1AC Novice Tournament

8/9/2019 1AC Novice Tournament

1/19

CSUS Garcia1AC Winter 2013

Plan Text

Plan: Based on a congressional assessment the United States Congress should

substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the

President of the United States by prohibiting executive foreign electronic intelligence

collection on issues that are not determined to be a significant threat to national

security.

1


2/19


Solvency

Plan is bipartisan Congress wants to do it

Peters !"(Jeremy, 11/18/13, reporter in the Washington brea o! "he #e$ %or& "imes, "he #e$ %or& "imes, 'Congress anCorts Weigh )estraints on #*S*A* Spying,+http//$$$*nytimes*com/2013/11/1-/s/po.itics/congressancorts$eighrestraintsonnsaspying*htm.r0 W45

Congressiona. critics o! the #ationa. Secrity Agency program that co..ects the te.ephone recors o! mi..ions o! Americans steppe p

their e!!orts as the Spreme Cort on 6onay trne a$ay an nsa. cha..enge to the scope o! the sr7ei..ance* The

intensifying push against the #.S.$. on both the legal and legislative fronts reflected new

pressure being put on the extensive surveillance effort in the wa%e of revelations by the

former #.S.$. contractor &dward '. Snowden( pressure that is running into stiff resistance

from congressional leaders of both parties as well as the )bama administration ."he .ectronic9ri7acy :n!ormation Center !i.e the cha..enge irect.y $ith the Spreme Cort, arging that the ;oreign :nte..igence Sr7ei..anceCort ha 'ee in7estigation*+ "he =stices ga7e no reason !or re=ecting the grop?s petition, bt the nsa.procere o! bypassing the .o$er corts probab.y p.aye a ro.e* @ther, more con7entiona. cha..enges to go7ernment sr7ei..anceprograms are pening* :n rging the =stices not to hear the case, the !eera. go7ernment sai 'the proper $ay+ to mont a cha..enge'is to !i.e an action in ;eera. istrict Cort to en=oin the program, as other parties ha7e one*+ :t catione, thogh, that 'the

go7ernment may assert certain thresho. e!enses to sch a sit*+ "he case is :n re .ectronic 9ri7acy :n!ormation Center, #o* 13B8*A!ter the recent re7e.ations abot $iesprea go7ernment sr7ei..ance, ci7i. .iberties grops ha7e !i.e !resh cha..enges in !eera. tria.

corts, saying they can no$ sho$ that they ha7e staning* *embers of both parties are ma%ing a push for

laws that would rein in #.S.$ . data collection programs and bring more transparency to

intelligence gathering. Those see%ing to impose new re+uirements on the #.S.$. hope to ta%e

advantage of a small window of opportunity and attach their provisions onto an annual

Pentagon policy measure now headed for Senate consideration.'When yo ha7e a train that is sre toreach the station, yo $ant to a yor car to that train,+ sai Senator )ichar 5.mentha., emocrat o! Connectict* '7en i! itmeans a batt.e*+ 5y raising ne$ estions abot the operations o! these sr7ei..ance programs D $hose isc.osre by 6r* Sno$en

create one o! the more isrpti7e episoes in 5arac& @bama?s presiency DCongress seems set to provo%e yet

another uncomfortable public discussion for a ,hite -ouse struggling to overcome severe

problems with its health law. Eeaers o! both parties in Congress are har.y eager to see the isse come p again* :n theSenate, 4arry )ei o! #e7aa, the ma=ority .eaer, is $ary o! any measre that the White 4ose thin&s is harm!. to nationa. secrity*

4e an other Senate .eaers are consiering erecting procera. barriers to amenments to the 9entagon .egis.ation* "he .eaershipresistance .imits chances !or ic& sccess in the Senate*n the -ouse( Spea%er 'ohn $. Boehner has said hebelieves dealing with #.S.$. +uestions in the short time left this year would rush a process

that should be longer and more deliberative. But lawma%ers li%e /on ,yden( 0emocrat o!

@regon an one of the Senate1s strongest critics of mass surveillance( and Senator /and Paul(

/epublican o! Fentc&y(who has tried to bring greater attention to national security practices

he arges are nchec&e, see no reason to $ait*2,hat 1m going to 3ero in on(4 6r*,yden said in an

interview( 2is much of what the intelligence leadership in the past has been misleading

about( has shrouded in incomprehensible intelligencespea% or has 5ust been flatout

wrong.4 -e added that he thought the timing with the pending defense bill was ideal. 2

thin% there1s an opportunity to wor% with senators of varying different views to set the

record straight about the government1s surveillance authority and 5umpstart the broader

debate about intelligence reform(4he sai* "he amenment 6r* Wyen has been circ.ating in recent ays to

co..eages $o. create a battery o! ne$ isc.osre reirements !or the inte..igence agencies, inc.ing pb.ic reports on ho$ o!tenthey ha7e concte mass igita. s$eeps that enab.e them to trac& ce..phones, an on ho$ many times they ha7e 7io.ate their o$n

pri7acy r.es an sa!egars*

The court is siding with the gov 6 only the plan solves#7T 1!"("he itoria. 5oar, 12/2H/13, #e$ %or& "imes, '"his Wee&, 6ass Sr7ei..ance Wins,+http//$$$*nytimes*com/2013/12/28/opinion/this$ee&masssr7ei..ance$ins*htm.r0 5IG

