1979 SOLAR ECLIPSE * ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES …2M. G. Heaps, 1978, The 1979 Solar Eclipse and...

ASL-TR-0059 IADReports Controi SymbolOSD-1366

1979 SOLAR ECLIPSE

PART I* ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LABORATORY

FIELD PROGRAM SUMMARY

By

MAY 1980 MELVIN G. HEAPSROBERT 0. OLSEN

US Army Atmospheric Sciences LaboratoryElectronics Research and Development Command

White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002

WARREN BERNINGJOHN CROSS

ARTHUR GILCREASEPhysical Science LaboratoryNew Mexico State University

Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

0--US Army Electronics Research and Development Command

ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LABORATORYWhite Sands Missile Range, NM 88002

80 72 8 8

NMI

NOTICES

AN

Disclaimers

The findings in this report are not to be construed as anofficial Department of the Army position, unless so desig-nated by other authorized documents.

The citation of trade name and names of manufacturers inthis renort is not to be construed as official Governmentindursement or approval of commercial products or servicesreferenced herein.

3

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Destroy this report when it is no longer needed. Do not

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UNSTRUMOlNS.:,BFO COUPLETJN61701R

REP,"7 a MBE2. GOVT ACCESSION No. 3. RECIPIE *'S CATALOG NUMBER

-4 ~S. TYPEfi

3AW SOLAR ECLIPSE 9~F~OPRa~CVL PRT I ioATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LABORATORY i _ TIELD,,PRO-GRAM SUMMARY,

L 7.AUTHOR(a) 6 71 . CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(sJ

Melvin Li./Heaps IRobqrt 0./0O1s e n i> sW.- Warren/Be ninga4dohn ross WArtu/ice

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELE NTPROCT, TASK

Atmuspheric Sciences Laboratory/White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico 88002/ PA Task Nolll 2B3

111. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRI:SS

US Army Electronics Research (/. May W080and Development Command 13 .BR0 PAGES z

Adel phi, MI) 20783 2514. MONITORI ME & ADDRESS(If different from Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)

UNCLASSIFIEDI~.DECL ASSI FICATION/ DOWNGRADINGSCHEDULE

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered In Block 20, It different from Report)

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESA

19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side If necessary and identify by block ntmbr) -

Solar eclipse Electron densityD-region Measurements program

-Middle atmosphere Rocket probes

'.ABSTRACT CCoaite am revers st'v H neeay Aid identify br block numiber)

The 26 February 1979 solar eclipse provided a unique opportunity to investi-gate the properties of the middle atmosphere, including the lower ionospheric

Dregi on, durn a ucnt day- night?-day transition. The AtmosphericSciences Laboratory (ASL) assisted in coordinating a muitiagency field experi-ment programi which encompassed a wide range of effort. Experiments carriedout durinq the several-day period centering on the eclipse were characterizedby an uncsually high degree of success. Nineteen small sounding rockets ap_-?

DI Fl~ 73 EITION OF I NOV G5 IS OBSOLETE 1SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Date Entered)

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(Wan Data Entered)

ABSTRACT (cont)

14 large rockets were launched without'.a major experimental failure.Ground-based measurements provided additional information. Of particularinterest to the Army is the investigation of electron attachment/detachmentprocesses in the D region which in turn have a bearing on ELF, VLF, and HFcfnications, BMD radar systems, and atmospheric deionization in thepost-nuclear-burst atmosphere. This report is Part I of a series and isrprimarily concerned with providing a summary of the 1979 Solar Eclipse Field

Program and sponsored experiments. Part. II will provide an account of thexperimental data acquired by the ASL experiments, and a subsequent Part III

will detail the atmospheric modeling efforts using the data from the 1979solar eclipse.

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I-_- EUIT LSIIAIN FTI AI'~e ~ Ef~d

ACKNOWLEDe4ENTS

Much of the background material which has gone into this report and much- of the initial preparation for the 1979 Solar Eclipse Field Program have

been performed for the Atnospheric Sciences Laboratory by the PhysicalScience Laboratory, New Mexico State University, under contractDAAD07-78-C-0058. The success of any large field program depends on thecooperation and effort of a great many people. The authors especiallythank the Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory launch crews and the PhysicalScience Laboratory support personnel and also express appreciation forthe cooperation extended by the National Research Council of Canada, theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Air ForceGeophysics Laboratory.

Accession For

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F ~INTRODUCTION ............................................ 7

BACKGROUND FIELD PROGRAM INFORMATION. ...................... 8

Site Locations...................... ... .. . .. . ... .. . . . ..... 8

Rocket Designations.......................... ......... 10

OVERVIEW OF LAUNCH SCHEDULE AND TYPES OF DATA AVAILABLE ............. 10

A SL SPONSORED EFFORTS ............. .............. ..... ..... 16J

Payload A1 ....... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ... . .. ......... 16

P ayl oad B1.. ....... . ....... .. .. .. . ........... 18

Electron Density and Lyman Alpha Probes ..................... 19

Gerdien Probes...................................... 20

Blunt Probe ( Super Arcas) ... .. . .. ....................... 21

Me teorol ogi cal Probes ...................................... 21

Blunt Probes .............. . . ......... ... ............ 22

Partial Refl ection Sounder. ........ ... . .. .. .......... ... 22

SUM4MARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................................... 23

REFERENCES.................................................. 25

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INTRODUCTION

The total solar eclipse of 26 February 1979 passed over the NorthAmerican Continent on a path which crossed the states of Oregon,Washington, Idaho, and Montana and the Canadian provinces of Manitobaand Ontario. This eclipse was the last total solar eclipse which couldbe observed from North America this century and presented the oppor-tunity to mount a coordinated field program without formidable logisti-cal cost.

The US Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory (ASL) assisted in coordinat-ing the 1979 Solar Eclipse Field Program in conjunction with theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Air ForceGeophysics Laboratory (AFGL), and the National Research Council ofCanada (NRC). Rarely has such a degree of success been attained as wasreached by this program. Of approximately 80 separate measurements madeinvolving 33 sounding rockets, only 2 yielded substantially less datathan planned. Subsequent analyses will yield complementary sets of datafrom what may well prove to be the best set of coordinated middle atno-spheric measurements of the seventies decade.

One major objective of the Solar Eclipse Program is to obtain sets ofcomplementary measurements in the D region of the lower ionosphere (60to 90 km) which can be compared with simulated data from appropriateatmospheric modeling codes, thus either validating the models or sug-gesting new processes which should be included. The need for thecurrent sets of measurements and the implications of past measurementson Army communications and defense systems have been detailed in pre-vious reports.' 3

The absence of existing sounding rocket installations and ranges alongthe zclipse path posed rather severe constraints on the site location.The combination of safety requirements, the equally restrictivelogistical problems, and the eclipse totality requirements for rocket

-M. G. Heaps, R. 0. Olsen, and W. W. Berning, 1972, Solar Eclipse1979: Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory Program Overview, A L-TR-UOZb, USAr y Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, White Sands ssile Range, NM

2M. G. Heaps, 1978, The 1979 Solar Eclipse and Validation of D-RegionModels, ASL-TR-0002, US Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, whiteSands Missile Range, NM

3M. G. Heaps, F. E. Niles, and R. D. Sears, 1978, Modeling the IonChemistry of the D-Region: A Case Study Based on the 1966 Total SolarEclipse, ASL-TR-0015, US Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, WhiteSands Missile Range, NM

4M

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measurements left only a few potential sites for rocket operation. Incooperation with the NRC and the NASA/WFC, these potential sites weresurveyed with final site selection settling on the Red Lake area inwestern Ontario, Canada (9145' W, 510 N).

in developing a research program fur the solar eclipse, principal Armyinterest centered on the behavior of the ionosphere and neutralatmosphere below 100 km. Under quiet conditions, solar photon radiationis the major source of ionization above 70 km with galactic cosmic raysproviding a smaller '-!t dominant) source below 70 km. Under distil,-edconditions--such as actually occurred during the eclipseperiod--precipitation of energetic electrons proved to be the largestsource of ionization. Experiments designed to measure in situ theseveral ionizing sources, electron density and densities of severalimportant -a-itral species were flown on the larger sounding rockets.(These experiments, along with those designed by the AFGL and NASA,constitute what is often called "the large rocket program.") Anothergoal of the research program was to measure numerous aiospheric param-eters during the week leading up to, through, and after the eclipse,thus prov),ling a data background during this period. the various pay-loads were flown with the smaller meteorological rockets. (Teseexperiments are often called "the small rocket program.") in additionto the in situ mea. -ements, a partial reflection sounder was operatedduring the entire period to provide near-continuous profiles of electrondensities in the D region.

