1969 Gazetteer on Tumkur District .pdf

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History of Tumkur District, Karnataka State, India

Transcript of 1969 Gazetteer on Tumkur District .pdf

TUMKURDISTRICT CHAPTERI GENERAL T illdKUR istheheadquarterstownofthedistrict,andtheOriginofname districtisalsocalledbythesamename.Populartradition hasit that Tumkuronceformedpartofaterritory,whosecapital wasKridapura,nowasmallvillageknownasKaidala, threemilestothesouthofTumkur,andthatitwaspresentedby oneofitsrulerstoaheraldortom-tombeater.Tumukeisthe smalldrumortabret,whichisusedfortom-toming,andthetown mighthavebeencalledTumuke-Oorutoindicatethatitbelonged tothebeateroftumuke.Buttheoriginalnameoftheplace, accordingtocertaininscriptionsofthetenthcentury,was Tummegooru,whichmeanstheplaceofthetummeort u m b r ~ ,a commonfragrantherb(Leucasaspera)foundabundantlyinthe area.It issaidthat thepresent townwasbuiltby Kante Arasu, amemberoftheMysoreroyalfamily,andbecausetheareawas clearlyknownasTummeorTumbe,heseemstohavecontinued thesamenamewiththeadditionofOoruforthetownandcalled itTurnme-OoruorTumbe-Ooruwhich,incourseoftime,cameto bepronouncedasTumakuru(orTumkurinitsanglicisedform), asitisnowknown. TumkurbelongstothegroupofdistrictscalledthemaidanLocation (plains)districtsandissituatedintheeast-centralpartofthe MysoreStateandtothesouthandsouth-eastofChitradurga district.It issituated between 124,5'and 1420'northlatitude andbetween7620'and7731' eastlongitude. ItisboundedonthenorthbytheAnantapurdistrictofGeneral AndhraPradesh,onthe eastbythe KolarandBangaloredistricts,boundaries onthesouthbytheMandyadistrictandon thewestbythe districtsofChitradurga,Chikmagalur andHassan. Onepeculiarfeatureofthisdistrictis . thatoneofitstaluks, i.e.,Pavagada,isnotat allconnectedwithit atanypoint.The taluk i:ssurrounded on all sides by the Anantapur district of Andhra Areaand lation Admlnistrati ve history MYSORESTATEGAZETTEER PradeshandisconnectedwithMysoreState at onlyonepointby anarrowstripoflandonthenorth-west,andthattoo,notwith theTumkurdistricttowhichitbelongs,butwithanotherdistrict ofMysoreState,i.e.,Chitradurga.Thisisbecauseofthefact thatthistalukonceformedpartoftheChitradurgadistrictand wasseparatedfromitandattachedto Tumkurdistrictin1886. Theareaofthedistrict,accordingtotheCommissionerfor Survey,Settlement andLand Recordsin1\fysore,is4,073. 7square miles or10,550.9squarekilometres*anditspopulation,according tothe1961Census,was Bothinareaandpopulation itoccupiestheeighthplace.Withadensityof336persquare mile,itisaboveaverage,whichis319,andranksseventh amongthedistrictsoftheState.Butin1951,thedistrictwas occupyingtheeighthplaceinrespectofarea,populationandalso density.Theextremelengthofthedistrictfromnorthtosouth ismilesanditsgreatestbreadthfromeasttowestis67miles. Duringtheearlyperiod,fromthe5thtothelOthcentury A.D.,amajorportionoftheareacomprisingthepresentTumkm districtformedpartofGangavadiandwasinthepossessionofthe Gangas.Thenorth-easternpartofthedistrictformedpartof NolambavadiinthelOthand11thcenturiesandwasruledbythe Nolambas,whohadtheircapitalat PenjeruorHenjeru(inthe presentMadakasiratalukofAndhraPradesh)andastronghold atNidugalinthePavagadataluk.Atthistime,thechiefdivi-sionsofthecountryseemtohavetheir revenuevalueaffixedto their names.Thus,theareaundertheGangaswasknownas Gangavadi-96,000whiletheareaunderNolambaswasNolamba-vadiorIntheninthcentury,therewere matrimonialalliancesbetweenthesetwodynasties,and Nolambadhiraja, whomarriedJayabbe, younger sister of theGanga kingNitimarga,assignedcertainvillagesintheSiracountryto eachofhisotherqueens.TheHoysalas,whosuceeededthe Gangas,heldsway over almosttheentirearea.Theiroccupation ofthecountry,itmaybesaid,wasintwostages:Vinayaditya (1047-1100)andVishnuvardhana(1100-1152)arerepresented asruling overonlyGangavadi,whereasNarasimha I isdescribedasrulingoverbothGangavadiandNolambavadi. ThearealatercameundertheruleoftheVijayanagarakingsin the14thcentu'I'yandunderthelatter'ssovereignty,therewere, inthisarea,severalsmallfeudatoryStatessuchasthoseof Hagalvadi,Holavanalhalli,MaddagiriandNidugal.Whenthe Bijapurarmyinvadedthecountry,thedescendantsofsomeof theserulersweredrivenoutoftheirestatesandalmostthewhole ofthenorthernpartofthedistrictwasbroughtunderAdilShahi *AccordingtothefiguresfurnishedbytheSurveyof India, theareaofthe districtis4,091. 