2
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/us/politics/congress-and-courts-weigh-restraints-on-nsa-spying.html?_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/us/politics/congress-and-courts-weigh-restraints-on-nsa-spying.html?_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/us/politics/congress-and-courts-weigh-restraints-on-nsa-spying.html?_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/28/opinion/this-week-mass-surveillance-wins.html?_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/28/opinion/this-week-mass-surveillance-wins.html?_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/us/politics/congress-and-courts-weigh-restraints-on-nsa-spying.html?_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/us/politics/congress-and-courts-weigh-restraints-on-nsa-spying.html?_r=0


3/19


-as the # ational S ecurity $ gency1s mass collection of $mericans1 phone records

actually helped to prevent terrorist attac%s8#o ( according to the "99page report

issued this month by a panel of legal and intelligence experts appointed by 9resient

)bama.%et in a r.ing isse on ;riay, Jge Wi..iam 9a.ey ::: o! the ;eera. istrict Cort in 6anhattan came to theopposite conc.sion* '"he e!!ecti7eness o! b.& te.ephony metaata co..ection cannot be serios.y ispte,+ Jge 9a.ey $rote in a

eep.y trob.ing ecision ismissing a .a$sit by the American Ci7i. Eiberties Union that cha..enge the constittiona.ity o! the#*S*A*?s b.& ata co..ection program*The ruling( which repeatedly defers to the government1s

benign characteri3ation of its own surveillance programs( demonstrates once more

the importance of fixing the law at its source( rather than waiting for further

interpretations by higher courts.Jge 9a.ey?s opinion .arge.y isregars the concerns centra. to the presientia.pane.?s report an the r.ing on ec* 1 by a !eera. istrict =ge in Washington, )ichar Eeon, $ho !on that the agency?s program$as 'signi!icant.y .i&e.y+ to be nconstittiona.*"he go7ernment?s c.aim that the program is constittiona. rests on a 1-H- SpremeCort case, Smith 7* 6ary.an, $hich he. that a robbery sspect ha no e


4/19


&xecutive $ction not enough 6 congressional chec%s are %ey

Pi33i 9!!;!eera, '@bama o!!ers sr7ei..ance re!orms amicontine pri7acy concerns,+http//america*a.=a>eera*com/artic.es/201K/1/1H/presientobamaannonces!irstsca.ebac&tonsasr7ei..ancesince-11*htm. 5IG

9assing the bc& to Congress)bama also tac%led the widely publici3ed( seeminglyindiscriminate wiretapping of foreign allies, inc.ing GermanyLs 6er&e. an 5ra>i.ian .eaer )osse!!*@bama annonce the introction o! certain sa!egars !or !oreign persons, bt mae specia. note o! the !oreign ignitaries $ho$ere 7ictim to n$arrante espionage*'Gi7en the nerstanab.e attention that this isse has recei7e, : ha7e mae c.ear to theinte..igence commnity that M n.ess there is a compe..ing nationa. secrity prpose M $e $i.. not monitor the commnications o!

heas o! state an go7ernment o! or c.ose !riens an a..ies,+ @bama sai* t remains unclear who might

constitute 2allies(4 however( or why these 2allies4 have been spied on in the past.@bama ae $ith a saronic tinge 'We &no$ that the inte..igence ser7ices o! other contries M inc.ing some $ho !eign srpriseo7er the Sno$en isc.osres M are constant.y probing or go7ernment an pri7ate sector net$or&s, an acce.erating programs to.isten to or con7ersations, intercept or emai.s, or compromise or systems*+;or the past si< months, #SA sr7ei..ance has beenner re7ie$, an a.. the $hi.e Sno$en, .i7ing on po.itica. asy.m in )ssia, has contine his nathori>e .ea&s abot #SA ataco..ection* "he .atest, $hich came a ay be!ore @bama too& the poim to annonce his re!orms, e


5/19


$dv ! 6 TTP

B


6/19


#S$ $lly spying hurts TTP negotiationsSledge 1!"(6att, 12/20/13, reporter !or the 4!!ington 9ost, "he 4!!ington 9ost, '#SA )e7e.ationsCo. Unermine "ransat.antic "rae #egotiations,+http//$$$*h!!ingtonpost*com/2013/12/20/nsatraenegotiationsnKK812HH*htm. 5IG