BACKGROUND FIELD PROGRAM INFORMATION

Site Locations

The Solar Eclipse Program was conducted from two general locations withthree specific sites at each location. Figure 1 shows the Red Lakearea. Te ASL sporsored small rocket program was conducted from thesmall rL. ket launch site at the McMarmac Mine site just north of thetodn of Cochenour. The small rocket instrumentation site--includingstorage, assembly, and tracking facilities--was located on the propertyof the Cochenour-Willans Mine about 2 km from the launch site. Thesesites were shared with the National Research Council of Canada. Inaddition, a building at the Cochenur-Willans 'Mine served as the commandpost for the entire program. Fiiially, the partial reflection sounderwas located in Balmertownr, about 6 km from the small rocket sites.

The large rocket program, which was run in conjunction with AFGL andNASA, was conducted from a location approximately 30 km southeast of thesmall rocket sites. The large rocket launch site was separated from theinstrumentation site by about 6 km on an east-west line across theChukuni River. 'he large rocket storage arid assembly site was locatedin a building at the Griffith Mine about 10 km from the launch site.

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COCHENOUR MINEM.-MARMAC MINE TO USU(SMALL ROCKETS OBSERVAT*ONa NRC ROCKET) VAN

PARTIALNREFLECTION SOUNDER

LAUCHTIT(LARE ROKETS

INSMETRUEAIN (ROCET SORAG

LAKTrBllmem Motel

Fiue1 Slrelps f17 spotaeaRnRdLaEDnaio aaa

AKE12

URe Do In ME-- _ __

Rocket Designations IA total of 19 of the smaller meteorological rockets were flown under theASL sponsored small rocket program; their designations are as follows:

Rocket Type Designation Number

Super Loki/Dart CMSL-01-79 9*throughCMSL-10-79

Super Arcas CMSA-01-79 10through

CMSA-i0-79

*CMISL 07 was not flown

Additionally, one Black Brant V was flown by NRC from the small rocketsite.

Fourteen larger sounding rockets were flown from the large rocket site,two of which carried ASL sponsored payloads.

Rocket Type )esignation Number

Nike Orion ASL-SE-79Ai 2

ASL-SE-79B1

In addition, four AFGL rockets used the ASL dual beam launchers, andeight NASA sponsored rockets were also launched.

OVERVIEW OF LAUNCH SCHEDULE AND TYPES OF DATA AVAILABLE

Many measurements were made at frequent intervals over a period ofseveral days preceding and on the day following the solar eclipse itself(Monday, 26 February 1979). Rocket launches were conducted 19 to 27February, with coordinated measurements occurring on the 24th, 26th, and A27th. The purpose was to take additional sets of data which could beused as bases of comparison with the larger body of data from the day ofthe eclipse. Tableas 1 and 2 give quick summaries of the launchschedules and types of measurements made. Table 3 organizes the dataaccorling to classes and lists the actual measurements made as well assupporting data available from other sources.

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TABLE 2. 1979 SOLAR ECLIPSE SOUNDING~ ROCKET LAUNCH SUMMARY

Lax=c eftic Lawch Pradwa Predtcted noe______ _______ 74____e u-.- 1: el "It 7'=e isc0 Pakratees

12 Feoruary Mt-0: 2V23 66 7200 * A=="rcT1 cratcre; * WIincs. (10-W0 I=)

Z3 Fenoriry Ctst-CZ I1355:!3 66 72c50 * Azogc.eric -emerat.-ra; * WIrnf. 11-63 ts)

Z4 fesrary VSM-03 51 645 7200 * Azms~cer: Teccerature; 0 lilec4s. 00C-60 ka)

24 .t.rary IS.=2 LE 162 137 870 0 451si-e let Crosisicn ac-d -70 Censity: a flectrca* ltr4 Prom Flux; Solar

X-ay;* solar, Lynat1 fl;-j (La)2Fetr-jary 0154A-31 1655:53 52 30 *E;ecton Density; 0 Solar Lrman Al t Pjdljatjta (La)

Z: Ftrvr. 014-10 11722 20 70 *positive and %eatI.e bet core;ctvI:,es

~. 'rar.-St-2 -:0:03 V 360 a E'ctie Density: SSolar L3

25 ?ec.r-ary CY~i 1720 77 6000 0 Psnive atno .aSafle Ion Ccr.-tivity. ltozI! ansiDensity

25 TFt-.ar, M11-:; :2 66 72C Acher ea eSd (10-0 1=)26 Fen-ry AL-E-5 Z 163 132 35Z ensity l14 Altitnoc Oistrttte Of 43S. 0. 03. CH

and 02 ) Solar La;. * I9 t Densit.yadTenccratre

26 ctcy AS-t791 1263 5 375 a Solar L-a; 0 £:c-rou 1:4a andSea=r;Solar 1-L-ys; os eac M~y F-os ('2 Prev).Solar Lm '205.! lietn :e-sc-.YnT=.-at=r;I

* A~onerc Snsstlteoera. a-150 bcl%

26 Fetr-ary P-1 13:5 157m0 iac= SzkeZa of Pmrerces a-,. Coronal1Chr=s:ter interface; 9 £::6 Cercssty/

257Ve-- 231.100 u! 165t,:56 82 63=0 a ;ositive ur- esatlaecChar-'*wc~t~~(l ash'ngLs Vr'a seei

26 esnsarr A': 1661:55 133 .54 * Atio_*rneric_ Itfrared Ei-sinof CW (2.7u).

03 CS.50) and Excited O., or 0.13)-6 isrsr, 1.--3 AI 16t 1307 Pos'ti~e -= _o-s''os are I~el Zensty;

fle; *SaIfl* D-reetSca tte-eo Solar La2 etr-." AC62- -:ss: 70 cPs:ti.e Ar4 Sr11atit :on zcrcestoce a elate

and ziens-Itly

*-: r- -iis o m~e

Oenscty~eeo-a * ls~cie and AN tec

ISSCanssy1 ~ c cra'cre: In 20.~o.- a;-' E Slr

l-PAys: * DlrectScsIttareo Solar Ui

f~-y azz:120 70 *eand '-t~vn ion t~vslt.on b.* 't..f1; D:?' .es:. a Totalnltve atflaeptve '=t Drnsettes

:ise-jr 3 14 14 2-4 50 0 Xtons=nenec Deny aIretae 13Z-lC i

:s .rc. Q$.53 i52 9230 a atr esty ar L.

:6~;~ ;a-r e. U11 6 720 *Aran-f' eraca ns. (.1040 ka)

a 7n str adeate tt

fl~r Y;-~i :Zza 66 ~ - n-_- ?? sav4 C-- :a>.serucen

tc? 73 =9 -U .7 arc .W-arn -- ~tv1z==.r' Przzj ElectrIc Flela_4

-t-oar. 05-5 1~ 32 S a !lrc-re DenSIty; a Solar L.

