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SCIENCE, VOL. 139

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904 SCIENCE, VOL. 139

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Structural Chemistry: Techniques

A symposium on the determinationof molecular structure, ranging fromdiscussions of classical diffraction tech-niques to reports on magneto-opticalrotation spectra and the Mossbauer ef-fect, was part of the program of thechemistry section of the AAAS at thePhiladelphia meeting in December.Eight papers were presented.A technique which will see wide ap-

plication in the future is magneto-optical rotation spectroscopy (MOR),described by Victor Shashoua (du PontCompany). This is an extension of themethod of optical rotatory dispersionin which the rotation of polarized lightby the sample is measured as a functionof frequency in the visible and ultra-violet regions of the spectrum. Whilethe optical rotatory dispersion method(ORD) is limited to substances whichare naturally optically active, the newmethod has no such limitation. All sub-stances in a magnetic field rotate theplane of polarized light. Because of this,there are no inert solvents for this tech-nique and considerable care has to beexercised in the interpretation of theresults. Working with a magnetic fieldof 10,000 gauss and temperature con-trol of ±0.1.°, Shashoua was able toreport a precision of +0.0030 in mea-suring the rotation.The spectra obtained are similar in

general character to the ORD spectrabut often show considerably more de-tail than ORD shows in compoundswhich are naturally optically active. Re-sults were shown for a wide variety ofsubstances ranging from inorganic com-plexes to polypeptides. Among othereffects this technique can detect tripletstates as well as changes such as thosedue to complexing and change of pHon hemoglobin. More will be heard inthe future about this generally appli-cable technique.

S. S. Hanna reviewed recent workwith the Mossbauer effect. Because ofthe extreme sharpness of the gamma-ray lines, differences in absorption canbe achieved by use of the Doppler ef-fect produced by very low relative ve-locities of source to absorber. Thus, linewidths of 108 electron volts can bemeasured by use of the drive mecha-nism on an ordinary lathe bed. Theposition of the nuclear energy levels isaffected by the d-c magnetic field pro-duced at the nucleus by the orbitalelectrons. Although only electrons in s

orbitals contribute to the magnetic fieldat the nucleus, these electrons can be

polarized by unpaired electrons in otherorbitals. The Mossbauer effect thus isvery sensitive to the electronic environ-ment of the absorbing nucleus. Consid-erable data were presented for absorp-tion by iron atoms in various chemicalenvironments, but no clear relationshipwith molecular structure has been de-veloped as yet. It appears that theMossbauer effect is the best test avail-able for the correctness of calculatedelectron density functions near thenucleus.

Walter C. Hamilton (Brookhaven Na-tional Laboratory) considered some ofthe more recent structural studies inwhich neutron diffraction techniquesare used. Among the works cited wasthat of the square planar structure ofXeF4 and the linear structure of XeF2.

M. KENT WILSONDepartment of Chemistry, TuftsUniversity, Medford, Massachusetts

Tongues of Science

The complex of problems which con-fronts the scientist in his attempt to takeadvantage of knowledge contributed byhis colleagues in tongues other than hisown was the subject of the symposiumpresented by the Information and Com-munication Section (T) on 26 and 27December at the AAAS meeting inPhiladelphia. The symposium, entitledOther Tongues of Science: Assimilatingthe Literature of Other Nations, wascosponsored by the National ScienceFoundation.The symposium's 26 participants rep-

resented government and private agen-cies, organizations, societies, industries,and institutions actively supporting andcarrying on programs to insure the in-flow of scientific information into theUnited States and to make it availableto the scientist in usable forms. Whileestimates vary somewhat, only about 35percent of the scientific literature, evenwhen it is made available, can be un-derstood in the original by individualscompetent to read English alone. Sci-entists who read Russian in addition toEnglish have access to about 50 per-cent, or half of the world's scientificliterature.The currently extensive acquisition,

translation, and publication activities inall areas and fields of science, costlyboth in terms of scientific manpowerand in funds consumed, must be evalu-ated. How effective are the presenttranslation programs? How necessary

SCIENCE, VOL. 139

nI W I

1M&ik reports on:movies without entertainment ... the value of a dollar... a big one with a low threshold

Brig. Gen. Webb's assignmentYou sway in the Sea Beach Expressunder Manhattan and note how deeplyengrossed is the young woman acrossthe aisle in reading about movie stars.You walk down a side street in a Kansastown in the evening and note how everyfamily in every house sits transfixedbefore the blue bottle. The motion pic-ture camera has held the people in thrallfor a long time now. You have youropinions and impressions of how mostprofessional motion picture cameras areemployed. You could be wrong.Not long ago we announced a new

16mm professional motion picture cam-era, the KODAK Reflex Special. Embodies10 years' research and design, we toldthe movie-makers. They bought. Thenwe took a look at exactly who theymight be. Not entirely the crowd that thecareless observer might have guessed-

Cineangioradiographers who makeclinical x-ray movies of the great vesselsand valves of the heart.