The latest revelation from$ar Snowden that British spies targeted a &uropeanCommission official could create another headache for negotiators in ongoing tal%s

over a United States&.U. trade agreement.The Transatlantic Trade and nvestment

Partnership agreement would ease regulatory barriers across the $tlantic but tech

companies worry &urope will push for ?digital protectionism(?sch as a reirement to storeropean citi>ensL ata on ser7ers in rope*igita. trae is consiere one o! the &ey topics the agreement co. aress, bt !e$etai.s .ea&e ot as the thir ron o! negotiations o7er the "":9 $on p this $ee& in Washington, *C* "he ropeanCommission is maintaining that sr7ei..ance concerns $i.. ha7e no impact on the trae ta.&sN those isses $i.. be iscsse instea, itsays, in sim.taneos negotiations $ith the U*S* epartment o! Jstice*Oata protection is otsie the scope o! the "ransat.antic"rae an :n7estment 9artnership,O 9ia Ahren&i.e4ansen, a spo&es$oman !or the ropean Commission, sai in a "hrsaystatement* O"o create a so.i basis !or transat.antic ata trans!ers, $e ha7e separate channe.s, an $e nee to !ocs on these*O AnotherC spo&esperson to. 4!!9ost her comments sti.. stoo a!ter ne$ etai.s came to .ight ;riay that 5ritainLs spy agency, $hich

!reent.y shares sr7ei..ance $ith the #ationa. Secrity Agency, ha targete an C o!!icia.*0espite the &uropean

Commission@s insistence( however( there are signs that outrage over the actions of

the #S$ and its British partners could spill into the trade tal%s.)e7e.ations !rom Sno$en, a!ormer go7ernment contractor $ho .ea&e sensiti7e #SA ocments to =orna.ists ear.ier this year, ha7e Ocast a pa..O o7er the

negotiations, sai an :&enson, irector o! the Cato :nstitteLs 4erbert A* Stie!e. Center !or "rae 9o.icy Sties* f the

&uropeans insist on privacy protections that threaten $merican internet companies@

profits sch as storing ropean ata in rope that could %noc% out a crucial leg of public

support. &uropean negotiators must worry( meanwhile( that their every email is

being intercepted.?The Snowden #S$ revelations imperil the support of the high

tech internet giants for TTP( and therefore the business community@s overall

support for TTP( and that therefore puts success for the enterprise in 5eopardy (?sai

:&enson*OThese latest revelations are 5ust more evidence to suggest that the #S$ may

have been engaging in industrial espionage( which certainly doesn@t help to in5ect

collegiality and holiday cheer into the TTP tal%s (?he $rote in an emai.* O:nstea, misgi7ings ansspicions can on.y hamper the negotiating process*O:&enson note that $hen trae e


7/19


TTP will be the launching pad for an effective multilateral solutions to food

insecurity and carbon emissions

Benson !" :ntern at the Streit Conci. PJohann 5enson (6aster?s egree in pb.ic po.icy at the Uni7ersity o! 6innesota?s4mphrey Schoo. o! 9b.ic A!!airs, '"o$ar a "ransat.antic ;ree "rae Agreement What :mpact on Wor. "rae,+ Streit "a.&, J.y

2, 2013 pg* http//b.og*streitconci.*org/tagttipWith negotiations no$ o!!icia..y ner$ay, thepropose "ransat.antic "rae an :n7estment 9artnership ("":9 is ta&ing its !irststeps

to$ar becoming rea.ity* Auestions remain , ho$e7erN not on.y abot $hat !orm the ! ina. agreement may ta&e, bt a.so $hate!!ect it co. ha7e on internationa. trae*

:n itsinitia. assessment o! the "":9,the @C notes that$hi.e m.ti.atera. arrangements are pre!erab.e, bi.atera. an

p.ri.atera. agreements .i&e the propose "":9 'can be supportive of an effective multilateral

trading system *+ @ne o! the primary $ays in $hich these agreements can promote trae at the g.oba.