58sq.milesorl0,ii97 .11sq.kilometres.SeealsoAppendix-TableI. TUMKUR . DISTRICT rule.TheMughals,wholatercapturedGolcondaandBijapur, madeSiraaprovince,withDoddaballapur,Bangalore,Hoskote andKolar,knownastheKarnatak-Bijapur-Balaghat,undera SubedarorFaujdar.Thesouthernpartofthedistrict,which wasnotappropriatedbytheBijapurGovernmentestablishedat Sira,was,inthemeanwhile,conqueredbythelVfysoreruler, ChikkadevarajaWodeyar.Thus,bytheendofthe17th century, the southerntaluksof Tumkur districtwerepartand parcelofthe Mysoreterritory.TheremainingportionfelltoMysoreopthe conquestofSirabyHaidar Aliin1761. After ~ h efallof Tipu, theterritorywasrestoredtothe Mysore royalfamily,andduringthereignofHisHighnesstheMaharaja KrishnarajaWodeyarIII(1811-31),MysoreStateconsistedof thesixFaujdarisofBangalore,Maddagiri,Chitaldrug(Chitra-durga), Ashtagram,ManjarabadandNagar.ThepresentTumkur districtformedpartofMaddagiriFaujdari.In1834,thesesix FaujdariswerereconstitutedintothefourdivisionsofBangalore, Nagar, . ChitaldrugandAshtagram.TheTumkur. district,along withChitaldrugdistrict,formedtheChitaldrugdivisionwith headquartersatTumkur. During the daysofthe BritishCommission,Mr.Bowring, whoChalllgesby wasappointedasCommissionerin1 8 6 ~ ,dividedtheStateintoBritish eightdistrictsand Tumkurdistrictwasoneofthem .. TheseeightCommission districtsweregroupedintothreedivisions.Eachdivisionwas underthechargeofaSuperintendent,whileeachdistrictwas placedunderthechargeofaDeputySuperintendent.Whenthe Commissionwasreorganisedin1879,thepostsofCommissioners of divisionswereabolishedandtherewasonlyoneChiefCommis-sionerforthewholeState.Thedistrictswereputunderthe chargeofDeputyCommissioners,andAssistantCommissioners andAmildarswereinchargeofsub-divisionsandtaluks, respectively. TheChitaldrugdivisionwasbrokenupin1863whenthe ChitaldrugdistrictwasaddedtotheNagardivision,whilethe TumkurdistrictwasattachedtothenewlyformedN andidurg division.TheSiratalukwastransferredfromChi tal drugdistrict toTumkurdistrictin1866.In1879,allthedivisionswere abolished.TheChitaldrugdistrictwasreducedtoasub-division in1 8 8 ~underTumkurdistrict.Itwas,however,re-established in1886,butwithoutthePavagadataluk,whichwasmadeapiut ofTumkur district. Huliyar,atown14milesnorth-westofChiknayakanahalli, wasoncetheheadquartersoftheBudihaltaluk,whichwasin Chi tal drugdistrict.In 1886,itwasthechieftownofasub-taluk namedafteritselfandfinallyitwasamalgamatedwith Chiknayakanahalli.Atthetimewhenthesurveyratesof Changesafter 1915 STATEGAZETTEER assessmentwerefirstintroducedinthedistrictbetweentheyears 1870-1882,theTumkurdistrictconsistedofSira,Tumkur, Maddagiri,Koratagere,Chiknayakanahalli,Honnavalli,Kunig;tl andKadabataluks.In1881-82,Koratageretaluk,which consistedof330villages,wasbrokenup.andasub-talukofthe samenameattachedto Maddagiritalukwasformedwith140 villages.Theremaining190villageswereaddedontothe adjoiningtaluksofSiraandTumkurofTumkurdistrict,Nela mangalaandDoddaballapurtaluksofBangaloredistrictand Goribidanur(Gauribidanur)talukofKolar district.Turuvekere wastransferredfromtheoldKadabatalukandwasmadeasub-talukinTiptur talukinthesameyear.ThepresentGubbitaluk wascalledKadabatalukwhilethepresentTipturtalukwascalled Honnavallitaluk tilll886. In1915,thereweretwosub-divisions,eighttaluksandtwo sub-taluksinthedistrict.TheTumkur andKunigaltalukswere underthedirectchargeoftheDeputyCommissioner.Whilethe Maddagiri,Sira,PavagadataluksandtheKoratageresub-taluk formedtheMaddagirisub-division,theGubbi,Tipturand ChiknayakanahallitaluksandtheTuruvekcresub-talukconstitu-tedtheGubbisub-division.Maddagiriwasgiventhenameof Madhugiriin attherequestofthelocalpeople..The Koratageresub-talukwasconvertedintoatalukin1928andthe Turuvekeresub-talukwasformedintoatalukin1938.Anew sub-division,withTumkurasitsheadquarters,wasestablishedin January1938withaviewtorelievingcongestionofworkinthe othersub-divisionalofficesofthedistrictandalsofordealingwith thelargeamountofacquisitionworkarisinginconnectionwiththe Marconahalliproject.TheGubbisub-divisionwasabolished andtheGubbi,Tumkur andKunigaltaluks,whichwereunderthe directchargeoftheDeputyCommissioner,wereconstitutedinto theTumkursub-division.TheremainingtaluksofTiptur, TuruvekereandChiknayakanahallioftheerstwhileGubbisub-divisionwereformedintotheTiptursub-division.Therewasno changeintheMadhugirisub-division. UndertheProvincesandStates(AbsorptionofEnclaves) Order,1950,KotagaralahalliandSarjammanahalli(jodi)villages ofMadakasiratalukofAnantapurdistrictoftheformerl\Iadras State(nowofAndhraPradesh),havinganareaof6. 