Psychiatrists.Petroleum engineers.Sociologists, professional ones.Surgeons.Aerospace medical people.A biologist who shoots 5,000 feet per

month of time-lapse motion pictures oftissue cultures, mostly through the oil-immersion microscope objective, andwho has opened up dynamic morphologyby photographing the mechanism ofneoplasia, the functioning of organoidswithin the living cell, and the structuralchanges by which it answers physicaland chemical changes in its environment.

A physicist, a mathematician, and afew others talked one night at WoodsHole till dawn about the motion pictureas a research tool and means of com-munication between scientists, quiteapart from science teaching. They movedthe National Academy of Sciences, theNational Research Council, and theNational Science Foundation. These im-posing bodies have correlated their com-plex functions to seek out the scholarbending a movie camera to his will insome ignored nook of the campus. Theirsurvey has turned up two or three hun-dred of him.NSF has granted funds to the Na-

tional Academy of Sciences to start theAmerican Science Film Association.Brig. Gen. Willard Webb has left theLibrary of Congress to become ad-

ministrative director of ASFA. The iso-lated researcher with a movie cameraand the scientifically dead-serious busi-nessman with priceless studies of whalescopulating can look to ASFA. It will beable to tell one how others have solvedproblems he is still struggling with andto help him make contact with colleaguesin various parts of the world who wantto see his footage. He ought to makesure that his name and his interests areon file with American Science Film As-sociation, 704 Seventeenth St. N. W.,Washington 6, D. C.

Neither ASFA, NSF, NRC, nor NAS en-dorses any particular brand name, but we do.In doing so we can answer many pertinentquestions about cameras, projectors, film,processing services, and auxiliary equipmentfor anybody who asks them of EastmanKodak Company, Motion Picture Film De-partment, Rochester 4, N. Y.

An interest in silverTo avoid crippling confusion in motiva-tion, one stoutly reafflirms the belief ofages past that one is in business for themoney. Today, however, other moti-vators exhibit their power, and thoughwe still pursue the almighty dollarfiercely, once we have caught it we givelittle thought to the promise printed onit under President Washington's por-trait. It promises silver.Our house is founded on this truly

unique gem of the periodic table. Themarvelous behavior of the crystal latticethat it forms with bromine, when prop-erly studded with impurities, makesphotography possible; the importanceof photography in both the serious andthe gay is a major component of theforce that attracted over 109 almightydollars into the till last year. (Figura-tively. Physically they are only a configu-ration of magnetized domains on a stripof iron oxide in some vault. Wonderfulis the mind of man.)

Silver is drawn from the vault (a dif-ferent vault) and made into pure AgNO3.The vast bulk of this gets converted tosilver halides and moves out on photo-graphic goods. A very few parts permillion find their way into bottles carry-ing the EASTMAN Organic Chemicalslabel.

Silver Nitrate itself, a fixture of thechemical laboratory since long beforethe invention of the test tube, still makesnews. Only last spring it was revealedthat silica impregnated with AgNO3displays highly selective adsorption withrespect to the geometry and number ofC= C's in related unsaturated lipids, asdetailed for chromatographic practice in

Chemistry and Industry, June 16 andJuly 7, 1962. Last year also AgNO3-Dichromate spray reagent was proposedfor mercapturic acids and S-phenylcys-teines (J.C.S., 1962, 608). AgNO3 paperdetects and fixes volatile As and Sbhydrides (Chim. Anal., 43, 441). AgNO3is needed in the complexometric titra-tion of K, Li, and Rb (Mikrochim. Acta,1961, 644, 729, 732).We also offer Silver Nitrite, Silver Arse-

nate, Silver Carbonate, Acetic Acid SilverSalt (aren't we silly in our nomenclature!),Silver Cyanate, p-Toluenesulfonic Acid Sil-ver Salt, numerous reagents for silver, andan invitation to all chemists interested insilver to keep in touch with EASTMAN OrganicChemicals Department, Distillation ProductsIndustries, Rochester 3, N. Y. (Division ofEastman Kodak Company).

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This Is another advertisement where Eastman Kodak Company probes at random for mutualInterests and occasionally a little revenue from those whose work has something to do with science

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8 MARCH 1963 931

NEW BOOKSExperimental Chemotherapy

Edited by Robert J. Schnitzer andF. Hawking

Volume .1, 1,008 pp. Special prieunitil May 31, 1963: $32.00

Thereafter: $38.00

Enzyme Histochemistryand Its Application in theStudy of NeoplasmsBy M. S. Burstone627 pp., $22.50

Introduction toDynamic MorphologyBy E. Mayer545 pp., $16.00

Radiation Effects onOrganic Materials

Edited by Robert 0. Bolt andJames G. Carroll

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Synthesis of Feedback SystemsBy I. M. Horowitz726 pp., $16.50

Differential-Difference EquationsBy Richard Bellman and

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Nuclear Shell TheoryBy Amos de-Shalit and Igal Talmi573 pp., $14.50

Real GasesBy Ali Bulent Cambel.