* t *ol'a14i.l! O On~~It.s

-- ~r..a. s.- ::7z5 2 4 -e-a-'e--re I akm;

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TABLE 3. SOURCES OF DATA RELEVANT TO THE 1979 SOLAR ECLIPSE MEASUREMENTS NEAR RED LAKE

Data Element Source of Measurement Date Time of Measurement* Comments

Electron density Rocket 18.1020 UE 2/24 1652 Profile, 65-135 km

Rocket CMSA-01 9/24 1654:50 Profile, 60-90 km

Rocket CMSA-02 2/25 1700:03 Profile, 60-90 km

Rocket ASL-Al 2/26 1628 Profile, 65-135 km

Rocket ASL-B1 2/26 1628:30 Profile, 65-155 km

Rocket AMF-VA-51 2/26 1650:45 Profile, 65-130 kmt

Rocket 18.1021 UE 2/26 1652 Profile, 65-135 km

Rocket 33.004 UE 2/26 1653:30 Profile,,80-195 km

Rocket 33.003 liE 2/26 1653: 45 Profile, 80-185 km

r Rocket 18.1022 UE 2/26 1654:10 Profile, 65-135 km

Rocket CMSA-03 2/26 1840 Profile, 60-90 km


Volarimeter 2/15- Continuous except for Provides measure of total2/27 infrequent power loss electron content between

and maintenance Chukuni launch site andsatellite ATS-3

Partial reflection 2/8- Intermittent bat I- Profile, 60-100 kmsounder 2/27 minute Intervals at

time of eclipse

Ionosonde 2/16- Intermittent but 30- Profile of E- and F-regions2/26 second intervals

(Kenora) at time of lonsondes at Kenona (Ont.)eclipse Ot~awa (ont.), Chu:chill (Man.),~and Saskatoon (Sask.)

Ion composition and Rocket 18.1020 liE 2/24 L652 Positive ions, 65-135 kmrelative densities

Rocket 18.1021 UE 2/26 1652 Positive ions, 65-135 km

Rocket AI0.802-1 2/26 1652:30 Positive and negative ions,65-117 km

Rocket 33.004 UE 2/26 1653:30 Positive ions, 100-195 km

Rocket 33.003 UE 2/26 1653:45 Positive ions, 100-185 km

E Rocket 18.1022 UE 2/26 1654:10 Negative ions, 65-135 km

I Rocket A10.802-2 2/26 1741 Positive and negative ions,I 65-117 km

Atnospheric emission Rocket ASL-Al 2/26 1628 Infrared at 1.274m, 1.595um,1.944um

Rocket AMF-VA-51 2/26 1650:45 2150Infrared at 1.27um

Rocket A12.9A2 2/26 1651:55 Infrared at 2.%m, 9.6;sm, and

Rocket 33.003 lE 2/26 1653:45 UV at 1100-1600

Visible at 3466 and 5199 K

*Times are given in UT (subtract 6 hours from local time). Times for sounding rockets represent time of launch.

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IN

TABLE 3_ ____)

Data El-ement Source of Measurement Date Time of Measurement* Comments

Atmospheric emission Mobile optical 2/24- Evening twilight and Infrared spectrometer, 1-3pmobservatory 2/26 totality

Radiometers at 1.271m and 2.7um

Densities of minor Rocket ASL-Al 2/26 1628 Profiles of 6, OH, 03 andneutral species 02 ( ag), 65-13b km

Rocket AMF-VA-51 2/26 1650:45 Profiles of 03, 65-130 km

Satellite (NIMBUS G) 2/26 Sun synchronous polar Profiles, into lower mesosphereorbit NO2, H20, 03, IIN03 and CO2

Profiles to altitude of 65 km

(max), of H2 0, 112 0, CH4 , CO andNO

Total 03 content

Satellite (DMSP) 2/26 Early morning and local Profiles through stratospherenoon H20 and 03

Satellite (TIROS N) 2/26 Sun synchronous Profile of H20 to 50 km

Positive/negative ion Rocket CMSA-10 2/24 1722 Conductivities, 30-85 kmconductivity,mobility and density Rocket CMSA-05 2/25 1730 Profile, 30-77 km

Rocket 23.010 UE 2/26 1650:50 Profile, 45-85 km




Rocket CMSL-09 2/27 0440 Conductivities, 30-65 km

Rocket 23.009 UE 2/27 1200 Profile, 30-85 km

Rocket CMSA-09 2/27 1306 Profile, 30-77 km ag

Rocket CMSL-10 2/27 1440 Conductivities, 30-65 km

Direct and scattered Rocket 18.1020 UE 2/24 1652 1216 Asolar ultraviolet

Rocket CMSA-01 2/24 1654:50 1216

Rocket CMSA-02 2/25 1700:03 1216 A

Rocket ASL-A1 2/26 1628 1216 A

Rocket ASL-B1 2/26 1628:30 1216 A, 2050 A

Rocket 18.1020 UE 2/26 1652 1216

Rocket 18.1022 UE 2/26 1654:10 1216 ARocket CMSA-03 2/26 1840 1216 A

Rocket CMSA-04 2/27 1410 1216 A

Satellite (AE-E) 2/24, One orbit 140 A- 1190 A, 1227 A - 1850 ,2/26

Satellite (NIMBUS G) 2/26 %n synchronous O.2-5pm (9-channels)

Particle precipitation Rocket 18.1020 UE 2/24 1652 Electrons/protons > 10 kev

Rocket ASL-Al 2/26 1628:30 Electrons/protons > 10 kev


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TABLE 3 (caNT)

Data Element Source of Measurement Date Time of Measurement* Comments

Particle precipitation Rocket 18.1021 UE 2/26 1652 Electrons/protons > 10 kev

Rocket 18.1022 UE 2/26 1654:10 Electrons/protons > 10 key

Satellite (TIROS N) 2/26 1315-2015 Electrons > 0.3 key

Protons > 30 key

Satellite (P-78-1) 2/26 Sun synchronous Electrons 3 < E < 1000 kev

Protons 100 < E < 105 key

Atmospheric density Rocket CMSL-01 2/19 2023 Temperatures, 30-65 kmand temperature

Rocket CMSL-02 2/23 1759:58 Temperatures/winds, 30-65 kmSRocket CMSL-O3 2/24 1551 Temperatures/winds, 30-65 km

Rocket CMSL-04 2/25 1830 Temperatures/winds, 30-65 km

Rocket ASL-B1 2/26 1628:30 Profile, 40-150 km

Rocket A07.712-2 2/26 1748 Profile, 30-105 km




Satellite (TIROS N) 2/26 Sun synchronous Temperature to 50 km

Satellite (NIMBUS G) 2/26 Sun synchronous Temperature to 90 km

Satellite (DMSP) 2/26 Early morning and local Temperature through stratospherenoon

Electric fields Rocket 23.101 UE 2/26 1650:50 Vertical, 45-85 km

Rocket 33.004 UE 2/26 1653:30 AC/DC vector, 100-195 km

Rocket 23.009 UE 2/27 1200 Vertical, 30-85 km

Solar X-ray flux Rocket 18.1020 UE 2/24 1652 2-8

Rocket ASL-B1 2/26 1628:30 1-10

Rocket 18.1021 UE 2/26 1652 2-8

Rocket 18.1022 UE 2/26 1654:10 2-8

Satellite (SOLRAD) 2/26 0000-1400 0.5-3 I' 1-8 A, 2-10 A, 8-20 A,44-60

Satellite (GOES-3, 2/26 0000-1400 0.5-4 A, 1-8GOES-4)

Cosmic ray flux Rocket ASL-BI 2/26 1628:30 E > 2 Mev


15LTme gve

Since several types of measurements were made simultaneously (or closelycorresponding) in time and space, direct intercomparison of data and/ormeasurement techniques should prove valuable. Table 4 gives a synopsisof the times and types of data where such intercomparisons may be made.

ASL SPONSORED EFFORTS

This section details the actual types of measurements made on the ASLsponsored rockets and offers a few preliminary comments on the resultsthat were obtained. An account of the reduced and analyzed data will begiven in subsequent reports. 1

Payload A1

Rocket No: ASL-SE79A1Launch Vehicle: Nike-OrionPrincipal Investigator: Profesor Kay Baker

Utah State University

Sponsor: US Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory

The principal objective was the measurement of density and altitudedistribution of minor neutral species important to the neutral and ionchemistry of the middle atosphere. Secondary objectives were themeasurements of solar Lyman alpha flux and the density/distribution offree electrons.