3sq.miles, weretransferredtotheMadhugiritalukofTumkurdistrict. WhenthenewMysoreStatewasformedinNovember1956 bytheintegrationoftheKaltlnadaareasoftheadjoiningStatesof thethenBombay,HyderabadandMadrasStates,Coorgandthe oldMysore Stateastheresultofthe States' ReorganisationActof 1956,andthenumberofdistrictsrosefrom10to19,itwasfound necessary,foradministrativeconvenience,torevivethedivisions. ThenewMysoreStatewasthusdividedintofourdivisions,each TUMKURDISTRIOI' 5 underthechargeofaDivisionalCommissioner.TheTumkur district,alongwithBangalore,Kolar,ChitradurgaandBellary districts,wasconstitutedintoonedivisioncalledtheBangalore Division.Witheffectfrom1stFebruary1966,theBellary districtwastransferredtotheGulbargaDivisionandinitsplace, the Shimogadistrict fromthe Mysore Divisionwasattachedtothe BangaloreDivision. Thereareatpresenttenrevenuetaluksinthedistrict.Present position Thesetaluksaregroupedintothreerevenuesub-divisions. for administrativeconvenience.Thereareeleventownsand~ , 4 4 4 inhabitedvillagesinthedistrict.Thepresentadministrative divisionsofthedistrictandthenumberofhobliesandvillagesin themareasfollows:-Sub-Division and Taluk l NumberNumberNumber ofofof lwblitsvillagestowns 24 Tumkur Sub-Divisionr. l.Tumkur63511 2.Gubbi6300l 3.Kunigal51 Tiptur Suii-Dlviston. LTiptu:r4216I 2.Chiknayak&nahalli52081 3.Turuvekere42221 Madhugiri Sub-Division I.Madhugiri62751 2.Sira.52251 3.Kora.ta.gere42221 4.Pava.gada41352 rota!492,44411 Area in ------- Popula!i011 Square miles 5 ,(;;qum;:(1961) kilomtlres 67 393.11,018.12,17,911 475.11,230.51,47,422 380.5985.51,55,073 320.5830.11,14,638 418.51,083.91,15,657 297.5770:61,02,325 423.91,097.91,53,793 573.21,484.61,54,004 243.8631.489,383 547.61,418.31,17,196 4,073. 710,550.913,67,402 6 MYSORESTATEGAZETTEER The namesofhobliesandthetaluksinwhichtheyarelocated are givenbelow :-Sl.l!.'zMnberof No.TalukhobliesNames of hob lies 1234 l.Tumkur6.1.Tumkur 2.Hebbur 3.Kora 4.Gulur 5.Bellave 6.Urdagere 2.Gubbi 6l.Gubbi 2.Chandmshekharapura 3.Chelm 4.Hagalvadi 5.Nittur 6.Kadaba 3.Kunigal5i.Kunigal 2.Yedeyur 3.Amruthur 4.Huliyurdurga 5.Kothigere 4.Tiptur 4I.Tiptur 2.Kibbanahalli 3.Nonavinakere 4.Honmwalli 5.Chiknayakanahalli5I.Chiknayakanahalli .. 2 .Settikere 3.Kandikere 4.Handanakere 5.Huliyar 6.Turuvekere4l.Turmrekere 2.Dandinashivara 3.Mayasandra 4.Dabbeghatta 7. 61.Madhugiri 2.Dodderi 3.Midige;;hi 4.Ittigadib banahall i 5.l{odigena.hall i 6.Puravara 8.Sira5I.Sira Kallambella 3.Bukkapatna 4.Hulikunte 5.Gowdanagere 9.Koratagere41.l{oratagere 2.Channarayanadurga 3.Holavanahalli 4.Kolala TUMKURDISTRIC'r7 1234 10.Pavagada4LPavagada 2.Niclugal 3.Hoskote 4.N agalamadi ke Tumkurisaland-lockeddistrict.IthasalsononaturalNatural features likeriversor mountainsdividingit fromtheother districtsdivisions ofthe Stare.Thedistrictisgenerallyanopentractexceptin thesouthoftheKunigaltaluk,wherethecountryiswoodedand hilly,theotherpartsconsistingmainlyofundulatingplains interspersedwithclumpsoftallandwell-growntrees.Tothe eastofTumkur andnorthofDevarayanadurga,theappearanceof theregionpresentsthesceneryofahillycountryintersectedby cultivatedvalleys.Theopenpartsofthedistrictmaintaina generallyevenlevelabovethesea,exceptSiraandPavagada whichareataconsiderablylowerlevelthantherestofthe district. Thefollowingstatementshowstheelevation,abovethesea level,ofeachof thetaluk headquarterstownsinthedistrict :-Sl.No.Nameofplace 1.Tumkur 2.Madhugiri 8.Koratagere 4.Sira .5 .Pavagada 6.Chiknayakanahalli 7.Gubbi 8.Tiptur 9.Turuvekere 10.Kunigal H eifjhtabovethe sea.level. (infeet) 9l,669 2,450 2,160' ("\ ....... 