Donald P. Duclos andP. Anderson

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Thermomagnetic Effects inSemiconductorsBy I. M. Tsidil'kovskii333 pp., $12.50

SERIAL PUBLICATIONSModern MaterialsAdvances in Developmentand Applications

Edited by Henry H. HausnerVolumtie 3, 475 pp., $15.()0

Symposia of the InternationalSociety for Cell Biology

Volumiie 1, The Interpretationof Ultrastructure

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YOUR TECHNICAL BOOKSELLERcan furnish up-to-date informationon any of our titles.

are they? Are U.S. scientists beingtrained to handle foreign literature com-petently without translations? Shouldentire journals be translated or shouldtranslated titles or abstracts first be cir-culated to scientists as bases for theselection of certain full papers to betranslated? Can answers to these ques-tions be the same for all scientific dis-ciplines? Or does the literature of onebranch of science differ significantlyfrom that of another?One session of the symposium was

devoted to accounts of how foreignscientific information is handled inother countries. Representatives of in-formation agencies in Great Britain,Canada, Japan, and Scandinavia pre-sented details of current programs intheir respective areas. Cooperation, co-ordination, and integration of the workof various inforniation groups and in-terests within the country contributedsignificantly. Traditional early introduc-tion of foreign languages into schoolcurricula provides those who enter sci-ence with a good working knowledgeof those languages.As to the nature of translations, whole

journal (cover-to-cover) translations ap-parently are desirable in certain discip-lines such as physics. Most of the sig-nificant Russian research reports inphysics, for exaniple, are concentratedin relatively few journals. By translatingthese completely one can cover thefield remarkably well. In other fieldsof Russian science, such as astronautics,research information is diffuse; reportsare scattered throughout many publica-tions. To cover Russian astronautics,then, a selection of articles to be trans-lated becomes a necessity.

It was acknowledged that the broad-ening of language training programsfor U.S. scientists is needed. Merelysatisfying language requirements for ad-vanced degrees provides the young sci-entist with only limited ability to readthe scientific literature in these tongues.Furthermore, he is apt to select lan-guages he feels are easier to master,rather than those he is most likely torequire to cover the literature of hisfield. Even at best, the linguistically-gifted and well-trained scientist seldomcomprehends the subtleties of more thantwo foreign languages. He too must de-pend on translations for much of theliterature in other tongues.As the literature increases in volume

in countries as yet scientifically imma-ture, the language problems will increaseproportionately.

It seems clear that for the continued932

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SCIENCE, VOL. 139

.

health and growth of science in theUnited States substantial foreign trans-lation programs must be continued forthe foreseeable future.

Derek J. deSolla Price was the speak-er at a Section T luncheon. His subject,"A calculus of scientific informationand manpower," dealt with such prop-ositions as these: the number of scien-tists in a field increases as the squaresof the number of good scientists andamount of good work; the dollar costof research increases as the square ofthe total number of scientists employed;the more scientifically mature a countrybecomes, the less will be its share ofthe world-total of scientific work. As afinal corollary of his theory he suggestedthat the scientific paper as a means ofcommunication is fast dying and willbe replaced in part by person-to-personcommunication and in part by machine-handled data and perhaps also somesuch device as a scientific daily news-paper analogous to the Wall StreetJournal or the Financial Times.

PHYLLIS V. PARKINSBiological Abstracts,Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Forthcoming Events

April

1-2. Process Automation, 5th symp.,Santa Monica, Calif. (D. Kader, P.O. Box1065, Canoga Park, Calif.)

1-3. Oak Ridge Radioisotope Conf.-Applications to Physical Science and En-gineering, Gatlinburg, Tenn. (Oak RidgeNatl. Laboratory, P.O. Box X, Oak Ridge,Tenn.)

1-4. American Radium Soc., annual,White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. (C. G.Stetson, ARS, Dept. of Radiology, Engle-wood Hospital, Englewood, N.J.)

1-5. American College of Physicians,Denver, Colo. (E. C. Rosenow, Jr., 4200Pine St., Philadelphia 4, Pa.)

1-27. World Meteorological Organiza-tion, 4th congr., Geneva, Switzerland.(Secretariat, WMO, 41 Avenue GuiseppeMotta, Geneva)

2-6. Psychology, 8th Inter-Americancongr., Mar La Plata, Argentina. (G. M.Gilbert, Psychology Dept., Long IslandUniv., Brooklyn 1, N.Y.)

3-5. American Soc. of Internal Medi-cine, annual, Atlantic City, N.J. (ASIM,3410 Geary Blvd., San Francisco 18,Calif.)

3-5. Streamfilow Regulation for QualityControl, symp., Cincinnati, Ohio. (J. E.McLean, Field Operations Section, RobertA. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, 4676Columbia Pkwy., Cincinnati 26)

3-6. National Council of Teachers ofMathematics, Pittsburgh, Pa. (M. H.Ahrendt, 1201 16th St., NW, Washington6)8 MARCH 1963

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