1996 ATA Annual Conf Proceedings Clothing Moskowitz

8/13/2019 1996 ATA Annual Conf Proceedings Clothing Moskowitz

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alphabetical order to highlight what may be called lexico-geographic blocs, or groups of countriesthat are in geographic proximity and also share the same lexical usage for a given item.

Following each Spanish term, a numerical proportion is given indicating the number of informantsout of the total who gave that term as their response.

Thus, in the first table,

SPAIN cinturn (6/6).

is to be interpreted as, Of the six Spaniards who were asked to give the term they used for a belt, allsix gave the term cinturn.

In a number of cases informants gave several terms as their response and not all informants answeredall questions. When informants offered several similar variants, words or letters appear inparentheses or separated by slashes. Thus, where (corbata de) lazo/lacitoappears, corbata de lazo,corbata de lacito, lazoand lacitowere given by the informants.

0.2 Observations

In these subsections the data collected are summarized and observations are made regarding clothingterminology usage.

1 BELT

1.1 Data by Country

SPAIN cinturn (6/6).

CHILE cinturn (10/11), correa (6/11).ARGENTINA cinturn (10/12), cinto (10/12).

URUGUAY cinturn (6/6), cinto (3/6).PARAGUAY cinto (5/5), cinturn (2/5).BOLIVIA cinturn (5/5).

PERU correa (15/15), cinturn (10/15).ECUADOR correa (6/6), cinturn (6/6).

COLOMBIA correa (12/14), cinturn (11/14).VENEZUELA correa (13/13), cinturn (13/13).

CUBA cinto (12/12), cinturn (7/12).

DOMIN.REP. correa (10/10), cinturn (9/10).PUERTO RICO correa (13/13), cinturn (9/13).

PANAMA correa (9/9), cinturn (4/9).COSTA RICA faja (7/7), cinturn (4/7).

NICARAGUA faja (8/8), cinturn (2/8).

HONDURAS faja (13/13), cincho (9/13).

EL SALVADOR cincho (7/7).GUATEMALA cincho (10/10).

MEXICO cinturn (17/18), cinto (17/18).


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1.2 Observations

In many Spanish-speaking countries two or more terms are used in the sense of the general, everydaybelt used as clothing (i.e. not seat belts, black belts or the WBC middleweight belt, etc.). ForHispanics in some countries, cinturntends to refer to a womans belt, often made of cloth, and theother term listed (cinto, correa, orfaja) to a mans belt, typically made of leather. However, many in

the same countries use both terms interchangeably, or only one term for both types of belts.

2 BOW TIE

2.1 Data by Country

SPAIN pajarita (10/10).CHILE humita (10/10).ARGENTINA mo(it)o (15/15).URUGUAY mo(it)o (5/6), mo(it)a (5/6).

PARAGUAY mo(it)o (5/5).BOLIVIA corbata (de) michi (6/8), corbata rozn (5/8), gato (4/8).PERU corbata michi (17/17).

ECUADOR corbata de lazo (12/18), corbatn (8/18), corbata mishi (1/18).COLOMBIA corbatn (20/20).VENEZUELA pajarita (5/10), corbatn (4/10), corbata de lacito (4/10), hayaquita (2/10).

CUBA (corbata de) lazo/lacito (15/15).

DOMIN.REP. (corbata de) lazo/lacito (6/9), chalina (4/9), corbatn (3/9).PUERTO RICO (corbata de) lazo/lacito (10/10), corbatn (2/10).PANAMA (corbata de) gat(it)o (10/10).

COSTA RICA corbatn (7/7).

NICARAGUA corbatn (7/8), (corbata de) lazo (3/8).

HONDURAS corbatn (9/9).EL SALVADOR corbatn (5/5).

GUATEMALA corbatn (8/11), (corbata de) mariposa (5/11).MEXICO (corbata de) moo (18/20), corbatn (3/20).

2.2 Observations

In Argentina and Uruguay variants such as corbata de mooand corbata moitoare also used.

In Bolivia there appears to be uncertainty as to whether roznor rosnis the correct spelling.

In Venezuela hayaquitais used in Zulia.

In the Dominican Republic chalinais primarily used in this sense by older people.

