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Transcript of ©1999 Prentice Hall Personality Chapter 13. ©1999 Prentice Hall Measuring Personality Genetic...
©1999 Prentice Hall
Personality
Chapter 13
©1999 Prentice Hall
Measuring Personality Genetic influences on personality. Environmental influences on personality. Cultural influences on personality. Psychodynamic influences on personality. The inner experience.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Defining Personality and Traits. Personality
Distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual throughout life.
Trait A characteristic of an individual, describing a
habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Projective Tests Projective tests
Based on the assumption that the test taker will transfer (“project”)unconscious conflicts and motives onto an ambiguous stimulus.
Examples include the Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach
©1999 Prentice Hall
Thematic Apperception Test Person is asked to tell a
story about the “hero” in the picture Another projective test
Based on Murray’s personality theory People are
distinguished by the needs that motivate their behavior
©1999 Prentice Hall
The Rorschach Inkblot Test Ambiguous stimuli Person is asked to
report what they see This type of test is
called projective No clear image, so
the things you see must be “projected” from inside yourself Sample Rorschach Card
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Objective Personality Scales Answer a series of question about self
‘I am easily embarrassed’ T or F ‘I like to go to parties’ T or F
Assumes that you can accurately report There are no right or wrong answers From responses, develop a picture of you
called a ‘personality profile’
©1999 Prentice Hall
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Most widely used personality instrument Now the MMPI - 2
Clinical & Employment settings Measures aspects of personality that, if
extreme, suggest a problem e.g., extreme suspiciousness
Long test ‑ 567 questions
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Characteristics of the MMPI‑2 Has several different scales (multiphasic) Scales thought to measure different kinds of
psychological disorders e.g., depression
Scale scores indicate how you compare with others
Overall assessment is interpretive From inspecting profile of different scales
©1999 Prentice Hall
MMPI Score Profile
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MMPI Validity Scales Four scales designed to determine whether
respondent is presenting self accurately. Example: L scale (‘Fake Good’) - Trying
too hard to present self in a positive light. “I smile at everyone I meet” (T) “I read every editorial every day” (T)
©1999 Prentice Hall
“Big Five” Personality Dimensions
Extroversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness / Dependability Emotional Stability Culture / Intellect / Openness
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MMPI Sample Items I usually feel that life is worthwhile and
interesting Depression
Evil people are trying to influence my mind Paranoia
I seem to hear things that other people can’t hear Schizophrenia
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Genetic Influences on Personality Defining personality and traits. Heredity and temperament. Heredity and traits.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Genetic Influences on Personality 123 pairs of identical twins
and 127 pairs of fraternal twins
Measured on “Big Five” personality dimensions
Results suggest that personality differences in the population are 40 - 50% genetically determined.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Heredity and Temperament Temperaments
Physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways.
Present in infancy and assumed to be innate. Includes:
Reactivity Soothability Positive and Negative Emotionality
Temperaments are relatively stable over time.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Heredity and Traits Heritability
A statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.
Heritability of personality traits is about 50%. Within a group of people, about 50 % of the variation
associated with a given trait is attributable to genetic differences among individuals in the group.
Genetic predisposition is not genetic inevitability.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Environmental Influences on Personality
The power of parents. The power of peers. Situations and circumstances.
©1999 Prentice Hall
The Power of Parents The shared environment of the home has little influence
on personality. The nonshared environment is a more important
influence. Few parents have a single child-rearing style that is
consistent over time and that they use with all children. Even when parents try to be consistent in the way they
treat their children, there may be little relation between what they do and how their children turn out.