Specific Instrumentation:

(1) UV lamp and photometer, ,,1300 A (atomic oxygen number densityby resonance excitation of triplet 1302, 1304, 1306 A)

(2) 5577E photometer (atomic oxygen number density from emissionof O[ ] )

(3) 2150 A photometer (resonance scattering of solar radiation byNO in the y bands [.2050-2250 Al])

(4) 1.27um radiometer (number density of )--1

(5) 1.595 and 1.944pm radiometers (number density of OH)

(6) 2925, 2975, 3025, and 3075 A photometers (number density of 03)

(7) 1216 A ioniza-rion chamber (solar Lyman alpha flux)

(8) impedance probe (electron number density)

16

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0 0 101L O4 0) V C) 10 O>00D

0 CV) CV) 0) 0l) CVn 1O 1 1f) 1

cn) I I I I I I I I I4~ *- C 0 CD 10 1) 10) LO a C) 0V a0 1

4-1 4) 4U)4.) 4) 4) ;; - - ~--;4 )

4J 4-) I) W W.1- 4- *) ~ 4J 4-) W I

4- C- *I* a) =0=CUm 4) 4J 4 -W ) r I. > ~ M4)n > = = t l

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CD .r- 1 10 10 0 00 00 0> tooV .(1) 0 L~ C L) 0 0L 0 0- uV 1 C) 0J C 0(n~1 - ~0 0 C) 10 1 - 11

10 mt 10 1O 1) 1D CD) 0 10 m. 10 l1Lii CC 10 ) CD 1O 10 10 1 C) Nr 10) 1) o0 101

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4-) 10 to ko to 10 LO rl to to10 1(0.0 N -N l N ~ C1 Nq N N N N

17

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Preliminary Comments on Flight:

All instrumentation worked well except the NO measurement and outputsignals behaved as expected and fell within the design range. Coning ofthe payload was not excessive, a factor which will ease data reductionfor the altitude sensitive measurements. Peak altitude of the payloadwas 139.75 km, slightly higher than predicted. Early data from theatomic oxygen detector (resonance1 amp experiment) indicate structureand a pea. density of the order 101cm- 3 at an altitude of 98 km. Veryhigh ionization background levels, particularly above 100 kin, suppc-.tother measurements indicating significant particle precipitation at thetime of the eclipse. The high background is consistent with high atomicoxygen densities.

Payload B1 -

Rocket No: ASL-SE79BI*

Launch Vehicle: Nike-Orion

Principal investigators: Professor Kay BakerUtah State University

Dr. C. Russ PhilbrickAir Force Geophysics Laboratory

Dr. James McCraryPhysical Sciences Laboratory A

Sponsor: US Army Abnospheric Sciences Laboratory

Principal objectives were measurements of the photon and particle fluxresponsible for ionization and dissociation of the atmosphere, electrondensity, and the density and temperature of the bulk neutral atmosphere.


(1) Electron spectrometer for particle flux in energy bins 10-30kev, 30-100 kev, 300-1000 kev and > 1000 kev

(2) Cosmic ray counter (energy > 2 Mev)

(3) Solar X-ray flux (1-10 A)

*Instrumented jointly by Utah State University (USU) and Air Force IGeophysics Laboratory (AFGL).

181

(4) 1216 photometer (solar Lyman alpha flux)

(5) 2050 photometer (penetrating UV flux)

(6) Ten-inch falling sphere with triaxial piezoelectric accel-erometer (atmospheric density and temperature)

(7) Impedance probe (electron number density)

Preliminary Comments on Flight:

The 10-in, falling sphere (AFGL) was ejected at approximately 66 km onthe upleg of the rocket flight. Sphere apogee appeared to be greaterthan 155 km. Data quality appeared to be excellent and atmosphericdensity in the altitude range of 40-150 km is anticipated. The sphereis sensitive to drag of 10 g and can provide resolution of 100-150 min density structure.

The energetic particle spectrometer observed exceptionally high fluxesfor the latitude of Red Lake. At altitudes above 100 km, the analogue

outyut covering the power density range of 10- to 3 x10- ergs/(cm sec-ster) for electrons less than 7.5 kev was at times

saturated. Pulse summation counters should provide a very good mea-surement of energetic particle input.

The solar X-ray detector observed significant count rates to fairly lowaltitudes and the count rates were strongly spin modulated. The Lymanalpha detector provided very clear signals during the entire flight; theoutput increased to a maximum level at about 80 km and remained somewhatconstant until payload descent to lower altitudes. The count rate fromthe cosmic ray detector increased from a background of approximately1/sec to about 100/sec during flight.

All other instrumentation worked well.

Electron Density and Lyman Alpha Probes ARocket No: CMSA-01, 01, 03, 04

Launch Vehicle: Super Arcas

Principal Investigator: Professor Kay BakerUtah State University


Objective was to provide electron density profiles and solar Lyman aipptaflux under noneclipse conditions for background data and for calibrationof ground-based measurements of lower ionosphere electron densities.

19


(1) RF impedance probe (electron density profiles)

(2) DC probe (structure in electron density profiles)

(3) 1216 A ionization chamber (solar Lyman alpha flux)

Prel imi nary Comments:

Good data were obtained from all instruments on all flights. Lymanalpha flux was observed to change by approximately four orders of magni-tude in a smooth fashion. Because of other commibnents, radar did nottrack CMSA-03 (day of the eclipse). However, the Lyman alpha measure-ment combined with similar measurements from other rockets shouldprovide good altitude information as a function of time.

Gerdien Probes

Rocket No: CMSA-05, 06, 07, 08, 09


Principal Investigator: Professor Jack Mitchell*University of Texas at El Paso


Principal objective was to obtain altitude profiles of positive andnegative ion conductivities, mobilities, and total ion densities and tocompare these measurements with those obtained by other measurementtechniques.

Specific Instru tation:

Subsonic Gerdien co. nser, parachute deployed (Starute decelerator) atrocket apogee


Good conductivity data were obtained for all rayloads flown. Due topayload ejection malfunction, CMSA-06 (launcLad at 1653 UT on 26February) will not provide conductivity data above 55 km. Measurementsindicate that negative particle conductivity was smaller than the posi-tive particle conductivity.

*Now at Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA.

20

-. 34

Blunt Probe (Super Arcas) i

Rocket No: CMSA-10


-4 Principal Investigator: Dr. Jack MitchellUniversity of Texas at El Paso


Principal objective of this experiment was to obtain altitude profilesof positive and negative ion conductivities and to compare these withsimilar measurements made by Gerdien condensers.


Blunt probe, parachute deployed (Starute decelerator) at rocket apogee

Preliminary Comments:

The instrumentation worked well and provided good charge conductivitydata.

Meteorological Probes

Rocket No: CMSL-01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 08

Launch Vehicle: Super Loki

Principal Investigator: Mr. Frank SchmidlinNASA/Wallops Flight Center

Sponsors: NASA/Wallops Flight Center, US Air Force AirWeather Service, and US Army Atmospheric SciencesLaboratory

Objective was to measure atmospheric densities, temperatures, and windsin the altitude range of 30-65 km.


(1) Bead thermistor, parachute deployed (Starute decelerator) atrocket apogee

(2) Tone ranging receiver (400 MHz) to enable tracking and deter-mination of winds

21

Preliminary Comments:

Good data were obtained in the altitude range of 18-65 km (some apogeesmay be slightly lower). Good data were obtained for one flight and verygood data for five flights. The seventh flight (CMSL-01) launched on 19February was not tracked by radar; therefore, wind data is not antic-ipated. It may be possible to reconstruct the descent trajectory fromGMD tracking if there is a strong desire for this. Tie-in with radio-sonde data at the lower altitudes will be possible.

Blunt Probes

Rocket No: CMSL-09, 10

Launch Vehicle: Super Loki

Principal Investigator: Mr. Robert OlsenAtmospheric Sciences Laboratory

Sponsors: NASA/Wallops Flight Center, US Air Force AirWeather Service, and US Army Atmospheric SciencesLaboratory

Objectives were to measure positive and negative particle conductivitiesin the altitude interval of 30-65 km and to compare these withmeasurements made by other experimenters.


