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1991 Pinatubo Volcanic Simulation Using ATHAM Model Song Guo, William I Rose, Gregg J S Bluth...
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Transcript of 1991 Pinatubo Volcanic Simulation Using ATHAM Model Song Guo, William I Rose, Gregg J S Bluth...
![Page 1: 1991 Pinatubo Volcanic Simulation Using ATHAM Model Song Guo, William I Rose, Gregg J S Bluth Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan Co-Workers.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649ead5503460f94bb5087/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1991 Pinatubo Volcanic Simulation Using ATHAM Model
Song Guo, William I Rose, Gregg J S Bluth
Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
Co-Workers
Christiane Textor1, Hans-F. Graf1, Michael Herzorg2
1Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany2University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Photos of Volcanic Plume from Mt. Pinatubo Eruption
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Outline
• Introduction and Motivation
• Summary of initial input parameters for ATHAM model simulation
• Simulation results from model ATHAM
• Comparison with satellite observation
• Future Work and Outlook
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Introduction and Motivation
• Why is remote sensing useful to study volcanic plumes and their interaction with the atmosphere?
• Why is modeling work needed to study volcanic plumes and their interaction with atmosphere?
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Why Pinatubo? (Objective)
• Pinatubo eruption is the largest eruption of the satellite remote sensing era (Hourly GMS, AVHRR, TOMS)
• Pinatubo eruption had the largest global environmental and climatic impacts
• Pinatubo eruption had the largest impact on stratospheric ozone depletion
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Objective (continue)•Some results from ATHAM can be compared with satellite observations – shape of the plume – movement of the plume – gas phase SO2 amount – gas and particle separation• Some model results cannot be measured by satellite observations
- H2O entrained from the ambient air - microphysics process - ash-hydrometer aggregation - volcanic gas scavenging
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Brief Introduction to ATHAM(Active Tracer High Resolution Atmospheric Model)
• 3d formulated (2d Cartesian coordinates, 2d cylindrical coordinates)
• 127 × 127 (× 127) grid points
• model domain: 50 km vertical, 200 km horizontal
• simulation time: several hours
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Brief Introduction to ATHAM (Assumptions)
• Dynamic equilibrium
• Thermal equilibrium
• Ash is an active cloud or ice condensation nuclei
• Ash is covered with water or ice is treated as a pure hydrometeors
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Brief Introduction to ATHAM (Modules)
• Dynamics: transport of gas-particle-mixture including tracers (advection and thermodynamics)
• Turbulence: entrainment of ambient air
• Microphysics: development of ash-hydrometeorss
• Scavenging: redistribution of volcanic gases in hydrometeors
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GMS Images Showing the Growth and Movement of Volcanic Plume from Holasek et al., 1996, JGR, Vol. 101, No. B12, 27,635-27,655
• The Plume is quite symmetrical for ~ 2-3 hrs after eruption
• The Plume expends ~100km/hr (~80km/hr)for the first (second) hour after eruption
• The Plume is heavily influenced by Typhoon Yuya after 2-3 hrs after eruption
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Summary of Input Parameters to ATHAM
2d cylindrical coordinate simulation is used:
• simulation time : 120 min.
• duration of eruption: 180 min
Geometry of the volcano:
• mountain height: 1200m
• diameter of the crater: 680m
Volcanic forcing:
• magma temperature: 1073K
• eruption velocity: 360 m/s
• mass eruption rate: 4.5×108kg/s
• density of ash: 1100 kg/m3
Ash size distribution:
• 2 classes of gamma distribution
• radius of smaller ash particle: 25m
• radius of larger ash particle: 90m
Weight percentage:
• small and large particles : 46% each
• gas (water vapor): 8% (6.4%)
Atmospheric Profile:
• no real time observation
• combine pre-eruption in-situ and nearby real-time sounding observation (no hurricane effect is considered for first 2 hours simulation)
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Sounding Profiles Standard Tropical Profile
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Wind Speed
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Mt. Pinatubo Volcanic Plume Altitude from Holasek et al., (1996)
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Highest Plume Altitude from ATHAM Simulation
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Vertical Wind Distribution with the Larger Plume Height Simulation
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Vertical Wind Distribution with Pinatubo Initial Conditions (19 min.)
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In Situ Temperature Anomalous after 6 minutes of eruption
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Total Ash Particles (19 minutes after eruption)
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Total Ash Particles after 55 minutes of eruption
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Total Ash Particles after 115 minutes of eruption
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Ash Particle Results After 19 Minutes Eruption
(a) Sum Small Ash (b) Sum Large Ash
© Gas Fraction (d) Ice
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Ash Particle Results after 55 Minutes of Eruption
(a) Sum Small Ash (b) Sum Large Ash
© Gas Fraction (d) Ice
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Ash Particle Results After 115 Minutes of Eruption
(a) Sum Small Ash (b) Sum Large Ash
© Gas Fraction (d) Ice
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Schematic of Microphysics Processes in Volcanic Plume
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Hydrometeor Results After 19 Minutes of Eruption
(a) Water Vapor (b) Cloud Water
© Cloud Ice (d) Graupel
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Hydrometeor Results After 55 Minutes of Eruption
(a) Water Vapor (b) Cloud Water
© Cloud Ice (d) Graupel
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Hydrometeor Results After 115 Minutes of Eruption
(a) Water Vapor (b) Cloud Water
© Cloud Ice (d) Graupel
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SO2 Scavenging Results After 19 Minutes of Eruption
(a) gas phase SO2 (b) SO2 in cloud water
© SO2 in cloud ice (d) SO2 in graupel
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SO2 Scavenging Results After 55 Minutes of Eruption
(a) gas phase SO2 (b) SO2 in cloud water
© SO2 in cloud ice (d) SO2 in graupel
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SO2 Scavenging Results After 115 Minutes of Eruption
(a) gas phase SO2 (b) SO2 in cloud water
© SO2 in cloud ice (d) SO2 in graupel
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Summary of intermediate results
• Ice phase hydrometeors (ash-hydrometeor aggregations) are dominant, larger ash particles travel horizontally faster than small ones
• The Plume’s horizontal travelling velocity (most probably caused by gravity) is quite consistent with the satellite image
• Gas phase volcanic gases (SO2, HCl, H2S) coexist with different gas-hydrometeor mixtures
• Vertical falling particle velocity increases due to the ash-hydrometeor aggregation
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Summary of intermediate results (continue)
• No significant gas-particle separation is observed.• Possible explanations: - 2d symmetrical simulation (no wind effect included)
- simulation time is too short
- no typhoon Yunya influence yet
• Plume height is lower than Holasek et al. (1996) suggest.• Possible explanations: - according to the dynamic, turbulent, microphysics processes considered, the plume cannot reach ~40km with the known eruption rate
- uncertainties from initial input conditions (atmospheric temperature profile, vent temperature and diameter, weight percentage …)
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Outlook and Future Work• 2d cartesian coordinate simulation (wind effect) is needed, especially
for longer simulation with potential influence from typhoon Yunya
• 3d simulation is necessary for a more realistic and better description
• assemble and confirm initial input conditions more precisely, with sensitivity tests to match the plume with the satellite results
• laboratory study of incorporation and adsorption of volcanic gases into ash-hydrometeor aggregates
• comparison of gas phase SO2 with TOMS results, and considering SO2 releases due to ice sublimation, to study the variation and fate of SO2 in the volcanic cloud
• comparison of ash property results with AVHRR and TOMS results more in detail
• study the large particle removal rate by increasing the particle size
• if possible, use a regional chemical model to further study SO2 transportation
• add more tracers (?)