2,596 2,544J 2;783- 2,648 2,554 Thewesternparts ofthe Tumkur districtareoccupiedby longHills rangesofhillsrunningapproximatelyinasouth-south-easterly direction.Theserangesofhillsformthesouthernextensionof theChitradurgaschistbelt,groupedunderthewell-definedcentral groupoftheDharwarschistsoccurringinMysoreState.The eastern part ofthe district isoccupied by a.narrow rangeofgranitic hillsformingthenorthernextensionofthenewergranitesin Mysoregroupedunderthe'Closepet'granites.Theiraverage widthisabouttwenty miles,andtheyrunnorthandsouthinthis district.AmongthehillsofthisgroupmaybeplacedDeva-rayanadurgaandMadhugirihills.Therearetwoparallelranges 8 STATEGAZETTEER runningnorthtosouthinthedistrict.Thefirstoneonthe easternpartofthedistrictismadeupofgranitesandpasses throughPavagada,Madhugiri,Koratagereandnorthernpartof Tumkurtaluk.Thesecondone,mainlycomposedofschistose rocks,passesthroughthewesternpartsofthedistrictinChikna-yakanahalli,SiraandGubbitaluks.Thereisanotherclusterof hillscoveringthemiddleandsouthernpartsofKunigaltaluk. Theeasternrangeentersthedistrictfromthenorthwith Kamanadurga(3,534feet)andNidugal(3,769feet)inthe PavagadatalukandiscontinuedbyMidigeshidurga(3,409feet). This,whichformspartoftherangerunningthroughthewestof theBangalore districtrepresentedbyShivagangaandSavandurga, includestheprominentpeaksoftheMadhugiridurga(3,930feet), Channarayanadurga(3,734feet),Koratagiri feet),Deva-rayanadurga(.3,896feet),Nijagal feet),Hutridurga(3,708 feet)andHuliyurdurga feet). Tothewest of thechainofhillsmentionedabove,alowrange, commencingnearKibbanahalli,runsnorth-westpastChikna-yakanahalliandjoinsthecentralbeltoftheChitradu0Gubbi50a2.55.86.133.899.872.186.6lll.O140.5142.563.07.9771.618526165.613-11-1940 (1948)(1923) h0.30.40.62.25.85.07.68.28.07.33.70.849.9 TABLE1(oontd.)~ 23456789101112131415161719 Tiptur50a1.84.16.3373103.147.549.372.992.5125.264.810.4615.216845141.219-10-1935 (1906)(1908) b0.30.30.52.86.33.74.65.36.27 .I4.00.942.0 Pa.vagada50a.4.13.85.320.372.448.051.679.5112.0103.951.87.6560.317934132.18-9-1899 (1916)(1920) ~ b0.30.30.41.43.93.14.74.96.55.43.40.735.0 ~ 0 Kuniga.l50a.2.53.37.635.8104.468.369.6115.1144.0147.657.98.4764.515242209.530-9-1925l (1948)(1908) r:J1b0.30.40.53.06.54.76.07.78.08.23.60. 749.6 ! ~ Koratagere..50a4.85.14.327.282.859.474.484.8123.7125.258.77.9658.316045134.626-9-1937 ~ (1933)(1923) ~ b0.40.40.42.04.74.46.66.27 .I7 .I4.10.944.3 ~ Turuvekere..50a2.54.16.633.0107.755.656.689.9120.7147.374.710.2708.915943174.05-11-1934 t!! 1:11(1915)(1908) b0.30;30 .. 52.96.64.05.16.67.08.34.30.946.8 Tumk:ur50a3.64.96.531.091.759.967.593.2126.0134.061.18.5687.914850 district(1948)(1923) b0.30.40.52.35.54.36.06.67.27.33.80.845.0 *Based on all available data upto 195!).(a)Normal rainfall in mm. ** Years given in brackets.(b)Average number of rainy days (days with rain of2.5 mm. or more), TUMKURDISTRICT TABLE2 :FREQUENCYOFA N N U ~ . LRAINFALLINTu.!ltKURDISTRICT (Data1901-1950) ~ Ra-ngein mm.No.of yearsRangeinmm.No. ofyear3 301-400Yt701- 80012 401--500~801- 9004 501-60011901-10004 601-7001:l1001-11003 J?re-his torle Arehreology CHAPTER II HISTORY T HEREtwobothmtheT1pturtaluk,mwhichpalaeolithic:specimens have been foundinthis district.At theeastern footoftheDana-sandrahillrange,aboutamiletothesouthofBiliigere,some palreolithicremainswerefoundinagravellylayerbelowathick accumulationofrainwashby Sampath Iyengar,lwhoconsidersthis asapalaeolithic factorysite.Theoccurrenceof' hammer->Stones,' however,andofimplementsdescribedas'curvedsaws','arrow heads,'' guillotinechisels,'and' circularslings,'togtherwithother palreolithicmaterial,showsthatlatermaterialisalsopresenton theThemoreimportantofthesetwosites,however,isKibbana halli.Thereisalargecollectionofartifactsinthemuseumof theGeologyDepartmentoftheCentralCollege,Bangalore, collectedfromthissitebyProfessorsSampathIyengarand L.RamaRao.These artifactswerealsofou'lldintheneighbour- hoodofthesame Banasandrahillrange,atasitewhichisroughly twomilesandahalffromBanasandra.Thisregioncoversan areaofabouthalfasquaremiile.Theregionwasideallysuited foranopencamp site,the neighbouringvalleyensuringthepalreo-lithicmanabundantwatersupply.Further,therewasthe availabilityofaninexhaustiblesupplyofintensely-jointed