The Ecuadoran who gave corbata mishi was from Cuenca; michi/mishi/misi mean cat inQuechua/Quichua.


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3 BRA(SSIERE)

3.1 Data by Country

SPAIN sujetador (9/10), sostn (9/10).CHILE sostn (7/7).

ARGENTINA corpio (12/12), sutin (6/12).URUGUAY sutin (8/8), corpio (3/8).PARAGUAY corpio (4/4), portasenos (4/4).

BOLIVIA sostn (5/5).PERU sostn (11/12), brasier (8/12).ECUADOR sostn (7/7).

COLOMBIA brasier (14/15), sostn (10/15), ajustador (5/15).

VENEZUELA brasier (9/10), sostn (9/10).CUBA ajustador (9/9).DOMIN.REP. brasier (8/8), sostn (4/8).PUERTO RICO brasier (9/11), sostn (5/11).

PANAMA brasier (8/8), sostn (4/8).COSTA RICA brasier (10/10), tallador (7/10).

NICARAGUA brasier (6/6).

HONDURAS brasier (7/7).EL SALVADOR brasier (6/6).GUATEMALA brasier (9/9), sostn (4/9).

MEXICO brasier (12/13), sostn (8/13).

3.2 Observations

In many countries two terms compete and opinions vary as to which is the more correct, proper orsophisticated one to use.

For many Spanish-speaking Latin Americans from north of Ecuador, however, there is the perception

that brasieris the more high-class term, and sostnthe more popular term; yet there are those whoclaim the opposite. In this regionsostndoes appear to be used more by older and rural people whileyounger and urban people show a preference for brasier.

In Peru and Ecuador sostn is considered more normal usage and brasier is viewed by many assomewhat snobbish.

In Argentina corpiois the most commonly used term;sutinis sometimes used in advertising;

In Uruguaysutinis the predominant term and corpiois occasionally used by older people.

In Paraguay corpio is the preferred term among middle and upper class city dwellers for whomportasenosis considered a rustic equivalent.

In Colombia ajustador is used in the Atlantic Coast region; in the rest of the country sostn andbrasiercompete.


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In Costa Rica talladoris used mainly by older and rural people and is somewhat stigmatized; its usemay disappear in a generation or two.

4 CUFF LINKS

4.1 Data by Country

SPAIN gemelos (9/9).

CHILE colleras (11/11).ARGENTINA gemelos (13/13).URUGUAY gemelos (6/6).

PARAGUAY gemelos (4/4).

BOLIVIA gemelos (7/8), tibs (6/8).PERU gemelos (12/12).ECUADOR gemelos (8/13), broches (8/13), mancuernas (3/13).COLOMBIA mancornas (20/23), mancuernas (6/23), gemelos (4/23).

VENEZUELA yuntas (10/10).CUBA yugos (12/12).DOMIN.REP. gemelos (8/8).

PUERTO RICO yuntas (9/9).PANAMA mancuernas (8/8).COSTA RICA mancuernillas (7/7).

NICARAGUA mancuernillas (8/8).

HONDURAS mancuern(ill)as (9/11).EL SALVADOR mancuernillas (4/4).GUATEMALA mancuern(ill)as (10/10).

MEXICO mancuern(ill)as (20/20).

4.2 Observations

In Honduras, Guatemala and Mexico mancuernillasis used more often than mancuernas.

5 EARRING

5.1 Data by Country

SPAIN pendiente (12/14), zarcillo (10/14).

CHILE aro (12/12).ARGENTINA aro (18/18).

URUGUAY caravana (10/10).PARAGUAY aro (6/6).BOLIVIA arete (10/10), aro (4/10).

PERU arete (14/14).

ECUADOR arete (15/15).COLOMBIA arete (21/22), zarcillo (14/22), candonga (11/22).

VENEZUELA zarcillo (14/14), arete (6/14).CUBA arete (15/15).


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DOMIN.REP. arete (14/14), arito (9/14).

PUERTO RICO pantalla (14/14).

PANAMA arete (12/12).COSTA RICA arete (7/7).

NICARAGUA chapa (9/9).HONDURAS arito (10/11), arete (4/11).