.e7e. is by aressing isses that crrent.y .ie otsie the scope o! W"@ reg.ations* )ichar5a.$in, o! the Graate :nstitte in Gene7a an the Centre !or conomic 9o.icy )esearch, has .aiot the shortcomings o! crrent W"@ reg.ations an ho$ post2000 trae agreements are!namenta..y i!!erent!rom those o! the1--0s*

5a.$in arges that the rise o! g.oba. spp.y chains has e.e7ate the importance o! remo7ing non

tari!! barriers, $hi.e tari!!s ($ith some notab.e eation that ma&es !tre .ibera.i>ation e7en more .i&e.y* :t is !or this

reason, i! no other, that an UU*S* !ree trae agreement is a step in the right direction *conomic gains !rom the "":9 $o. main.y come !rom the harmoni>ation o! reg.ations an the remo7a. o! other nontari!! barriers*Whi.e the agreement is e


8/19


Binding global agreement prevents us from going over the climate cliff. t is not too

late

0avenport !" nergy an en7ironment corresponent !or #ationa. Jorna. PCora. a7enport(;ormer !e..o$ $ith the6etca.! :nstitte !or 6arine an n7ironmenta. )eporting, ':tLs A.reay "oo Eate to Stop C.imate Change,+ "he #ationa. Jorna. ,

Upate 6ay 30, 2013 121 a*m*, @rigina..y poste #o7ember 2-, 2012 12B8 p*m* pg*http//$$$*nationa.=orna.*com/maga>ine/itsa.reaytoo.atetostopc.imatechange2012112- :t a.so means that nationsD!irst an !oremost, the $or.?s t$o biggest po..ters, the Unite States an ChinaDmst e7e.op rea.,

en!orceab.e, an aggressi7e po.icies to ct their o$n carbon emissions, $ith or $ithot a g.oba. agreement* Scientists say

that once the world hits that degree mar%( the urgency of reducing carbon

pollution to avoid a catastrophic tipping point becomes even greater * 6ichae. @ppenheimer,

a professor of geosciences and international affairs at Princeton University and a

member of the#obe. 9ri>e$inning U*#* :ntergo7ernmenta. 9ane. on C.imate Change (PCC( says that a

degree rise is not itself that point( but rather the beginning of irreversible changes.

2t starts to speed you toward a tipping point(4 he sai* 't1s driving toward a cliff at

night with the headlights off. ,e don1t %now when we1ll hit that cliff( but after

degrees( we1re going faster ( we have less control. $fter "( When itcomes to g.oba. c.imatechange treaties, the U*S* has a.reay crie $o.! t$ice on the $or. stage* :n 1--H, Iice 9resient A. Gorerge the rest o! the $or. to sign on to the .anmar& Fyoto 9rotoco., bt the Senate re!se to go a.ong* At the 200- U*#* c.imatechange smmit in Copenhagen, 9resient @bama too& on the same ro.e, rging China an other nations to sign p.eges to ct carbonemissions, assring the $or. that Congress $o. soon pass a capantrae bi.. to ct U*S* carbon emissions* Si< months .ater, the

bi.. ie in the Senate* :n ecember 201B, $hen it comes time to !orgea binding global agreement thatcould

%eep the world from heading off a climate cliff ,@bama $on?t be ab.e to !ace his conterparts on the$or. stage $ith =st a promise o! $hat?s to come* "o get the $or.?s other ma=or po..ters to agree to ct the carbon po..tion thatthreatens U*S* coasta. cities, he?.. nee to ha7e a ne$ U*S* c.imate .a$ in han*

8
http://www.nationaljournal.com/reporters/bio/18http://www.nationaljournal.com/reporters/bio/18


9/19


Eailure ris%s a planetary dieoff 6 Feologic history is on our side

Bushnell !9 Chie! scientist at the #ASA Eang.ey )esearch Center Pennis 5shne.. (6S in mechanica. engineering* 4e$on the Ea$rence A* Sperry A$ar, A:AA ;.i an 9.asma ynamics A$ar, the A:AA ryen Eectreship, an is the recipient o!many #ASA 6ea.s !or otstaning Scienti!ic Achie7ement an Eeaership* 'Conering C.imate Change,+ "he ;trist, 6ayJne,2010

Carbondioxide levels are now greater than at any time in the past GD9(999 years ,accoring to ata gathere !rom e


10/19


Plan solves #S$ surveillance on allied leaders are not a threat to nat sec 6 Saves the

negotiations and increases relations0yer 1!"(Geo!!, 12/1-/13, )eporter !or ;inancia. "imes, ;inancia. "imes, 'US spy re7ie$ .ea7essr7ei..ance o! !oreign .eaers in grey area,+http//$$$*!t*com/cms/s/0/1c!Bc2811e3--a

001KK!eabc0*htm.a>2p9o-UJ@ 5IGUner pressre a!ter t$o b.istering crities this $ee& o! his aministration?s e.ectronic sr7ei..ance acti7ities, 9resient 5arac&@bama recei7e some spport !rom an n.i&e.y sorce on "hrsay*': en7y @bama becase he can spy on his a..ies $ithot anyconseences,+ )ssian presient I.aimir 9tin sai ring a ne$s con!erence* Sr7ei..ance by the #ationa. Secrity Agency $as'not a case !or =oy+, the !ormer FG5 o!!icia. contine, 'bt it is not a case !or repentance either+*5t as 6r @bama ta&es his