quartzite,therawmaterialforhistools.Thestreamrisingeast ofKibhanahallivillageactuallyflowsfromahaematite-quartzite outcropwhichwasmostprobablythesourceoftherawmaterial used.Theimplementsfoundheremaybeclassifiedintothe followinggroups :hand-axesoncoresrepresentingthelargest groupinthecollection;cleaversofvariedshapes,beakedimple-ment's,choppersandotherchoppingtools,scraperssuchasend-scrapers,side-scrapers,hollow-scrapers,etc.,fabricatorsandcores. WritingaboutthetypologicalcomparisonoftheKibbanahalli industrywiththosefromotherpartsofIndia,M.Seshadrisays: " ThetypologicalpositionoftheMysorepalaeolithieindustries cannotatpresentbefullyassessed.Kibbanahallihasproduced TUMKURDISTRICT27 alargercollectionofartifactsthananyotherMysore*sitesofar investigated.But itisnotthemagnitudeofthesiteascompared withotherMysoresites,whichaffectstheproblemof correlation,somuchasthecomplicatednatureofthe industryiteself.Togetherwiththeusuala,ssemblageofSouth Indianpalaeolithicartifacts,thereoccurat Kibbanahallianumber ofbeakedtoolsandclactoniantypes,whichareapparentlyaliien tothelowerpalaeolithicindustriesofneighbouringregions. Furtherinvestigationoftheseregions,whichmightrevealcom-parableindustrieseisewhere,isrequiredbeforethequestionof thepositionofKibbanahalli,andthereforealsoofMysoreitself canbefinallyassessed. " Thereisonlyonemegalithic,siteknownfromthisdistrict. Thelowrangeofhills,whichbeginsatKibbanahalli,runsalong northwardsofChiknayakanahalli.Onthecrestofthelowridge aboutthreefurlongswest-south-westofKeralakatte,H.K.Slater noticedhalf-a-dozenofcistcircles.sThecistsareeightfeetsquare andcomposedofgraniteslabs.Theyareindisturbedc o n d i ~ i o n and it hasbeenreportedthat theywererifledafewyearsago.A fewmorestone-circles,afewfUJrlongssouth-eastofthissite,are fortunatelyintact. Thereareonlyafewplacesinthisdistrictthatare,accordingLegendand tolegends,associatedwiththeepics,RamayanaandMaha- tradition hharata.OneoftheseisKadabaintheGubbitaluk.Tradition hasitthatRamaonhisreturnfromLankaencampedhereand at therequestof Seeta,heorderedthe river,whichwastoonarrow at thisspot,tobedammedsoastoformthepresentlargetank. AccordingtotheSthalapurana:,Ramawasreceivedandhonoured hereby thesageKadambawhohadhishermitageinthislocality. Thenameoftheplaceissupposedtohavebeenderivedfromthe nameofthesage.Anotherplace,connectedwiththeMaha-bharata,.isSampigeinTuruvekeretaluk.Thisissaidtobethe siteofChampakanagara,thecapitalofSudhanva,sonofaking namedHamsadhwajaoftheMahabharatatimes. In commonwiththe southerndistrietsofthe State,butunlikeGangas thedistrictsontheotherthreesides,theknownhistoryofthe TumkurdistrictbeginswiththeGangas.TheGangafamilyruled overthesouthernandeasterndistrictsoftheStatefromearlyin the Christian erato 1025 A.D.No inscriptionsofany of the earlier familiesliketheBanas,SatavahanasortheKadambashavebeen foundinthedistrict.TheearliestrecordoftheGangafamily foundinthisdistrictbelongstoabout400A.D. 4Itconsistsof asetoffivecopper-plates,ofwhichthesecondplateismissing. OneMadhavavarmawasthegranterofthecharter.This *Herefers_to_thepre-States'Reo1rganisationMysoreState. Sripurusha Ganga Rashtrakutas ~ Y S O R ESTATEGAZETTEER MadhavavarmawasprobablyKiriyaMadhavaorMadhavaIl whowasthesonofDadiga.Thisrecorddealswithaland-grant madeby Madhavato aBuddhistnamedBodhi-Sattva.Thenext Ganga record alsoconsistsofaset offivecopper-platesdatedabout 545.ItwasfoundtobeinthepossessionofoneSrinivasaRao ofKadagatturintheMadhugiritaluk.Thegenealogyandattri-butesofthevariouskingsintheseplatescorrespondwiththose knownfromotherpublishedGangagrants.Nextinpointoftime, aretheHebburplatesofthetimeofNavakama.Theseplates hadbeenforalongtimeinpossessionoftheLingayatW odeyars oftheHiremathaoftheplaceandtwoofthemaremissing,there beingnoringorseal.5Ingeneral,thisinscriptionalsogives informationsimilartowhatwehaveinotherGangagrantswith onenotableexception.ThisisinconnectionwithDurvinitawho, it says,"wasrestrictedtothepathofgreatnessbytheinstruction ofthedivinewhowastheauthorofShabdavatara ".Theauthor ofthiswork,asweknow,wasthecelebratedPujyapadawho,we mustthusunderstand,wastheGangakings'preceptor. The firstgreatGangaruler,ofwhom wehave a.number ofins criptionsinthis