Blunt probe, paraLhute deployed (Starute decelerator) at rocket apogee

Prel iminary Comments:

instrumentation worked well and data on positive and negative particle Aconductivities were obtained. A third blunt probe in this configurationwas scheduled for launch 1200 hours UT on 27 February; however, instru- -

mentation difficulties forced cancellation of flight and a meteorologi-cal payload, CMSL-08, was flown in its place (1545 UT on 27 February).

Partial Reflection Sounder

Partial Reflection Experiment

Principal Investigator: Mr. Robert OlsenUS Army Atmospheric SciencesLaboratory

Sponsnr: US Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory

22

=77

The partial reflection experiment is ground-based and had as its experi-mental objective the provision of D-region electron density profiles

E throughout the eclipse and for background (noneclipse) conditions. Inoperation, a HF (several megahertz) radar is used to transmit pulses of

RQ radiation vertically. Echoes backscattered from the D-region of theionosphere are received and recorded as functions of pulse transittime. Circular polarization of the transmitted radiation is utilized,and pulses of both the right- and left-hand polarization are employed.Because of the earth's magnetic field, the index of refraction of theionosphere is different for the two polarization modes. The relativeintensities of the waves partially reflected from a given altitudewithin the ionosphere contain information concerning the electron den-sity at that altitude. This partial reflection technique can be used tomeasure the density of free electrons in the ionosphere as a function ofaltitude from 60 to 100 km. A single frequency of 2.666666 MHz wasemployed. The partial reflection experiment was located in Balmertown,Ontario, and operated for a period of several days before, during, andfollowing the total solar eclipse.


The instrumentatior worked well after some early equipment difficul-ties. For 30 minutes, centered approximately on totality at Balmertown,soundings were taken at 1-minute intervals. Through'Jut this period, abroad layer of relatively high electron densities was found between J3and 83 km. Peak densities were of the order 500-600 electrons cmSuch a layer is indicative of a particle precipitation event.Forty-eight hours earlier, coinciding with the launching of rocket18.020 UE, a similar layer, with peak densities of approximately 100cm- , was found between 60 and 70 km. From these records it wouldappear that the energy spectrum for the precipitating particles wasconsiderably harder (i.e., contained more higher energy particles) on 24February than on the day of the eclipse. On both days the total fluxwould appear to be high and the spectrum quite hard.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The 1979 Solar Eclipse Program was a cooperative, multiagency effortwhich successfully measured the properties of the lower ionosphere andmiddle atiosphere during the 26 February 1979 solar eclipse. Theprogra.m met with outstanding success in that all but two of the approxi-mately 80 measurements yielded useful results. Several types of mea-surements were made simultaneously, often with different measurementtechniques, which will enable one to remove the ambiguities often inher-ent in a single measurement and at the same time permit useful com-parison and cross correlation of methods. The complete sets of datafrom this program may well prove to be the best set of coordinated IImeasurements in the D and E regions in recent years. AA

2i

23

Preliminary analyses of data show clearly that particle precipitation,principally electrons, was the dominant source of ionization in themiddle atmosphere during the eclipse period. Thus, much useful data onthe aurorally disturbed daytime atmosphere has been collected. Atten-tion is necessary in separating the explicitly solar eclipse relatedeffects from the electron precipitation induced effects when analyzingthe data.

24

REFERENCES

1. Heaps, M. G., R. 0. Olsen, and W. W. Berning, 1972, Solar Eclipse1979: Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory Program Overview, ASF-TRU702USArmy Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, White Sands Missie Range, W1.

2. Heaps, M. G., 1978, The 1979 Solar Eclipse and Validation ofD-Regi on Mobdel s, ASL-TR-0002, US Army Atmosphieric sciences Laboratory, 4Mite Sands Missile Range, W1.

3. Heaps, M. G., F. E. Niles, and R. D. Sears, 1978, Modeling the IonChemistry of the D-Region: A Case Study Based on the 196b otal SolarEclipse, ASL-TR-001b, US Army Almospheric Sciences Laboratory, Wffite-Sands Mssil e Range, 11M.

I

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Electro-Optics Laboratory CommanderATTN: DELNV-VI (Luanne P. Obert) US Army Training & Doctrine CommandFort Belvoir, VA 22060 ATTN: ATDOC-TA (Dr. Marvin P. Pastel)

Fort Monroe, VA 23651DirectorUS Army Night Vision Department of the Air Force& Electro-Optics Laboratory OL-I, AWS

ATTN: DELNV-VI (Mr. Thomas W. Cassidy) Fort Monroe, VA 23651 7AFort Belvoir, VA 22060

Department of the Air ForceHQS 5 Weather Wing (MAC)ATTN: 5 WW/DNLangley Air Force Base, VA 23655

35

i Commander Defense Communications AgencyUS Army INSCOM/Quest Research Corporation Technical Library CenterATTN: Mr. Donald Wilnot Code 2226845 Elm Street, Suite 407 Washington, DC 20305McLean, VA 22101

Director -General Research Corporation Defense Nuclear AgencyATTN: Dr. Ralph Zirkind ATTN: Technical Library (Mrs. Betty Fox)7655 Old Springhouse Road Washington, DC 20305McLean, VA 22102

Director IScience Applicatons, Inc. Defense Huclear Agency

400 Westpark Drive ATTN: RAAE (Dr. Carl Fitz)AT 'N: Dr. John E. Cockayne Washington, DC 20305McLean, VA 22102 Drco

Di rector %

US Arm, Nuclear & Themcal -Agency Defense Nuclear AgencyATTN: MONA-WE (Lr. John A. Berberet) ATTN: SPAS (Mr. Donald J. Kohler)7500 Backlick Road, Bldg 2073 Washington, DC 20305Springfield, VA 22150

Defense intelligence AgencyDirector ATTN: DT/AC (LTC Robert Poplawski)US Army Signals Warfare Laboratory Washington, DC 20301ATTN: DELSW-EA (Mr. Douglas Harkleroad.Vint Hill Farms Station HQDA (DAI,.A-ARZ-D/Dr. Verderame)Warrenton. 7/A 22186 Wasningtor, DC 20310

Director H(MDA (DAMI-ISP/Mr. Beck)US Army Signals Warfare Laboratory 'ashington, DC 20310ATTN: DELSW-OS (Dr. Royal H. Burkhardt) -InVint- Hill .Farms Station Department of the ArmyWarrenton, VA 22186 Deputy Chief of Staff for

Operations and PlansCommander ATTN: DAMO-RQUS Army Cold Regions Test Center Washington, DC 20310ATTN: STECR-TD (Mr. Jerold Barger)APO Seattle, WA 98733 Department of the Army

Director of Telecommunications andHQDA (SAUS-OR/Hunter M. Woodall, Jr./ Command and ControlDr. Herbert K. Fallin) ATTN: DAMO-TCZ

Rm 2E 614, Pentagon Washington, DC 20310Washington, DC 20301

Department of the ArmyCOL Elbert W. Friday, Jr. Assistant Chief of Staff for IntelligenceOUSDRE ATTN: DAMI-TSRm 3D 129, Pentagon Washington, DC 20310Washington, DC 20301

Al

36

HQDA (DAEN-RDM/Dr. de Percin)Casimir Pulaski Building -20 Massachusetts AvenueRoom 6203

t Washington, DC 20314

National Science FoundationDivision of Atmospheric SciencesATTN: Dr. Eugene W. Bierly1800 G. Street, N.W.~Washington, DC 20550 .--

DirectorNaval Research LaboratoryATTN: Code 4320 (Dr. Lothar H. Ruhnke)Washington, DC 20375

Commanding OfficerNaval Research LaboratoryATTN: Code 6009 (Dr. John MacCallum, Jr.) ]. Washington, DC 20375 _

Commanding OfficerNaval Research LaboratoryATTN: Code 6530 (Mr. Raymond A. Patten)Washington, DC 20375

Commanding OfficerNaval Research Laboratory AATTN: Code 6533 (Dr. James A. Dowling)Washington, DC 20375

37

A 7"3IOSI5IIERIC SCIEA'CES RESEARCH PAPERS

1. Lindberg, J.D., "An Improvement to a Method for Measuring the Absorption Coef-

ficient of Atmospheric Dust and other Strongly Absorbing Powders,ECOMl-5565. July 1975.U

2. Avara. Elton, P., "Mesoscale Wind Shears Derived from Thermal Winds," ECOM-5566,jJ..]17

3. 'Jon-rz, H.-.ard B. and Joseph 1-1. Pierluissi, -Incomplete Gamma Function Approxi-Um.-ion for K,*r;c's Strong-Line1 Tr;nsmittance Model," ECO'%l-5567, July 1975.