4a$aii Christmas ho.iay to thin& abot a 300 page re7ie$ o! the #SA !rom a grop o! otsie e


11/19


$dv 6 Bra3il

#S$ spying hurting USBra3il /elations

Trin%unas 1!"(4aro., 0-/18/13, Senior ;e..o$ an irector, ;oreign 9o.icy, Eatin America :nitiati7e,

5roo&ings :nstitte, 'U*S*5ra>i. )e.ations an #SA .ectronic Sr7ei..ance,+http//$$$*broo&ings*e/b.ogs/p!ront/posts/2013/0-/18sbra>i.nsasr7ei..ancetrin&nas5IG

"a&en at !ace 7a.e, the postponement of the state visit b y Presidenti.ma /ousseff of Bra3il

to the United States is a dramatic signal of her administration1s displeasure over recent

revelations that the # ational S ecurity $ gency I#S$ routinely intercepts electronic

communications in Bra3il.A.. contries gather inte..igence, an $hi.e it is traitiona. !or targets o! espionage to

protest, it is sa..y not a matter that is a..o$e to impee presientia. 7isits an high .e7e. ip.omacy* 4o$e7er, the recent

emergence of additional reports that seem to confirm the broad scope of #S$

collection efforts, $hich inc.e the persona. commnications o! 5ra>i.?s presient an the nationa. oi. company

9")@5)AS, have soured the politics surrounding the /ousseff and )bama

administrations1 efforts to improve U.S.Bra3il relations .ntelligence activities have

a special and negative resonance in Bra3ilian politics * :n part, this is due to the legacy ofits authoritarian past.The military governments that ruled Bra3il from !JG< to !JKD

routinely engaged in surveillance of their citi3ens $hi.e concting a campaign against .e!tist

organi>ations* Some members of the /ousseff administration( including the president

herself( participated in the insurgency against military rule( and they directly

experienced repression at the hand of Bra3ilian intelligence services. @ne .egacy o! this periois that 5ra>i.?s constittion an .egis.ation strict.y reg.ates go7ernment ea7esropping on the commnications o! pri7ate citi>ens, anthis practice is o!!icia..y on.y a..o$e as a .ast resort in crimina. in7estigations $ith prior =icia. appro7a.*"his story a.so stri&es aeep chor among some 5ra>i.ians becase o! .ong staning nationa. aspirations to be recogni>e as a ma=or g.oba. po$er $ith !..

atonomy in the internationa. system* "he be.ie! in 5ra>i.?s Vgrane>a? (greatness is a $ie.y share nationa. 7a.e* #S$

electronic surveillance highlights the degree to which Bra3il1s sovereignty can be

compromised by outside forces.The state1s apparent inability to detect or defend

against the #S$1s surveillance is a direct reminder of the limits of Bra3il1s grande3a(espite its scienti!ic, economic an techno.ogica. sophistication* "he !act that many other contries across the $or. share a simi.ar7.nerabi.ity to #SA e.ectronic inte..igence co..ection is not .i&e.y to be mch o! a conso.ation*

/ecent tal%s prove relations are on the brin%

BP 1!


12/19


.argest company in 5ra>i. an one o! the 30 biggest bsinesses in the $or.*)osse!! ha ear.ier sai the US spying program $as'economic espionage+* :n #o7ember .ast year, the 'right to pri7acy+ reso.tion, ra!te by 5ra>i. an Germany, $as passe by the U#rights committee*

)bama1s speech not enough 6 further action needed

Traynor et al. (:an, 01/1H/1K GarianLs ropean eitor, 9hi.ip @.termann is the Garian an

@bser7erLs 5er.in corresponent, 9atric& Wintor is po.itica. eitor !or the Garian, "he Garian,'@bama #SA re!orms recei7e mii.,+http//$$$*thegarian*com/$or./201K/=an/1H/obamansare!ormsreactioneropebra>i. 5IG

5ra>i.The government of Bra3il has gone further than most in criticising the US

spying programme following Snowden@s lea% of documents showing that the #S$

monitored the phone calls of president 0ilma /ousseff( tappe commnications re.ate to thecontryLs biggest company, 9etrobras, an co..ecte the phone an emai. ata o! mi..ions o! orinary 5ra>i.ians* East September,)osse!! cance..e a White 4ose inner a!ter !ai.ing to recei7e an aeate ei.ians ha mi