EL SALVADOR arito (9/9), arete (5/9).GUATEMALA arete (11/11), arito (5/11).MEXICO arete (17/17).

5.2 Observations

In Spainzarcilloappears to be typical of the south.

In the Dominican Republic some consider arito to be incorrect and typical of rustic, Cibaeospeech.

6 GLASSES

6.1 Data by Country

SPAIN gafas (7/7).

CHILE anteojos (5/5), lentes (3/5).

ARGENTINA anteojos (7/7), lentes (7/7).URUGUAY lentes (8/8), anteojos (2/8).PARAGUAY anteojos (5/5), lentes (4/5).

BOLIVIA lentes (9/9), anteojos (6/9).

PERU lentes (10/10), anteojos (8/10).

ECUADOR lentes (4/5), anteojos (3/5).COLOMBIA gafas (9/9), anteojos (5/9), lentes (2/9).

VENEZUELA lentes (9/9).CUBA espejuelos (7/7).DOMIN.REP. lentes (9/9), espejuelos (7/9).

PUERTO RICO espejuelos (9/9), lentes (3/9).PANAMA lentes (7/9), anteojos (5/9).

COSTA RICA anteojos (7/7), lentes (3/7).NICARAGUA anteojos (7/7), lentes (2/7).

HONDURAS anteojos (12/12), lentes (6/12).

EL SALVADOR anteojos (5/5), lentes (4/5).GUATEMALA lentes (8/8), anteojos (6/8).

MEXICO lentes (14/15), anteojos (12/15).

6.2 Observations

In much of Hispanic Latin America there is a fairly healthy competition between lentesand anteojoswith the former tending to be favored by the younger generations and the latter sounding a bit old-fashioned in some countries. However, there are those who claim that anteojosis the correct termfor eyeglasses often using the argument that lentesrefers to the lenses.


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Spain and Colombia use gafas in the sense of (corrective) eyeglasses whereas in most countriesthis term would refer to sunglasses or goggles.

The Hispanic Antilles form a bloc with the use of espejuelos, but there is evidence to suggest thatlentes is gaining popularity among younger people at the expense of espejuelos, a term which for

some Cubans, Dominicans and Puerto Ricans is beginning to sound old-fashioned.

7 HANGER (COAT HANGER)

7.1 Data by Country

SPAIN percha (8/8).CHILE colgador (11/14), gancho (8/14).ARGENTINA percha (15/15).URUGUAY percha (6/6).

PARAGUAY percha (5/5).BOLIVIA colgador (7/7).PERU colgador (13/15), gancho (10/15).

ECUADOR armador (14/14).COLOMBIA gancho (17/17).VENEZUELA gancho (8/8).

CUBA perchero (14/14).

DOMIN.REP. gancho (9/12), percha (7/12).PUERTO RICO gancho (8/8).PANAMA gancho (8/8).

COSTA RICA gancho (6/6).

NICARAGUA percha (8/8).

HONDURAS gancho (8/8).EL SALVADOR gancho (7/7).

GUATEMALA sercha (10/10).MEXICO gancho (15/15).

7.2 Observations

Some Guatemalans believe their word for hanger is spelledzercha.

8 JACKET(forsport jacketsee sect. 18)

8.1 Data by Country

SPAIN chaqueta (4/4).

CHILE chaqueta (6/6), campera (2/6).

ARGENTINA campera (7/7).URUGUAY campera (6/6).

PARAGUAY campera (6/6), chaqueta (5/6).BOLIVIA chamarra (7/7).


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PERU casaca (10/10).

ECUADOR chaqueta (4/4), chompa (4/4).

COLOMBIA chaqueta (7/8), chompa (5/8).VENEZUELA chaqueta (6/6).

CUBA jacket (4/5), chaqueta (2/5).DOMIN.REP. jacket (4/6), chaqueta (2/6).

PUERTO RICO jacket (6/6).PANAMA jacket (5/5).COSTA RICA jacket (7/7), chaqueta (4/7).

NICARAGUA chaqueta (7/7), chumpa (2/7).HONDURAS chumpa (11/11).EL SALVADOR chumpa (5/5), jacket (1/5).

GUATEMALA chumpa (9/9), chaqueta (4/9).