district,isSripurusha(725-788) . Many ofthem are viragalsorhero-stones;mostofthem,however,areundated. SomeoftheseviragalsrefertothewarsbetweentheGangasand Rashtrakutas.TheonenumberedMi99,forin:stanee,anddated about750,mentionsa.raidoftheRatta>SorRashtrakutason Gangavadi.Itisahero-stonerecordingthedeathofone Jadiyamuttarasawhosuccumbedinthisbattle.Theconflict referredto hereisobviouslytheonebetweenSripurusha(725-788) andKrishnaI(756-773)inwhichfellseveralGangaheroes.The placeswheretheseveralwarswiththeRashtrakutaswerefought werePinchanur,KagimogeymandBageyur.Ofthese,Bageyur isperhapsidenticalwithBagur,situatedaboutfivemilestothe north-eastofGubbi.Onthewhole,theseviragalsgiveusa glimpseofaperiodoftheGangahistory,when,beinghard-pressed byenemies,theywereputtingforthgiganticeffortstoholdtheir ownandmaintaintheirindependence.ThelastGanga.inscrip tionfoundinthisdistrictistheonenumberedTp103ofdate 979!whenSatyavakyawasruling,havingswayoverallthe Nolambas and henceinvested with the title "Nolamba Kulantaka". ThisepithetidentifieshimwithMarasimhaIIIwhoreignedfrom 960to974. NoinscriptionoftheChalukyasofBadami,whowerethe paramountpowerintheDeccanroughlyfromthemiddleofthe 6th century A.D.to themiddleofthe 8th centuryA.D.hasbeen foundinthisdistrict.TheseearlyChalukyasweresucceededby the Ra.shtrakubsin 753whenthe Ra.shtrakutaprince,Dantidurga, defeatedthelastChalukyakingKirtivarmaII.TheRashtra-kutas,whowereprobablyanancientpeopleandthenativerulers TUMKURDISTRICT ofthecountry,continuedtobeinpowerforwellovertwocentu-ries,until,in973,thelastRashtrakutaking,KarkaII,wasde-thronedagainbyascionoftheChalukyafamily,TailaII.The membersofthesecondfamilyoftheChalukyasarereferredtoas ChalukyasofKalyana. OftheRashtrakutasalso,thereareonlythreeinscriptionsin theTumkurdistrict.Ofthem,theonenumberedGb61isan importantone.It consistsofasetofcopper-platesfoundwhile diggingfoundationsforabridgenearKadabaandwerepublished originallybyLewisRicein18836 ;theywereedited andpublished againby Dr. LudersinEpigraphiaCarnatica,Vol.IV,p.332.In thehistoricalaccountgivinginformationregardingthekings,isa referencetoasplendidtemplebuiltbyAkalavarsha,whichbe calledKanneshwaraafterhisownname.Thiswasobviously Krishna I(756-775),ofwhichKannaorKanhaisaPrakrit form. Thetempleinquestionbasrightlybeensupposedtobethe famousKailasatempleofEllorawhichwasbuiltbythisking.Of Dharavarshaweareinformedthatwhenhewasengagedinsome battleonariver,hemetwithamisfortuneandhiselephantsand boatswerescatteredbyroughwaves.Buttherearenoparti cularsbywhichtheeventcanbeidentified. Wearethen,inthesamerecord,introducedtoaChalukya family,inwhicharementionedBalavarma,hissonY ashovarma andhissonVimaladitya.ThelatterwasinthelineofChakiraja whoisdescribedasthe Adhirajaof the entire Ganga-mandala.He wasapparentlyavice1oyappointedbythe Rashtrakutasoverthe Gangakingdom,when,about781,theyimprisoneditsking Shivamara.SuchaviceroyinthetimeofDharavarsha,accord ingtoanotherinscriptionwasKumbarasa,whowasapparently Chakiraja'sson.VimaladityawasthegovernorofKunigil-desha which,asconfirmedbymanyinscriptions,isthemodernKunigal areainthisdistrict.ThisKunigalareaseemstohavebeena 500 province. TheotherRashtrakutainscriptionistheonenumberedSi~ J , 7Indraraja dated982andfoundatHemavati.It isofspecialinteresttoRashtrakuta thehistoriansasitconfirmsthedateandmodeofthedeathof Indraraja,thelastoftheRashtrakutas,whichtookplaceat Shravanabelagola.Therecordpraiseshisexpeditionsandbattles andsaysthat hehadreceivedthetitles" Erevabedanga "and " Kirtinarayana ".Withamindundisturbedandperformingthe Jainavows,thekingissaidtohavepassedawayonMondaythe 20thofMarch982. ThethirdRashtrakutarecord,dated903,referstothereign ofKrishna II(880-914).It states thatat thattime,Prachanda danda-nayakaDamapayyawasstationedatManne(inthe Nelamangalataluk oftheBangaloredistrict)asthegeneralofthe Chal ukyasof Kalyana Nolambas 30]dYSOftESTATEGAZETTEER south.Thisstatement leadsintotheconclusionthattheGangas hadvirtwallybecomethefeudatoriesoftheRashtrakutassince thetimeofShivamara.Thisinscriptionalsoreferstoone Durvinita-arasa, the grant madeby whosegeneralformsitssubject matter, whomay bethe JSameasthe Durvinita mentioned in Mi 27, 