19th Century Imperialism: Asia
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Transcript of 19th Century Imperialism: Asia
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19th Century Imperialism: Asia
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India: Jewel in the Crown
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• 1750’s Mughal Empire weakens and British East India Company defeats Indian troops
• British East India Company rules India until 1858
India: Jewel in the Crown
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• Company has its own army led by British officers
• Army is staffed by sepoys: Indian soldiers
India: Jewel in the Crown
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Discussion Question:• Why might this be a problem for the British?
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• Why is India Britain’s most valuable colony (the brightest jewel in the crown!)?
• Raw materials• New markets• Human resources; 300 million
people!
India: Jewel in the Crown
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• Indians forced to produce raw materials for British;
• Forced to buy British goods• Indian competition with British
goods was prohibited
India: Jewel in the Crown
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• Modernization!• World’s 3rd
largest railroad, modern road network, telegraph and telephone lines, dams, bridges, irrigation canals
Positive Impact of Colonization:
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• Sanitation and public health improved
• Schools and colleges were founded (but English language & Western customs taught)
• Literacy rates increased
Positive Impact of Colonization:
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• British held political and economic power
• Restricted Indian-owned industries
• Cash crops result in loss of self-sufficiency & famine
Negative Impact of Colonization:
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Negative Impact of Colonization• Indian culture disrupted by
missionaries and racist attitudes• Indians
treated as 2nd class citizens
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• “It is the consciousness of the inherent superiority of the European which has won for us India. However well educated and clever a native may be, and however brave he may prove himself, I believe that no rank we can bestow on him would cause him to be considered an equal of the British officer.”
» --Lord Kitchener
Negative Impact of Colonization
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Discussion Question:• Have you ever had anyone who
disrespected your culture in some way? (your religion, language, beliefs, etc)
• What did they do and how did you react?
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The Sepoy Rebellion• Cultural Conflict:• New rifle cartridges being used
by the Sepoys were made of animal fat
• To use the cartridges the soldiers had to bite off both ends – OUTRAGE! Why?
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The Sepoy Rebellion
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• The Sepoys refused & rebelled against the British
• British eventually put down rebellion
The Sepoy Rebellion
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The Sepoy Rebellion• In 1858 India
was placed under the direct control of the British government
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The Sepoy Rebellion• Queen Victoria
of England was given title “Empress of India”
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Nationalism Rises• In 1800’s nationalist movement
begins• Indians resent being 2nd class
citizens in their own country• Indian National Congress forms;
calls for self-government• But independence won’t happen
until 1947!
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China: Another Jewel
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Discussion Question:• Have you ever wanted to trade
someone for something they had that you wanted…but they didn’t want anything you had to offer them?
• What did you do?
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China & the West• In the late
18th century, China is ruled by an emperor under the Qing Dynasty.
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China & the West• China has chosen isolation• No interaction with western
powers• China is strong politically
because it is largely self-sufficient
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The Tea-Opium Connection• China has little
interest in trading with the West, but…
• High demand for tea & silk in Great Britain at this time
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• The Chinese DO NOT want to trade with GB, nor do they want manufactured goods from GB
• Restrict trade with the British• Only allowed to use one Chinese
port
The Tea-Opium Connection
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• British were determined to find a product that the Chinese would buy in large quantities
The Tea-Opium Connection
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• Product?• OPIUM!• Great Britain
floods China with opium from India (Why India?) 1835 – 12 million
Chinese addicted
The Tea-Opium Connection
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• The Qing emperor demands the trade stop, but British refused
• Results in The Opium War• GB crushed outdated Chinese
forces
The Opium War
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The Opium War• NANKING TREATY
OF 1842:• The Chinese were forced to:
–Open new ports –Legalize the opium trade–Give Hong Kong to GB–Accept extraterritoriality
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• Extraterritoriality: • British citizens living in China
were not subject to Chinese laws or courts
The Opium War
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• China’s population booms from 1790-1850
• Hunger widespread• Sparks Taiping Rebellion!
Foreign Influence Grows
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• Massive peasant army takes control over large areas of China
• Eventually defeated by Qing troops and outside forces BUT…
Foreign Influence Grows
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• Other countries took advantage of internal unrest and attacked
• Through treaties, European countries & Japan gain a sphere of influence in China
Foreign Influence Grows
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• US feared China would be colonized by Europeans
• Encouraged the adoption of the Open Door Policy
Foreign Influence Grows
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Foreign Influence Grows• Open Door Policy:• All countries were given equal
access to trade in all regions of China
• Led to increasing unrest among the Chinese
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Foreign Influence Grows• Another rebellion!• Boxer Rebellion: Campaign
against imperial rule and foreign privilege
• Rebellion fails, but Chinese nationalism forces changes in China
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Japan: A Unique Story
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Discussion Question:• Have you ever been bullied by
someone who threatened to do something to you if you didn’t do what they wanted?
• What did you do?
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Japan: Victim• Japan closed to
European influence since 1600s
• Commodore Perry sent to Japan by U.S. President to demand trade rights
• Gives ultimatum – will return in 1 year
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Japan: Victim• Japan forced to
sign Treaty of Kanagawa
• US gets open trade with Japan• Japanese are angry shogun gave
in to foreigner’s demands
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Japan: Aggressor• Shogun replaced by a
young emperor, Mutsuhito
• Meiji Era – Meiji means “enlightened rule”
• Japan decides to modernize to save culture!
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Japan: Aggressor• Studied &
adopted Western ways, including industrialization
• By 1890, Japan had a modern economy & was the strongest military power in Asia
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Japan: Aggressor• Wanted to expand their empire
to show they were a powerful nation
• Japan attacked China & Russia!• Takes Taiwan, Pescadores
Islands, Manchuria & Korea
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Japan: Aggressor• 1910 Japan officially controlled
Korea–Banned teaching of Korean–Koreans forced to take Japanese names
–Farmers forced off lands; businesses handed over to Japanese
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Imperialism in Southeast Asia
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Europeans in SE Asia• Dutch ruled whole island chain
of Indonesia, called the Dutch East Indies
• British ruled in Burma (modern Myanmar) & Malaysia
• French ruled directly in Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, & Vietnam)
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The U.S. in SE Asia• Spanish rule in
Philippines until U.S. wins Spanish-American War
• U.S. promised to return Philippines to nationalists, but kept as a colony
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• Tensions caused by the competition for colonies was one of the underlying causes of World War I
What does this Mean?
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