MEXICO chamarra (11/11).

8.2 Observations

In many countries there are people who distinguish between a chaquetaand the other term listed(campera, chamarra, chumpa, etc.) claiming that one is warmer or more rain-resistant than the other,but many people in the same countries do not distinguish the two terms.

In Chile camperaappears to be a fairly recent linguistic borrowing from Argentine Spanish.

In the countries where jacket is used, it is generally pronounced /YA-que/ or /YA-quer/. In CostaRica it seems to be feminine, una jacket (perhaps because chaqueta is feminine), whereas in theHispanic Antilles it seems to be masculine, un jacket(following the general trend to make foreignloan words that do not end in amasculine). More research needs to be done to determine jacketsprevailing gender in the different countries where it is used.

9 JEANS

9.1 Data by Country

SPAIN vaqueros (9/9), tejanos (6/9).CHILE jeans (6/6).

ARGENTINA jeans (7/9), vaqueros (7/9).URUGUAY jeans (7/8), vaqueros (7/8).

PARAGUAY jeans (5/5), vaqueros (5/5).

BOLIVIA jeans (6/8), wanglers (6/8), vaqueros (2/8).PERU jeans (10/10).

ECUADOR jeans (6/6).COLOMBIA jeans (5/5).VENEZUELA jeans (6/6).

CUBA jeans (7/9), pitusa (6/9).

DOMIN.REP. jeans (8/10), fuerte azul (8/10).PUERTO RICO mahones (9/9).

PANAMA jeans (5/7), diablo fuerte (4/7).COSTA RICA jeans (8/8), pantaln de mezclilla (5/8), caballo (2/8), ruco (2/8).


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Hispanic Latin Americans tend to disagree on whether the word should be written piyamaorpijama,but they almost all agree that it is pronounced /pi-YA-ma/, with one of the allophones of the /y/phoneme being used, depending on region. Two informants from Quito, who used the /ll/ phoneme,which in that city is distinct from /y/ and pronounced like a soft English g or , were the onlyexceptions.

In the Southern Cone people say el piyama, and from Ecuador to the north la piyama. In Bolivia andPeru the two genders compete, with some educated speakers insisting that only the masculine genderis correct (perhaps because the Dictionary of the Spanish Royal Academy prefers el pijama, which

conforms to Peninsular usage).

In Cuba, Puerto Rico, Honduras and Guatemala the word is often pronounced /pa-YA-ma/, and againthe allophone of the /y/ phoneme that is used depends on region. In Guatemala it is pronounced withashor sound.Payamais seldom spelled, but appears to derive from U.S. Englishpajamas, whereaspiyamaandpijamaderive from British Englishpyjamas.

12 POCKET

12.1 Data by Country

SPAIN bolsillo (3/3).CHILE bolsillo (3/3).

ARGENTINA bolsillo (3/3).

URUGUAY bolsillo (3/3).PARAGUAY bolsillo (2/2).BOLIVIA bolsillo (4/4).

PERU bolsillo (4/4).

ECUADOR bolsillo (3/3).

COLOMBIA bolsillo (3/3).VENEZUELA bolsillo (6/6).

CUBA bolsillo (5/5).DOMIN.REP. bolsillo (4/4).PUERTO RICO bolsillo (7/7).

PANAMA bolsillo (6/6).COSTA RICA bolsa (8/8).

NICARAGUA bolsa (7/7).HONDURAS bolsa (8/8).

EL SALVADOR bolsa (7/7).

GUATEMALA bolsa (7/7).MEXICO bolsa (12/13), bolsillo (6/13).

12.2 Observations

In Mexico and most of Central America bolsacan mean pocket, and bolsillocan refer to a smallpocket, such as the one inside the pocket of some pairs of pants.


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13 SHOE LACE


SPAIN cordn (7/7).CHILE cordn (10/10).

ARGENTINA cordn (15/15).URUGUAY cordn (5/5).PARAGUAY cordn (5/5).

BOLIVIA huato (8/11), cordn (6/11), trenza (3/11).PERU pasador (16/16).ECUADOR pasador (13/20), cordn (12/20).

COLOMBIA cordn (18/18).