13/19


agency resources to strengthen border security in highris% locations( including

unmanned aerial vehicles IU$Ls to monitor illicit activity along its borders and in

the remote $ma3on region*88 As part o! this e!!ort, 5ra>i. has signe agreements an carrie ot =oint operations $ithneighboring contries*8- Accoring to the U*S* epartment o! State, '5ra>i.?s !ocs on interagency cooperation an borer secrityres.te in signi!icant.y impro7e interiction e!!orts in 2011*+ "hrogh @ctober 2011, the !eera. po.ice sei>e 1B*2 metric tons o!cocaine, 8H*K metric tons o! mari=ana, 1-K,HH osage nits o! ecstasy, H2,K-2 osage nits o! ES, an K2,000 osage nits o!

methamphetamine*-0The United States and Bra3il cooperate on counternarcotics issues in

a number of ways. U.S. counternarcotics assistance provides training for Bra3ilian

law enforcement( assists interdiction programs at Bra3il1s international airports(

supports drug prevention programs( and is designed to improve Bra3il1s capacity to

dismantle criminal organi3ations.5ra>i. recei7e Y1 mi..ion in U*S* conternarcotics assistance in ;%2010, Y1mi..ion in ;%2011, an an estimate Y2*- mi..ion in ;%2012* Uner the @bama Aministration?s reest !or ;%2013, 5ra>i. $o.

recei7e Y1*- mi..ion in conternarcotics assistance*-1Bra3il has also served as a bridge between the

United States and Bolivia( which expelled the 0rug &nforcement $dministration

I0&$ from its territory in 99Kas a res.t o! a..ege inter!erence in the contry?s interna. a!!airs* Uner a tri.atera.

antirg cooperation agreement signe in Janary 2012, the United States and Bra3il are providing

assistance to Bolivia in the monitoring and eradication of coca crops. $ccording to

the agreement( the United States is responsible for providing monitoring e+uipment(Bra3il is responsible for obtaining and interpreting satellite images( and Bolivia is

responsible for conducting any necessary field wor%.-2Conterterrorism an the "ri5orer Area-3

The TriBorder $rea ITB$ of $rgentina( Bra3il( and Paraguay has long been used

for arms smuggling( money laundering( and other illicit purposes.Accoring to the Stateepartment?s Contry )eports on "errorism, there are no &no$n operationa. ce..s o! a. Zaea or 4e>bo..ah re.ate grops in the

hemisphereN ho$e7er, the United States remains concerned that proceeds from legal and

illegal goods flowing through the TB$ could potentially be diverted to support

terrorist groups .-K :n ecember 2010, the U*S* "reasry epartment sanctione 4e>bo..ah?s chie! representati7e in Soth

America, 5i.a. 6ohsen Wehbe, !or trans!erring !ns co..ecte in 5ra>i. to 4e>bo..ah in Eebanon* $ccording to the

Treasury 0epartment( ,ehbe and an associate raised more than MD99(999 from

Nebanese businessmen in the TB$ following the 99G conflict between srael and-e3bollah. ,ehbe also reportedly has overseen -e3bollah1s counterintelligence

activity in the TB$an has $or&e !or the o!!ice o! :ranian Spreme Eeaer Ayato..ah A.i FhameneLi*-BThe U.S.

government has wor%ed with Bra3il to address concerns about the TB$ and

strengthen the country1s counterterrorism capabilities. The countries of the TB$

and the United States created the 2"O! Froup on TriBorder $rea Security4 in 99(

and the group built a 'oint ntelligence Center to combat transborder criminal

organi3ations in 99;. ,ithin Bra3il( the United States has supported efforts to

implement the Container Security nitiative ICS at the port of Santos( and U.S.

authorities are currently training Bra3ilian airline employees to identify fraudulent

documents.The State 0epartment1s Country /eports on Terrorism for 9!!

commends the Bra3ilian government for its continued support of counterterrorism

related activities( including investigating potential terrorism financing( document

forgery networ%s( and other illicit activity.- 5ra>i. has yet to aopt .egis.ation, ho$e7er, to ma&e terrorisman terrorism !inancing atonomos o!!enses* Ei&e many other Eatin American nations, 5ra>i. has been re.ctant to aopt speci!icantiterrorism .egis.ation as a res.t o! the i!!ic.ty o! e!ining terrorism in a $ay that oes not inc.e the actions o! socia.mo7ements an other grops $hose actions o! po.itica. issent $ere conemne as terrorism by repressi7e mi.itary regimes in the

past*-H #e7erthe.ess, some 5ra>i.ian o!!icia.s ha7e pshe !or antiterrorism .egis.ation, asserting that the contry $i.. !ace ne$ threatsas a res.t o! hosting the 201K Wor. Cp an the 201 @.ympics*-8

13


14/19


0rug Traffic%ing in the TB$ leads to nuclear terrorism

#T 1!"(#c.ear "hreat :nitiati7e, 11/08/13, nonpro!it, nonpartisan organi>ation $ith a mission tostrengthen g.oba. secrity by recing the ris& o! se an pre7enting the sprea o! nc.ear, bio.ogica., anchemica. $eapons an to $or& to bi. the trst, transparency, an secrity that are preconitions to the.timate !.!i..ment o! the #on9ro.i!eration "reaty?s goa.s an ambitions, #":, 'Eatin America an the