4. Blanco, A.., and B.F. EnI-.L os, "*BalhlA'c Wind Wcighting Functions for TankProiectiklc," ECOMN-5568. A1ugt '1975.

5. Ta'.Kujr, Jrd :k-, Jack Smith, and T'homias H. Pries. "Crosswind Measurementst:.rotugh P'attern -Recognition Techniques," ECOXI-5569, July 1975.

6. Walters, D.L.. "Crosswv;ind Weigrhtin- Funct,.o-n lor Direct-Fire Projectiles," ECOMN-5570. August 197 5.

7. Dunican. Louis D., "A1r Imp.ove Algorithm for the iterated MinimalInomtnSolut.ion for Remote Sounding of Temperature," ECOMN-5571, August 1975.

S. Robbiani, Ravmo:()d L., "Tactical Field Demonztcatiua of Mlobile Weather Radar SetANIT1P-41 at Fort Rucker, Alabama." ECO'M-5572, August 1975.

9. NMier, B., G. Black mm D. Langer, anid -N. Lorimnier. "Analysis of SMS11GOES FilmData," ECOM-5573. September 1975.

10. Mlanqucro, Carlos Lo.sDuncan. an ! Rutus Bruce. "An Indication from SatelliteMesrmntsofAmop,.. C02 \'ariabiliy," ECOMI-5574, September

1975.11. Petracca, Carmine, a.IJnc D. LindTherg. 'Instaiiaton and Operation of an Atmo-

spheric Part:culate Collector." ECOM-5575, September 1975.12. A-.-ara, Eltcwn P., and Gucoige Alexander. "miIca nvesti-ation of Three Iterative

Methds "r Inertig th Raiative Transfer Equation," ECOMN-5576, 'October 197 5.

13. Alexander. George, D., "A Digital Data Acouisition Inter-'ace for the SIXS Direct2Readout G_-ound Station - Concept; and -eni~rnaxy Design," ECO.M-5577, co~ 1975.

14. Cantor, Israel. "E....ancement of Point Source Thermal Radiation Under Clouds iiia Nonaltenua'ing. Medium," ECOY 55 7S, October 1975.

5.Norton, Colbu.rn, and Glenn Hoidale. '"Thc DILrnal Variation of Mixing Height byMonth over White Sands Missile Range, .M"ECOM.5579, November 1975.

16. Avara, Elton P.. "On the Snectrtim 'nallvs: of Binary Data." ECOM-55S0. November1975.

± 7. Taylor, Fredrick J., Thcrmas H. Pries, and Chao-FHuan Huang, "Optimal Wind VelocityEstimation," ECOM.55S1, December 1975.

18. Avara, Elton P., "Some Effectb of Autocorrulated and Cross-Correlated Noise on the _Analysis of Variance, " ECO.M-55S2, December 1975.

19. Gilflespie, Patti S., R.L. Armistrong-, and Kenneth 0. White, "The Spectral Character-istics and Atmospheric C02 Absorption of the lio' YLF Laser at - 05jum,"ECOM.5583, December 1975.

20. Novlan, David J. "An Empirical MXethod of Forecasting Thunderstorms ior . 'w White -

Sands Missile R.-nge," ECOM.55841. February 1976.21. Avara., Elton IP., "Rlandomization Effects in Hypothesis Testing with Autocor. !h'ed

Noise," ECOM-5585, February 1976.22.Wa'l-isWvnciefl R.. "Improvemients in Long Path Absorption Cell Measurement,"

WaknECOM-5586;.March 1976.23 Thomas. Jovi. George D. Alexand;.r. and Marv~n Dubbin, "SATTEL - An Army

i edicated MZeteorological Telemetr; System," ECOM-5587. March 1976.24. Kennedy, Bruce W., and Delbert Bynum. "Arrmy User 'rest Program for the RDT&E-

XM.75 Meteorological Rocket," ECOM-58, Aprl 1976.

38

25. Barnett, Kenneth M., "A Description of the Artillery Meteorological Comparisons atWhite Sands Missle Range, October 1974 - December 1974 ('PASS' -Prototype Artillery [Meteorological] Subsystem)," ECOM-5589, April 1976.

26. Miller, Walter B., "'Preliminary Analysis of Fall-of-Shot From Project 'PASS'," ECOM-5590, April 1976.

27. Avara, Elton P., "Error Analysis of Minimum Information and Smith's Direct Methodsfor Inverting the Radiative Transfer Equation," ECOM-5591, April 1976.

28. Yee, Young P., James D. Horn, and George Alexander, "Synoptc Thermal Wind Cal-culations from Radiosonde Observations Over the Southwestern UnitedStates," ECOM-5592, May 1976.

29. Duncan, Louis D., and Mary Ann Seagraves, "Applications of Empirical Corrections toNOAA-4 VTPR Observations," ECOM-5593, May 1976.

30. Miers, Bruce T., and Steve Weaver, "Applications of Meterological Satellite Data toWeather Sensitive Army Operations,"ECOM-5594, May 1976.

31. Sharenow, Moses. "Redesign and Inmorovement of Balloon ML-566," ECOM-5595,June, 1976.

32. Hansen, Frank V., "The Depth of the Surface Boundary Layer," ECOM-5596, June1976.

33. Pinnick, R.G., and E.B. Stenmark, "Response Calculations for a Commercial Light-Scattering Aerosol Counter," ECOM-5597, July 1976.

34. Mason, J., and G.B. Hoidale, "Visibility as an Estimator of Infrared Transmittance,"ECOM-5598, July 1976.

35. Bruce, Rufus E., Louis D. Duncan, and Joseph H. Pierluissi, "Experimental Study ofthe Relationship Between Radiosonde Temperatures and Radiometric-AreaTemperatures," ECOM-5599, August 1976.

36. Duncan, Louis D., "Stratospheric Wind Shear Computed from Satellite ThermalSounder Measurements," ECOM-5800, September 1976.

37. Taylor, F., P. Mohan, P. Joseph and T. Pries, "An All Digital Automated WindMeasurement System," ECOM-5801, September 1976.

38. Bruce, Charles, "Development of Spectrophones for CW and Pulsed Radiation Sources,"ECOM-5802, September 1976.

39. Duncan. Louis D., and Mary Ann Seagraves,"Another Method for Estimating ClearColumn Radiances," ECOM-5S03, October 1976.

40. Blanco, Abel J., and Larry E. Taylor, "Artiller Meteorological Analysis of Project Pass,"ECOM-5804, October 1976.

41. Miller, Walter, and Bernard Engebos," A Mathematical Structure for Refinement ofSound Ranging Estimates," ECOM-5805, November, 1976.

42. Gillespie, James B., and James D. Lindberg, "A Method to Obtain Diffuse ReflectanceMeasurements from 1.0 to 3.0 pm Using a Cary 171 Spectrophotometer,"ECOM-5806, November 1976.

43. Rubio, Roberto, and Robert 0. Olsen,"A Study of the Effects of TemperatureVariations on Radio Wave Absorption,"ECOM-5807, November 1976.

44. Ballard, Harold N., "Temperature Measurements in the Stratosphere from Balloon-Borne Instrument Platforms, 1968-1975," ECOM-5808, December 1976.