VENEZUELA trenza (13/17), cordn (8/17).CUBA cordn (11/11).DOMIN.REP. cordn (9/9).PUERTO RICO cabete (11/17), gabete (9/17).

PANAMA cordn (9/9).COSTA RICA cordn (6/6).

NICARAGUA cordn (8/8).

HONDURAS cordn (9/9).EL SALVADOR cinta (8/8).GUATEMALA correa (9/11), cinta (8/11).

MEXICO agujeta (18/21), cinta (9/21), cordn (6/21).

13.2 Observations

Educated speakers throughout the Spanish-speaking world recognize cordnand, even in the sevenor eight countries in which it is not the most commonly used term, if you add the modifier de

zapatos, then you should have no trouble making yourself understood.

In Bolivia huatois used in the Altiplano, trenzain the Oriente, and cordnis used in both regions asa sophisticated equivalent, especially by those who do not wish to be associated with Indians or thepopular classes.

In Ecuadorpasadoris used in the southern part of the country, both Costa and Sierra, and cordnisused in the northern part.

In Venezuela cordnis used more in the western part of the country (including Maracaibo), whereastrenzais more popular in the central and eastern parts of the country (including Caracas).

In Puerto Rico cabeteandgabetecompete. There is a perception among the educated, however, thatcabete(which derives from cabo) is the more correct term, whilegabeteis the popular variant. ManyPuerto Ricans, when asked, believe the terms to be spelled with a v, especiallygavete(perhaps due tothe existence of the wordgaveta).

In Mexico agujetais used in the central part of the country including the Distrito Federal, cintain thenorth and cordnin the south.


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14 SHOE POLISH


SPAIN betn (11/11), crema (7/11).

CHILE betn (11/13), pasta (10/13).ARGENTINA pomada (19/20), betn (9/20).URUGUAY pomada (9/9), betn (3/9).

PARAGUAY betn (5/5).BOLIVIA crema (10/12), betn (7/12).PERU betn (19/20), pomada (13/20).

ECUADOR bacerola (15/17), betn (11/17).

COLOMBIA betn (17/17).VENEZUELA crema (9/12), betn (8/12).CUBA betn (13/14), pasta (6/14).DOMIN.REP. pasta (11/11), betn (5/11).

PUERTO RICO betn (10/10).PANAMA betn (10/10).COSTA RICA betn (6/6).

NICARAGUA pasta (9/9).HONDURAS chinola (13/13), betn (6/13).EL SALVADOR pasta (7/7).

GUATEMALA pasta (9/12), chinola (9/12).

MEXICO grasa (17/17).

14.2 Observations

In the countries where betn competes with another term such as pomada, crema, etc., betn is

considered the fancier term and the other term the more popular one.

In El Salvador, and for some people in Guatemala, chinola (from the brand Shinola) is used torefer to liquid shoe polish.

15 SLIP


SPAIN combinacin (10/10), enagua* (6/10), viso (3/10).CHILE enagua (6/6), combinacin (1/6).

ARGENTINA enagua (10/11), combinacin (9/11).URUGUAY viso (6/6), enagua (1/6).PARAGUAY viso (5/5), enagua* (4/5).

BOLIVIA combinacin (6/6), enagua (6/6), fustn (4/6).

PERU enagua* (13/13), fustn (13/13).ECUADOR enagua* (13/13), combinacin (7/13).

COLOMBIA enagua* (11/11), fondo* (9/11), combinacin (7/11), mediofondo (2/11), nagua(2/11).


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VENEZUELA fondo (8/8), peinador (2/8 viejos).

CUBA sayuela* (10/10), refajo (7/10), enagua (2/10).

DOMIN.REP. refajo (8/8), mediofondo* (7/8).PUERTO RICO enagua* (11/11), refajo (5/11).

PANAMA peticote (8/10), (e)nagua (6/10).COSTA RICA fustn* (9/9), chingo* (9/9) combinacin (5/9).

NICARAGUA fustn* (8/8), combinacin (2/8).HONDURAS saya* (9/9), fustn* (6/9), forro (7/9), combinacin (3/9), refajo* (3/9), nagua (2/9).EL SALVADOR fustn* (7/7), combinacin (5/7).