Caribbean 1BK0 )eporting,+http//$$$*nti*org/ana.ysis/reports/.atinamericacaribbean1BK0/ 5IG

Eatin America an the Caribbean;or the prposes o! this o7er7ie$, the Eatin America an Caribbean region inc.es the thirtyt$ostates in Centra. America, Soth America an the Caribbean* i!!erences eations sch as the @rgani>ation o! American States an the "reaty o! ".ate.o.co that ct across the #orthSoth i7ie* Sma..erregiona. grops, inc.ing the Centra. American :ntegration System an the Caribbean Commnity, ha7e programs re.ate to regiona.U#SC) 1BK0 imp.ementation*#5C Capabi.ities an "echno.ogica. Stats5ra>i. an Argentina prse co7ert nc.ear $eapons

programs in the 1-H0s an 1-80s* 5oth =oine the #9" in the mi1--0s an no$ abie by se7era. agreements .imiting their nc.ear

acti7ities to peace!. prposes* 5oth ha7e a7ance ci7i. nc.ear po$er programs, inc.ing enrichment capabi.ities* :n J.y 1--1, the5ra>i.ianArgentine Agency !or Acconting an Contro. o! #c.ear 6ateria.s (A5ACC $as estab.ishe in orer to strengthen themanagement o! nc.ear materia.s* P1[9er has t$o nc.ear research reactors an p.ans to constrct a po$er reactor* :t oes not

possess any high.y enriche ranim (4U or p.tonim (9* "here is crrent.y one operationa. research reactor in Chi.e ananother in Co.mbia* P2[ :n ;ebrary 2010, as part o! its G.oba. "hreat )ection :nitiati7e, the Unite States remo7e rogh.y 13*&i.ograms o! 4U spent !e., K*3 &i.ograms o! s.ight.y irraiate 4U, 0*3 &i.ograms o! !resh !e., an more than K00 U*S*originraio.ogica. sorces !rom 7arios .ocations in Chi.e* P3[ Iene>e.a has ee.an stoc&pi.es ha7e !on their $ay toCo.ombian terrorist grops* Another organi>ation o! concern, the Shining 9ath, a 9er7ian rebe. grop, has .ost some o! the statre it

en=oye in the 1-80s an 1--0s*The TriBorder $rea ITB$ is the rural convergence of three

South $merican countries near the cities of Puerto gau3u I$rgentina ( Eo3 do

gua3u IBra3il ( and Ciudad del &ste IParaguay . This region serves as a haven for

arms smuggling( money laundering( illicit traffic%ing( and fundraising for extremist

organi3ations includingthe :s.amist terrorist grop, -e3bollah.P-[ :n 2002, at the in7itation o! these contries,the Unite States =oine in !orming the O3\1 Grop on "riborer Area Secrity,O create to enhance the capabi.ities o! SothAmerican states to combat crossborer crime an th$art potentia. terrorist !nraising opportnities* P10[ :n 200H, the gropestab.ishe a Joint :nte..igence Center to combat transborer crimina. organi>ations in the "5A* P11[ espite the gropLs !ormation,the i!!ic.ties o! .a$ en!orcement in the "ri5orer )egion area remain a regiona. secrity concern* Accoring to an assessment bythe U*S* Congressiona. )esearch Ser7ice, !or ei. !a..s short in its e!!orts to !ight terrorism* P12[)e.ati7e.y $ea& borercontro.s co. ma&e it easier !or terrorists to operate in Centra. America* "he 200 Centra. AmericaK (CAK 5orer Contro.Agreement bet$een . Sa.7aor, Gatema.a, 4onras, an #icaraga a..o$s ini7ia.s to transit bet$een these states $ithot goingthrogh aitiona. chec&points or borer secrity* "he 9anama Cana. represents another potentia. secrity concern becase o! its

importance in shipping goos, an its 7.nerabi.ities to terrorist attac&s*:..icit "ra!!ic&ing,hile very few states in

Natin $merica and the Caribbean possess capabilities of direct proliferation

1K
http://www.nti.org/analysis/reports/latin-america-caribbean-1540/http://www.nti.org/analysis/reports/latin-america-caribbean-1540/http://www.nti.org/analysis/reports/latin-america-caribbean-1540/


15/19


concern( the existence of wellestablished human and drug traffic%ing networ%s( as

well as a high volume of containerbased trade( could be exploited to move #BC

related materials.:n Soth America, Bra3il@s Santos is one of the world@s busiest ports. Appro