45. Monahan, H.H., "An Approach to the Short-Range Prediction of Early MorningRadiation Fog," ECOM-5809, January 1977.

46. Engebos, Bernard Francis, "Introduction to Multiple State Multiple Action DecisionTheory and Its Relation to Mixing Structures," ECOM-5810, January 1977.

47. Low, Richard D.H.:'Effects of Cloud Particles on Remote Sensing from Space in the10-Micrometer Infrared Region," ECOM-5811, January 1977.

48. Bonner, Robert S., and R. Newton, "Application of the AN/GVS-5 Laser Rangefinderto Cloud Base Height Measurements," ECOM-5812, February 1977.

49. Rubio, Roberto, "Lidar Detection of Suhvisible Reentry Vehicle Erosive AtmosphericMaterial," ECOM-5813, March 1977.

50. Low, Richard "D.H., and J.D. Horn, "Mesoscale Determination of Cloud-Top Height:Problems and Solutions," ECOM-5814, March 1977.

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51. Duncan, Loui D., and Mary Ann Seagraves," Eva!u at ion of the NOAA.4 VTPR'ThermalWinds for Nuclear Fa!!ou-t- Plredrctons.- ECOM-5S15. March 1977.

52. Randhawa, Jagir S.. M. lzouierdo, Carlos M'cDonald and Zvi Salpeter. -StratosphericOzone Denitv as Measured by: a Cher-niiuminescert Sensor During theStratcom V1-A Flicht.' ECOMI-5SI6, April 1977.

53. Rubio, Roberto, and Mtl izuro-Measurenments; of Net Atmospheric Irradiancein the 0. 7- to 2.8-Micrometer Infrared Region," ECOM-5817. Ma, 197-1.

54.~a~ar. arod . JseM. Serna. and Frank P. Hudson Consultant for Chemicali':e"c.Ca:.-ulatnon of Sele cted Atmospheric Composition Parameters

for thc Mid-Laettde. September Stratosphere.- ECOM-581S, May 19771.55. Mitcn.!" . R.S - Sagar. and R.O. Olsen. -Pos:tit'e lors in the Middle Atmosphere

Our-n!: Sunnise Conditions.- ECONI-5C519. May 1977-56. White, Ke" --- \ W-ndi.'ll R. Wallkuns, S-uart A. Schleusener. and Ronald L. Jiohnson.

Lat' Lasr Wavelength identificanon Usin- a Reference AXbsorber,-r 5 5S2 0. Jvcr1Vw ;9 .

57. Watkins, Wend,.;" ar.-I Ric*,ard G. Dixon. "Aitomation of Lone-Path AbsorptionC.: -asreens CO.S1June 1977

58. Taylor, S.. i \M. Davis. and J.B. Ma-)n. *AnalYsis of Observed Soil SkAin MoistureE..-cts on .erctace.~ ECM-."622. June 1977

59. Dunca:- Lou's D. and 'Marv- Ann Sez-oraves. "Fall1out Predictions Computed fromSa.e. .. e Derived Winds.- ECOM'%-5S23. June 1977.

EQ0. SniP.r D., D.0. Murcra,:. F-H. Murcrav. and W.J. Williams, "Investigzation ofH-h-A.X~itude Enhanrced in'rared Backround Emissi6ons- (Uls. SECRET.ECOM -o2l. June 1977.

61. Dubbin, Nlar-;in- H. and Dennis Hall. .-Synchronous Meteorlogical Satellite DirectReadout Ground System Digital Video F-ctronics." ECOM.5S25. June

62. Mller,- W.. and~ B. ?'ncebs. "A i'-- miar Anilvs-. o' Two Soc., R- :wr-ngAlgeorithms,~ ECOM.5S26. -July 1977.I

603. Kennedy, Bruce W., and James K Luers. "Bil itic Sphere Techniques for MeasuringAtomsphe-,ric IParmeters." F .I27. fJly '.977.

64. Duncan. Lours D., -Zeni-:h AnVie Var-.a:;on of SateilitE- Thermal Sounder Measure-m~ns."ECO-5828, Au.,, 1977

65. Hansen,~ P i V. - Th- Critical RI -hards- Number," Ft ' 59 etme 9766. Ballar-d, Harol:d N., and Frank P. Ht -!so.-. ;Coz-p.lLks). *Stratospheric Composition

Balloon-Borne l~pr. Ee. COM.5S&M. October 1977. ~67. i 1arr Wiiiam C.- and Arnold C. Peterso-, -Wind Meaburing Accuracy Test of 19

Metenroilogeal Systems." ECO.I 5831, November 1977.68. Ethridge, G.A. anal F.V. Hlansen, -Atmospheric Diff -usinn: Similarity Theory and

~mnircal erivations for Use in 3 undarv Laver Diffusion Problems,"ECO.M.532, November 1977.

69. Lovv, Richaid D.1L. "The Internial Clozud Radiation Field and a Technique for Deter-innln Cloud Blackness." ECOM-5S33, December 1977.

70. Watkins, Wendell R., Kenneth 0. White, Charles W. Bruce, Donald L. Walters, andJames D. Lindberg, "Measurements Required for Prediction of HighE-nergy Laser i ransmission," ECOM.5S341, Dec-'mber 1977.

71. Rubio, Robrrt, "Investigation of Abrupt D~ecreases in Atmospherically ?~~kcteeLaser Energy,' ECO.5835. December 1977.

72. Monahan. H.H. and R.M. Cionco. "An interpretat ve Review of Existing C.pr~itefor Mea-Urng and Forecasting Selected Weather Variables (Ern-..-.rzingRemote Means).~ ASL.TR-0001, January 1978.

73. Heaps. Melvin G., "The 1979 Solar Eclipse and Validation of D-Region Mlodels," ASL-T11.0002. March 19718.

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74. Jennings, S.G., and J.b. Gillespie, "M.I.E. Theory Sensitivity Studies- The Effectsof Aerosol Complex Refractive Index and Size Distribution Variationson Extinction and Absorption Co'fficients Part II: Analysis of theComputational Results," ASL-TR.0003, March 1978.

75. White, Kenneth 0. et al, "Water Vapor Continuum Absorption in the 3 .Sim to 4.0mRegion," ASL.TR-0004, March 1978.

76. Olsen, Robert 0., and Bruce W. Kennedy, "ABRES Pretest Atmospheric Measure-ments," ASL-TR-0005, April 1978.

77. Ballard, Harold N., Jose M. Serna, and Frank P. Hudson, "Calculation of AtmosphericComposition in the High Latitude September Stratu.phere," ASL-TR-0006,May 1978.

78. Watkins, Wendell R. et al, "Water Vapor Absorption Coefficients at HF Laser Wave-lengths," ASL-TR-0007, May 1978.

79. Hansen, Frank V., "The Growth and Prediction of Nocturnal Inversions," ,\SL-TR-0008, May 1978.

80. Samuel, Christine, Charles Bruce, and Ralph Brewer, "Spectrophone Analysis of GasSamples Obtained at Field Site," ASL-TR-0009, June 1978.

81. Pinnick, R.G. et al., "Vertical Structure iii Atmospheric Fog and Haze and its Fffectson IR Extinction," ASL-TR-0010, July 1978.

82. Low, Richard D.H., Louis D. Duncan, and Richard B. Gomez, "The Microphysical ,

Basis of Fog Optical Characterization," ASL-TR-0011, August 1978.83. Heaps, Melvin G., "The Effect of a Solar Proton Event on the Minor Neutral

Constituents of the Summer Polar Mesosphere," ASL-TR-0012, August 1978.84. Masor, James B., "Light Attenuation in Falling Snow," ASL-TR-0013, August 1978.

85. Blanco, Abel J., "Long-Range Artillery Sound Ranging: "PASS" Meteorological Appli-cation," ASL-TR-0014, September 1978.

