. gaeros wevr saxelmwifoTa

meTaurebis, msoflios specsamsaxurebis xelmZRvanelebisa da

saerTaSoriso eqspertebis azriT, narkotikebis winaaRmdeg brZola unda

xorcieldebodes regionuli principiT, narkobiznesis sawinaaRmdegod

mimarTuli erTiani ZalisxmeviT. praqtikulad mTeli msoflio miesalma

avRaneTSi ganxorcielebul antiteroristul kampanias. Mman sabolood

unda aRmofxvras avRaneTis teritoriaze aramarto tero