16/19


be left with a very short list consisting of #orth Qorea( perhaps ran i! its program contines,and

possibly Pa%istan. But at what stage would /ussia and China be definitely ruled ot in

this high sta&es game o! nc.ear C.eo n particular( if the act of nuclear terrorism occurred against

a bac%drop of existing tension in ,ashington1s relations with /ussia andor China ,

an at a time $hen threats ha a.reay been trae bet$een these ma=or po$ers, would officials and political leaders notbe tempted to assume the worst8 @! corse, the chances o! this occrring $o. on.y seem to increase i! the Unite States $asa.reay in7o.7e in some sort o! .imite arme con!.ict $ith )ssia an/or China, or i! they $ere con!ronting each other !rom a istance in a pro


17/19


minors*1K The *inistry of Nabor1s mobile units rescued over (


18/19


-emisphere* :nte..igence sharing ring the pcoming Wor. Cp an @.ympic games, coordinated

counterterrorism measuresin the "ri5orer Area, an disrupting narcotraffic%ingbet$een Soth

America an A!rica are among the more pressing security cooperation initiatives that can bring

greater security to both countries and to the hemisphere* C.ose secrity an defense

cooperationin the !tre, absent the historic shao$ o! U*S* imperia.ism, will help in reestablishing the

2Unwritten $lliance4 dynamic between the United States and Bra3ilthat !.orishe in the!irst ha.! o! the 20thCentry*When 5ra>i. hosts the Wor. Cp an @.ympics in a cop.e o! years, it is in the U*S* nationa.interest to assist 5ra>i.?s e!!orts in contering terrorism, crbing rg ^3tra!!ic&ing, an recing internationa. crime* "his Unite

States pro7ie simi.ar spport to Soth A!rica ring the Wor. Cp in 2010 M assisting the prevention of

devastating terrorist attac%s on that world stage* A7erting another '6nich+ is certain.y in the interest o! the Unite States an inee o! a.. $or. sporting e7ents* ;or the 2010 Wor. Cp, Soth A!rican secrity ser7ices bene!ite !rom

secrity grants an e


19/19


ambassaor to the Unite States O"he @bama aministration nees to hone its !oreign po.icy priorities in orer to eicate greaterban$ith to eepening re.ations $ith the region* 4o$e7er, a $i..ingness to o so may not be enogh to change the ynamics anperceptions on the gron* ;or starters, some nations may not be partic.ar.y intereste in engaging, either !or omestic, ieo.ogica. orgeopo.itica. reasons* 6oreo7er, a onesi>e!itsa.. 7ision !or the Americas, .i&e the L100,000 Strong :nitiati7e,L no .onger s!!ices*)egiona.i>ation has become too strong an the conso.iation o! competing architectres !or sbregiona. engagement too per7asi7e!or this approach to sccee* "he Unite States sho. there!ore see& to !ocs on a series o! po.icy ri7ers to e7e.op an .a carteengagement bi.t pon coincienta. agenas $ith a sbset o! nations in the region, artic.ate on common interests* ;or ei., Urgay an Chi.e, on hman secrity $ith Co.ombia, or on the m.ti.atera. c.imate change an g.oba. economic go7ernanceagenas, $ith 6ee crime, or the rgent nee to rethin& Cba po.icy in the Unite States* 5tthey co. $e.. set the stage !or more rea.istic an pragmatic re.ations $ith &ey p.ayers in the Americas*OA )bens 5arbosa, !ormer5ra>i.ian ambassaor to the Unite States OAt this point in time, $hen $e spea& abot U*S* re.ations $ith Eatin America, $e are

acta..y re!erring to the U*S*5ra>i. re.ationship* The countries@ relationship is strained and faces

difficulties in getting bac% to normal. Natin $merica continues to be a low priority

for the )bama administration, an contries that $ant to $or& $ith the Unite States are a.reay oing so* The

Bra3ilian government has been cautious to avoid a further deterioration in bilateral

contact( as shown in the reaction to the suspension of the agreement on cotton and to

the Snowden public letter to see% asylum in Bra3il. "o o7ercome the crrent po.itica. hr.e, the pri7atesectors o! the t$o contries sho. he.p pt pressre on Washington an 5ras.ia becase the po.itica. an economic sta&es are too

high an nee to be ta&en into consieration* The decision against Boeing on the fighter 5ets is a good

example. n view of /ousseff@s public re+uest for an apology Iwhich will never come

for the U.S. spying( there is only one way to settle the issuea unilateral gesture from

the U nited S tates that could be perceived as an important policy change toward

Bra3il.As @bama sai in his .ast 7isit to 6ei. sho. be treate i!!erent.y in the Eatin American conte

1AC Novice Tournament

Documents

Transcript of 1AC Novice Tournament