GUATEMALA fustn* (8/9), combinacin (7/9).MEXICO fondo (10/11), mediofondo* (5/11), fustn (2/11).

15.2 Observations

In many Hispanic countries there are in theory two separate terms for slip, one for the full-length slipand another for the half-length one. To the extent that the distinction is made, the terms that refer tothe half-length slip are marked with an asterisk (*), and the other term listed is the full-length slip.

The use of the full-length slip, however, is becoming less and less common among the youngergenerations and they consequently tend not to make the distinction. Terms with modifiers, such asenagua de cintura, are also used to specify a half-length slip.

In Spain the distinction between half-length slip, enagua, and full-length slip, combinacin, used toexist, but today younger and urban Spaniards increasingly use combinacin to refer to the half-length slip and the term enaguais used primarily in small towns and by the elderly.

In Bolivia fustnis used in the Oriente and is often pronounced /jus-TAN/, particularly among thepopular classes.

In Panam peticote is considered to be the proper term by city dwellers for whom enagua and

naguaare considered rustic.

In Costa Rica chingo is used primarily by the elderly and in the countryside and is considered asomewhat vulgar term by many middle and upper class urban dwellers for whom fustn is thepreferred term.

In Mexicofustnmay be used in certain regions of the country more than others.

16 SNEAKERS


SPAIN zapatillas (5/11), playeros/as (5/11), tenis (5/11), bambas (4/11), deportivas (4/11).CHILE zapatillas (10/10).

ARGENTINA zapatillas (14/14).

URUGUAY championes (8/8), zapatillas (3/8).PARAGUAY championes (6/6).

BOLIVIA tenis (9/11), kits (9/11).PERU zapatillas (18/18).


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ECUADOR zapatos de caucho (11/15), zapatos de lona (7/15), tenis (7/15), zapatillas (3/15).

COLOMBIA tenis (16/16).

VENEZUELA zapatos de goma orgomas (11/11).CUBA tenis (16/16), popis (8/16).

DOMIN.REP. tenis (9/9).PUERTO RICO tenis (10/10).

PANAMA zapatillas (10/10).COSTA RICA tenis (7/7).

NICARAGUA tenis (8/8).

HONDURAS tenis (8/8).EL SALVADOR tenis (7/7).GUATEMALA tenis (6/6).

MEXICO tenis (16/16).

16.2 Observations

In Spain the different terms appear to be regionally distributed and can refer to different types of

sneakers in the different regions.Bambasis often written wambas.

In Ecuador zapato de cauchois used in Guayaquil, tenis and zapatillasin the northern and central

Sierra by the upper and popular classes, respectively, and zapatos de lonaappears to be frequentlyused in Cuenca.

17 SOCK


SPAIN calcetn (7/7).

CHILE calcetn (12/12).ARGENTINA media (14/14).

URUGUAY media (5/5).PARAGUAY media (3/3).BOLIVIA media (9/11), calcetn (9/11).

PERU media (14/14).ECUADOR media (13/13).

COLOMBIA media (19/21), calcetn (6/21).VENEZUELA media (17/19), calcetn (6/19).

CUBA media (13/13).

DOMIN.REP. media (9/9).PUERTO RICO media (10/10).

PANAMA media (8/8).COSTA RICA media (8/8).

NICARAGUA calcetn (11/11).

HONDURAS calcetn/calceta (13/13).

EL SALVADOR calcetn/calceta (7/7).GUATEMALA calcetn/calceta (11/11).

MEXICO calcetn/calceta (20/20).


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17.2 Observations

Media is the most commonly used term in the Hispanic Antilles, most of South America, andsouthern Central America.

Calcetnis used in Spain, Chile, Bolivia, Mexico, and central and northern Central America.

In Bolivia some use calcetnto refer to a shorter sock, typically worn by men, and mediato a longersock, often worn by women.

In Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico calcetasrefer to knee-high socks, typically wornby women, or to athletic tube socks.

18 SPORT JACKET(forjacketsee sect. 8)


SPAIN americana (9/9), chaqueta (8/9).CHILE chaqueta (10/11), vestn (9/11), palet (4/11).

ARGENTINA saco (11/11).URUGUAY saco (6/6).PARAGUAY saco (4/4).