39and42,alongwithhisyoungerbrotherButugaasfighting againsttheNolambas. TheinscriptionsoftheChalukyasofKalyanainthisdistrict arenodoubtnumerousandrangefrom1040to1200;butthey containnoinformationabouttheChalukyasthemselves.They merelyacknowledgethesupremacyoftheChalukyasintheopen ingsentence.Ofthem,sevenareCholainscriptionsandtherest Hoysala.TheChalukyasarenamedmostlybytheirtitlesand theseappeartohavebeenused-3Total pulses 2,00,2292,03,6363,79,9232,07,9441,90,951 2,53,292 ~ ~ Groundnut 90,7651,03,81)11,07,3481,07,67989,788 1,31,994 Sugarcane 4,7124,2174,4265,3102,951 7,682 Chillies 13,35413,95411,71812,6449,363 10,741 Coconut 75,91476,39676,56777,42281,300 84,252 Areoanut 7,4407,3917,9008,ll88,300 8,437 Ragi 118 STATEGAZETTEER Ragi(Eleusinecoracana)isamajorfoodcropgrown extensivelyinthedistrict.Thiscropoccupiesroughlyone-third ofthewholecultivated areaof thedistrict.Ragicrophasmany goodfeatureswhichmark it offsharplyfromthe otherfood grains. Itisoneofthehardiestcrops,wellsuitedfordryfarming. It can grow under conditions ofvery low rainfall and canwithstand severedrought,revivingagainwithvigourafteragoodshowerof rain.The grainisofagreatnutritivevalueandisconsidered verysustainingtopeopledoinghardphysicalwork.Ragiis largelygrownasadrycropinthedistrict.Thiscropisremar-kablyfreefrompestsanddiseases.Ragigraincanbestoredfor longperiodswithoutdamage,provideditisstored.inplacesand recepta.elesnotsubjecttodamporwettingbywater.Itsstraw isavaluablefodder,highlyfavouredbothforworkingandmilking animals.Ragiisgrownasadrycropinregionswheretherain fallrangesfromflOto35inches.Theyieldofragiunderdry cultivationiscorrelatedwiththetotalrainfallinthefivemonths fromJuly to November. The red and light-redashy-coloured loamsand sandy loamsoils are most suited for the ragicrop.Ragi doeswellgenerallyonthe better cl'assofsoils,freefromstoneandgravel,ofgooddepthand wellprepared.Roughstonyandgravellylandisnotutilisedfor thecultivationofthisgrain.The rootsystemintheplant.is remarkablyextensive,thoughsomewhatshallow,andonlygood soilspossessthepropertextureandthemoistureholdingcapacity requiredforthiscrop.InTUimkur,theredragisoilsare predominant.They are characterisedby depthanduniformityin coloura.ndtexture.Theyaremostlyunderlaidbyunweathered whitishclayeymaterial,thedecomposedproductofthegneisses and granites,whicharethemainrocksinthearea.Eveninlight ashycolouredandsomewhatsandytypesofsoils,theredsoitsare foundtounderliethemassub-soils.Duringtherainymonths, water penetratesto adepthofsixfeetandmoreandthesoilshe-comealmostsaturated.Thewater-holdingcapacityofthesoils isn''.Thenewmethodisencouragedbothforkharifand rabiseasons.ThetaluksofTumkurandKunigalhavepro-portionatelymoreacreageunderthenewmethod.Thetable givenbelowindicatestheacreageunderthismethodduringthe periodfrom1959-60to196.5-66:-YearAcreage 1959-6028,369 1960-6125,077 1961-6226,287 1962-6330,742 1963-6428,975 1964-6536,402 1965-66KharifandInordertohelpgrowmorepaddy,theStateGovernment RabicampaignsinitiatedspecialcampaignsbothforldhariJfand11abcrops.The DistrictAgriculturalauthoritiesdidintensepropagandaworkin thecountrysideaskingthecultivatorstoadoptimprovedmethods and grow more paddy, making fulluseofthe technicalhelpoffered. During1966-67,thecampaignswerecontinuedinallthetaluksof thedistrict.Thefollowingtableindicatesthetargetsand achievementsoftheacreagesbroughtundertheimprovedmethods both forthe andmbi seasons,duringthat year :-KharifRabi T'aluk Target TargetAchieve ment.ment. (acres)(acres)(acres)(acres) TumkurU,2108,6003,3002,350 Pavagadla Sira3,0001,4004,0004,500 Chiknayakanahalli1,1003002,000 Turuvekere2,1002,1003,000 Gubbi2,0004742,220 Koratagere2,000 Madhugiri4,5542,5387,5006,085 Tiptur5,100 . 1,5001,427 Kunigal ,6,6oo '4,Q703,644 '. 1, TUMKURDISTRICT133 In mostofthetaluksofthedistrict,Taiwanstrainspopularly knownasTaichungvarieties,wereintroducedasanexperimental measure.Thesenewstraiinshavebecomenowquitepopularin allthetaluks.Theyare:shortdurationstrainscapableofplan-tinginbothkharifandsummerseasons.Thest:rainsarebest suitedtofieldswithwell-drainedandnon-alkalinesoils.The fertiliserwaytogrowmorepaddyhasalsobecomepopular. Severaltrialswereconductedinthisregardand,inpracticallyall 'thetrials,theapplicationofnitrogenouscompoundincreasedthe yields.TheapplicationofHmaundsofammoniumsulphateor 20lbs.ofnitrogenouscompoundperacreincreasedtheyieldof paddyby4. 