86. Heaps, M.G., and F.E. Niles, "Modeling the Ion Chemistry of the D-Region: A caseStudy Based Upon the 1966 Total Solar Eclipse," ASL-TR-0015, September1978. A-

87. Jennings, S.G., and R.G. Pinnick, "Effects of Particulate Complex Refractive Indexand Particle Size Distribution Variations on Atmospheric Extinction andAbsorption for Visible Through Middle-Infrared Wavelengths," ASL-TR-0016,September 1978.

88. Watkins, Wendell R., Kenneth 0. White, Lanny R. Bower, and Brian Z. Sojka," Pres-sure Dependence of the Water Vapor Continuum Absorption in the 3.5- to4.0-Micrometer Region," ASL-TR-0017, September 1978.

89. Miller, W.B., and B.F. Engebos, "Behavior of Four Sound Ranging Techniques in anIdealized Physical Enviroment," ASL-TR-0018, September 1978.

90. Gomez, Richard G , "Effectiveness Studies of the CBU-88/B bomb, Cluster, SmokeWeapon" (U), CONFIDENTIAL ASL-TR-0019, September 1978.

91. Miller, August, Richard C. Shirkey, and Mary Ann Seagraves, "Calculation of ThermalEmission from Aerosols Using the Doubling Technique," ASL-TR-0020,November, 1978.Infrared, and Millimeter Wavelengths Propagation: A Preliminary Report

on Dusty Infrared Test-I (DIRT-I)," ASL-TR-0021, January 1979.

93. Kennedy, Bruce W., Arthur Kinghorn, and B.R. Hixon, "Engineering Flight Testsof Range Meteorological Sounding System Radiosonde," ASL-TR-0022,February 1979.

94. Rubio, Roberto, and Don Hoock, "Microwave Effective Earth Radius Factor Vari-ability at Wiesbaden and Balboa," ASL-TR-0023, February 1979.

95. Low, Richard D.H., "A Theoretical Investigation of Cloud/Fog Optical Propertiesand Their Spectral Correlations," ASL-TR-0024, February 1979.

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96. Pinnick, R.G., and H.J. Auvermann, "Response Characteristics of Krollenberg Light-Scattering Aerosol Counters," ASL-TR-0025, February 1979.

97. Heaps, Melvin G., Robert 0. Olsen, and Warren W. Berning, "Solar Eclipse 1979, At-mospheric Sciences Laboratory Program Overview," ASL-TR-0026 February1979.

98. Blanco, Abel J., "Long-Range Artillery Sound Ranging: 'PASS' GR-8 Sound RangingData," ASL-TR-0027, March 1979.

99. Kennedy, Bruc- V., and Jose M. Serna, ":Ceteorological Rocket Network SystemReliability," ASL-TR-0028, March 1979.

100. Swingle, Donald M., "Effects of Arrival Time Erro.s in Weighted Range Equation Solutionsfor ,inear Base Sound Ranging," ASL-TR-0029, April 1979.

101. Umstead, Robert K., Ricardo Pena, and Frank V. Hansen. "KWIK: An Algorithm forCalculating Munition Expenditures for Smoke Screening/Obscuration in Tac-tical Situations," ASL-TR-0030, April 1979.

102. D'Arcy, Edward .L, 'Accuracy Validation of the Modified Nike Hercules Radar," ASL-TR-0031, May 1979. '

103. Rodriguez, Ruben, "Evaluation of the Passive Remote Crosswind Sensor," ASL-TR-0032,May 1979.

104. Barber, T L.. an.! R. Rodgriquez, ' trai-it Time Lidar Measurement of Near-SurfaceWinds in the Atmosphere," ASL-TR.0033, May K979.

105. Low, Richaro D.H., Louis D. Duncan, and Y.Y. Roger R. Hsiao. "Microphysical and OpticalProperies of California Coastal Fogs at Fort Ord," ASL-TR-0034, June 1979.

106. Rodriguez, Ruben, a . William J. Vechion,., "Evaluation of the Saturation Resistant Cross-wind Sensor," ASL-TR-0035, July 1979.

107. Ohmstede. William D., "The Dynamics of Material Layers," ASL-TR-0036, July 1979.108. Pinnick, R. 6.G. Jennings, Petr Chylek, and H.J. Auvezmann "Relationships between IR

Extincti(.n. Absorpton, and Liouid 7"ater Contcnt of Fogs," ASL-TR-0037,August 197'Q

109. Rodriguez. Ruben, anu Wiliam J. Vechiore, "Performance Evaluation of the Optical Cross-wind Profiler." ASL-TR-0038, August 1979.

110. Miers, Bruce T., "Precipitation Estimation Usi..g Satellite Data" ASL-TR-0039, September1979.

111. Dickson, David H.. and Charles M. Sonnenschein, "Hicopter Remote Wind Sensor

System Descrip'.on," ASL-TR-0040, Sepremher 19' ).112. Heaps, Melvin, G., and Joseph M. Heiineri, "'idati, of the Diairchem Code, I: Quiet

Midlatitude Conditions," ASL-TR-0041, September 1979.113. Bonner, Robert S.. and William J. Lentz, "The Visioceilometer: ', Portable Cloud Height

and Visib'n"v Ind .:ator," ASL-TR-0042, October 1979.114. Coha, Stephen T., "'i ne Role of Atmospheric Sulfates in Battlefield Obscurations," ASL-

TR-0043, October 1979.115. Faw-ush, E.J. et al. "Characterization of Atmospheric Conditions at the High Energy Laser

System Test Facility (HtELSTF), White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, Part1, 24 March to 8 April 1977," ASL-TR-0044, November 1979 I

116. Barber, Ted L., "Short-Time Mass Variation in Natural Atmospheric Dust,"

117. Low, Richard I).H., "Fog Evolution ii the Visible and Infrared Spectral Regions and itsMeaning in Optical Modeling," ASL-TR-0046, December 1979

118. Duncan, Louis D. et al, "The Electro-Optical Systems Atmospheric Tf ,ibrary',B Volume I: Technical Documentation, ASL-TR-0047, December w...119. Shirkey, R. C. et a!, "Interim E-O SAEL, Volume II, Users Manual," ASL-TII-00 48,

I)ecember 1979.

120. Koba.'atli. H.K., "Atmospheric Effects on Millimeter Radio Waves," ASL-TIH-0049,SJanuary 1980.

121. Seagraves, Mary Ann and Duncan, Louis D., "An Analysis of Transmittances Measu:edThiough Battlefield Dust Clouds," ASL-TR-0050, February, 1980.

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122. Dickson, David H., and Jon E. Ottesen, "Helicopter Remote Wind 'USensor Flight Test," ASL-TR-0051, February 1980.

123. Pinnlck, R. G., and S. G. Jennings, "Relationships Between RadiativeProperties and Mass Content of Phosphoric Acid, HC, Petroleum Oil,and Sulfuric Acid Military Smokes," ASL-TR-0052, April 1980.

124. Hinds, B. D., and J. B. Gillespie, "Optical Characterization ofAtmospheric Particulates on San Nicolas Island, California,"ASL-TR-0053, April 1980.

125. Miers, Bruce T., "Precipitation Estimation for Military Hydrology,"ASL-TR-0054, April 1980.

126. Stenmark, Ernest B., "Objective Quality Control of Artillery Com-puter Meteorological Messages," ASL-TR-0055, April 1980.

127. Duncan, Louis D., and Richard D. H. Low, "Bimodal Size DistributionModels for Fogs at Meppen, Germany," ASL-TR-0056, April 1960.

128. Olsen, Robert 0., and Jagir S. Randhawa, "The Influence of AtmosphericDynamics on Ozone and Temperature Structure," ASL-TR-0057, May 1980.

129. Kennedy, Bruce W., et al, "Dusty Infrared Test-II (DIRT-II) Program,"ASL-TR-0058, May 1980.

130. Heaps, Melvin G., Robert 0. Olsen, Warren Berning, John Cross, andArthur Gilcrease, "1979 Solar Eclipse, Part I - Atmospheric SciencesLaboratory Field Program Summary," ASL-TR-0059, May 1980

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1979 SOLAR ECLIPSE * ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES …2M. G. Heaps, 1978, The 1979 Solar Eclipse and...

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