BOLIVIA saco (5/5).

PERU saco (10/10).ECUADOR saco (10/10), chaqueta (4/10).COLOMBIA saco (10/15), chaqueta (5/15).

VENEZUELA palt (9/10), saco (6/10), chaqueta (3/10).

CUBA saco (9/10), chaqueta (4/10).

DOMIN.REP. saco (7/7).PUERTO RICO gabn (9/10), chaqueta (4/10), saco (1/10).

PANAMA saco (6/6).COSTA RICA saco (4/4).

NICARAGUA saco (4/4).

HONDURAS saco (7/7).EL SALVADOR saco (4/4).

GUATEMALA saco (6/6).MEXICO saco (8/8).

18.2 Observations

In Chile vestnis used more by middle-aged people and the elderly and is beginning to sound a bitold-fashioned to younger Chileans who tend to use chaqueta.Paletis used only by the elderly andappears to be falling into disuse.


17/20

17

19 SUIT


SPAIN traje (6/6).CHILE terno (8/8).

ARGENTINA traje (9/9).URUGUAY traje (5/5).PARAGUAY traje (4/4).

BOLIVIA terno (7/7).PERU terno (13/13).ECUADOR terno (10/10).

COLOMBIA vestido (11/12), traje (3/12).

VENEZUELA flux (8/8), traje (5/8).CUBA traje (8/8).DOMIN.REP. traje (9/9), flu (4/9).PUERTO RICO traje (6/7), gabn (4/7).

PANAMA vestido (4/7). saco y pantaln (2/7), saco completo (1/7), traje (1/7).COSTA RICA vestido entero (8/8), traje entero (4/8).

NICARAGUA traje (8/10), vestido entero (4/10).

HONDURAS traje (completo) (9/9).EL SALVADOR traje (5/5), vestido entero (3/5).GUATEMALA traje (9/9), tacuche (8/9).

MEXICO traje (11/11).

19.2 Observations

In the countries that use vestido in the sense of a mans suit, modifiers such as entero and paracaballeroare sometimes added to distinguish it from the vestidos(dresses) used by women.

For some Venezuelans trajeis a womans suit;fluxa mans suit.

In the Dominican Republicfluis used mainly by older people.

In Guatemala the use of tacucheis considered less formal and more guatemalteco than traje.

20 SWEATER


SPAIN jersey (6/6), suter (6/6).CHILE chaleco/a (6/6), suter (6/6), chomba (6/6).ARGENTINA pulver (8/8), suter (8/8).

URUGUAY pulver (7/7), suter (7/7), buzo (4/7).

PARAGUAY pulver (5/5), suter (5/5), tricota (4/5).BOLIVIA chompa (7/7), suter (6/7).

PERU chompa (9/9).ECUADOR suter (4/4), saco (3/4).


18/20

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COLOMBIA suter (5/5), saco (4/5).

VENEZUELA suter (5/5).

CUBA suter (3/5), abrigo (3/5).DOMIN.REP. abrigo (4/4), suter (1/4).

PUERTO RICO suter (3/4), abrigo (1/4).PANAMA abrigo (5/6), suter (1/6).

COSTA RICA suter (5/5), abrigo (2/5).NICARAGUA suter (4/4).HONDURAS suter (6/6).

EL SALVADOR suter (3/3).GUATEMALA suter (5/5).MEXICO suter (5/5).

20.2 Observations

In many of the countries in which two or more terms are used in the sense of sweater, many peopledistinguish between different types of sweaters, such as closed sweaters vs. cardigans, or heavier

sweaters vs. lighter sweaters, but many times the distinctions are blurred and the terms are usedinterchangeably.

In Spain rebecarefers to a type of open sweater with buttons down the front.

In Chile a chombatends to refer to a rougher, heavier sweater, sometimes a turtleneck, that is oftenused in the countryside. Chaleco/ais a fancier sweater, often with buttons; chalecois considered tobe the correct form, and chaleca the incorrect, vulgar form. Suter is a sweater in general (theanglicism is starting to compete with the more traditional terms).