©1999 Prentice Hall
The Power of Peers Adolescent culture includes different peer
groups organized by different interests. Peer acceptance is so important to children
and adolescents that being bullied, victimized or rejected by peers is far more traumatic that punitive treatment by parents.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Situations and Circumstances People routinely reveal all of the big five traits in their
everyday behavior. Why are there variations in individual expressions of
traits? Depending on context, some behaviors are rewarded and
others are not. Reciprocal determinism
In social-cognitive theories, the two way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Reciprocal determinism
©1999 Prentice Hall
Cultural Influences on Personality Culture, values and traits. Customs in context. Aggressiveness and altruism.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Culture, Values, and Traits Culture
A program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members of a community or society, and
a set of values, beliefs and attitudes shared by most members or that community.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Culture, Values, and Traits Individualistic culture
Cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others.
Collectivistic culture Cultures in which the self is regarded as
embedded in relationships, and harmony with one’s group is prized above individual goals and wishes.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Customs in Context When culture isn’t appropriately considered,
people attribute unusual behavior to personality. Examples include bathing and tardiness.
monochronic cultures time is ordered sequentially, schedules and deadlines
values over people.
polychronic cultures Time is ordered horizontally, people valued over
schedules and deadline.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Aggressiveness
Emphasis on aggressiveness and vigilance in herding cultures, creates culture of honor.
Used to example increased likelihood of fighting in the South, and the West versus the North and Midwest
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Altruism
Culture also strong influence on moral behavior. American children were less likely to be altruistic when compared with children from Kenya, India, Mexico, the Phillipines and Okinawa.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Psychodynamic Influences on Personality
Defining key terms. Freud and psychoanalysis. Other psychodynamic approaches.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Key terms Psychodynamic theories
Explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual.
Psychoanalysis A theory of personality and method of
psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud. Emphasize unconscious motives and conflicts.
©1999 Prentice Hall
The Structure of Personality Id: Operates according to the
pleasure principle Primitive and unconscious
part of personality
Ego: Operates according to the reality principle Mediates between id and
superego
Superego: Moral ideals and conscience
©1999 Prentice Hall
Defense Mechanisms Repression Projection Displacement Reaction formation Regression Denial
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The Development of Personality Freud’s stages
Oral Anal Phallic Latency period Genital
Fixation occurs when stages aren’t resolved successfully.
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Other Psychodynamic Approaches Jungian Theory
Collective unconscious The universal memories, symbols, and
experiences of human kind, represented in the archetypes or universal
symbolic images that appear in myths, art, stories, and dreams.
2 important archetypes are maleness and females which he believed existed in both sexes.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Other Psychodynamic Approaches The Object-Relations School
Emphasizes the importance of the infants first two years of life and the baby’s formative relationships. Especially with the mother.
`Emphasized children’s needs for a powerful mother and to be in relationships.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Three scientific failings. Violating the principle of falsifiability. Drawing universal principles from the
experiences of a few atypical patients. Basing theories of personality development
on retrospective accounts and the fallible memories of patients.
Evaluating Psychodynamic Theories
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The Humanistic Approach Abraham Maslow. Carl Rodgers. Rollo May. Evaluating Humanists.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Abraham Maslow Humanist psychology
An approach that emphasizes personal growth,, resilience, and the achievement of human potential.
Peak experiences Rare moments of rapture cause by the
attainment of excellence or the experience of beauty.
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsSelf-Actualization
Physiological
Safety
Belongingness
Esteem
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Carl Rodgers
Unconditional Positive Regard A situation in which the acceptance and love
one receives from significant others is unqualified
Conditional Positive Regard A situation in which the acceptance and love
one receives from significant others is contingent upon one’s behavior
©1999 Prentice Hall
Carl Rogers’ Personality Theory
The needs for self-actualization and positive regard create a potential for conflict.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Self-Discrepancy Theory
Self-esteem is defined by the match between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves
©1999 Prentice Hall
Rollo May Shared with humanists the belief in free
will and freedom of choice but also emphasized loneliness, anxiety and alienation.
Extistentialism Free will confers on us responsibility for our
actions.
©1999 Prentice Hall
Evaluating Humanists Hard to operationally define many of the
concepts. Have added balance to the study of personality. The approach has encouraged others to focus on
“positive psychology.” The argument that we have the power to choose
our own destiny has fostered a new appreciation for resilience.