The article of clothing is less common in tropical climates and some people from the HispanicAntilles living in the United States pronounced the word as if it were writtensueraorsueda(derived

orally from the U.S. English pronunciation of sweater), and they made it feminine. More researchneeds to be done to determine the extent to which this variant is used by Hispanics both in Latin

America and in the United States.

21 SWIMSUIT


SPAIN baador (12/13), traje de bao (12/13).

CHILE traje de bao (9/9).ARGENTINA malla (14/14), traje de bao (7/14).

URUGUAY malla (9/9), traje de bao (9/9).PARAGUAY malla (5/5), traje de bao (5/5).BOLIVIA malla (10/10), ropa de bao (5/10).

PERU ropa de bao (19/19).

ECUADOR pantaln de bao (15/19), terno de bao (14/19).COLOMBIA vestido de bao (17/18), traje de bao (6/18).

VENEZUELA traje de bao (8/8).CUBA trusa (13/13).


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DOMIN.REP. traje de bao (7/7).

PUERTO RICO traje de bao (10/10).

PANAMA vestido de bao (10/10).COSTA RICA vestido de bao (7/7).

NICARAGUA vestido de bao (12/12), calzoneta (12/12).HONDURAS traje de bao (11/11), calzoneta (8/11).

EL SALVADOR calzoneta (7/7), traje de bao (3/7).GUATEMALA calzoneta (9/10), traje de bao (7/10).MEXICO traje de bao (14/14).

21.2 Observations

Traje de baois the term used in beauty pageants and is, in some sense, the international standard

and the official term. Many countries, however, have regional terms that are often used in place oftraje de bao, especially in less formal language.

In some countries where terms compete there are people who use different terms to refer to a mansand a womans swimsuit, but there are also those who make no such distinction and use both termsinterchangeably or only one term for both types of swimsuit.

For some in Spain baador refers to a mans bathing suit and traje de bao is a womans bathingsuit.

In Peru trusa is also used to refer to a mans swimsuit (if they are trunks) and in both Peru andCuba many believe the term to be spelled truza.

For some Ecuadoranspantaln de baois the article used by men and terno de baois the one usedby women. However, many Costeos use onlypantaln de baofor both articles and many Serranosuse only terno de baofor both.

In Nicaragua vestido de baorefers to a womans swimsuit and calzonetato a mans.

In Honduras calzoneta also refers specifically to a mans swimsuit (generally of the swimmingtrunks variety) whereas traje de baocan refer to either a mans or womans swimsuit.In El Salvador and Guatemala calzonetarefers to either a mans or a womans swimsuit and is usedmore often than traje de bao.

22 ZIPPER


SPAIN cremallera (8/8).CHILE cierre (10/10).

ARGENTINA cierre (18/18).

URUGUAY cierre (4/4).PARAGUAY cierre (5/5).

BOLIVIA cierre (6/6).PERU cierre (14/14).


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ECUADOR cierre (14/14).

COLOMBIA cremallera (15/21), cierre (14/21), corredera (4/21), zipper (3/21).

VENEZUELA cierre (10/11), rache (5/11).CUBA zipper (12/12).

DOMIN.REP. zipper (9/10), ri-ra (4/10).PUERTO RICO zipper (10/10).

PANAMA zipper (7/7).COSTA RICA zipper (6/6).

NICARAGUA zipper (7/7).

HONDURAS zipper (8/8).EL SALVADOR zipper (7/7).GUATEMALA zipper (6/6).

MEXICO cierre (17/20), zipper (10/20).

22.2 Observations

Cierre clair (pronounced as if it were written cierre cler) in Chile and cierre relmpago in

Argentina were used in the past, but the younger generations now almost invariably shorten these tocierre.

In Colombia corredera and zipper are used primarily in the Atlantic coast region whereas in theinterior cremalleraand cierreare more frequent.

In Venezuela racheis used primarily in Zulia.

In the Domincan Republic the younger generations use zipper almost exclusively. Some olderDominicans use ri-ra.

There is some evidence that zipper is used more in northern Mexico than in southern and central

Mexico.

Zipperis pronounced /SI-per/.

1996 ATA Annual Conf Proceedings Clothing Moskowitz

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Transcript of 1996 ATA Annual Conf Proceedings Clothing Moskowitz