5maundsperacre.Two-and-a-halfmaundsof ammoniumsulphateor40lbs.ofnitrogenouscompoundperacre increasedtheyieldby6. 6maunds.Goodincreaseinyieldsare also obtained with phosphates, especially on soilswhichare deficient inphosphorus. Therecommendedpaddyvarieties forthekarthikacropare:Improved S-661(CoimbatoreSanna),SR-26-B,S-317(Halubbulu)andCh-2varieties (Chainavariety).Thedurationofallthesevarietiesis115to 160days.For summer paddy,S-317andCh-2varietiesareused. Plant protection isparticulady importantinrespectofpaddy crop. Inordertopreventpestsanddiseases,insecticidesaresprayed15 daysaftertransplantation.Theaverageyieldobtainedunder thesenewpracticesis1,400to1,500kgs.per acre. Taichung-65Paddy.-Taichung-65,ahigh-yieldingpaddy strain,isusedforintensificationofpaddycultivation.Taichung varietiesaresuitableforbothkharifandsummerseasons.For thekharifcrop,theTaichungstrainissownsometimebeforethe middleof July and forthe summer crop, 1sowingisdone fromabout January15thto February15th.Thepaddyfieldisploughed threetimeswithanironplough.Afterwards,fourcart-loadsof greenmanureandtencart-loadsoffarmyardmanureareapplied. ThetransplantationofTaichungvarietiesisdoneinfieldssub-mergedinabout aninchofwater.Theplantingisdoneinrows, sixinchesapart.Theone-inchsubmersio.nismaintainedforten daysaftertransplantation.Afterwards,thewaterisdrained. The fieldisagainwatered,withtwotothreeinchesofwater,after 60daysoftransplantation..Manuringisdonetwice.The durationoftheTaichungvarietiesis120to130days.Theyieid ofpaddyper acreisabout2,5toSOquintaliS. TaichungNative-I.-TheTaichungNative-1varietyis particularlysuitabletoPavagada,Sira,MadhugiriandKoratagere taluks .Thepaddy fieldforthisstrainisploughedwell,threeto fourtimes,withmould-boaJrdironplough.Fourcart-loadsof greenmanureandtencart-loadsoffarmya.rdmanureareapplied per acre.Lineplanting isadvised ;thefieldissubmergedinthree lowar Soils Featuresof theplant 134 inchesofwater. chung-65variety. quintalsper acre. MYSORESTATEGAZE',l'TEER ::VIanurialapplicationisthesameillSforTai-Theyieldfromthisvarietyis~ 5to30 Jowar(Sorghmnvulgare) -Kannadaname:Jola.---Jowaris oneofthepopular dry-landfoodgrainsgrowninsometaluksofthe districtItssuitabilitytotractsoflowrainfallanditsability to withstandconsiderabledrought,makeitanidealCNPforcultiva-tioninthearea.It i:scomparativelyaquick-growingcropand givesnotonlygoodyieldsofgrain,butalsolargequantitiesof fodder.Theexistenceofseveralvarietiesofthisgrainsuitedto differentseasons,forgrowingbothasadrycropandunderirriga-tion,eitherforpurposessoldyoffodderorofbothfodderand grain,greatlywid.ensthescopeforitscultivation.The8orghum, isacropsuitedmostlytoplains,thoughintheMysoreplateau,it growsevenatanelevationofaboutS,OOOfeet.Theaverage temperaturerequiredduringthegrowingseasonrangesfrom80 . degreesto 90degrees Fahrenheit, but many varieties can even stand aminimumtemperatureofabout60degreesFahrenheitanda maximumtemperatureofabout105degreesFahrenheit.They ml!ture,however,with amuchsmaHeramount ofrainfall than ragi, about10to15inches,fromsowingtoharvest, beingsufficient.It cannotbegrownasadrycropiftheannualrainf.aliisverylow in. whichcaseitwillhavetoberaisedunderirrigation. Jowarcropisnotconfinedonlytothe blackcottonsoil,but is grown,toacertainextent,onother t;ypesofsoilsalso,suchas,the red, ashygrey,lightred,etc.Exceptonstony,gravellyor very roughsoils,itisgrownonawidevarietyofsoils,bothheavyand lightalluvialloams,andeven onsandysoils.The bestcropsare grown,however,onthe clay loams,either red or black,and ifunder irrigation,withadequatedrainage.Onlow-lying:fieldsanddry tank-beds,thecropattainsaluxuriantgrowth,butifwateris stagnantorthemoisture doesnotdrainoffsoon,the crop becomes sicklyandgivesonlyapooryield. In theTumkur district, .Jowarisraisedas a'1'flliJ;ngarcrop;the sowing commencesinMay,June or July, andthe cropsare harves-ted.inSeptember,OctoberorNovember.Inthepreparatory cultivation,traditionally,oneortwoharrowingsaregivenbythe heggunteor oneor twoploughingsby the ordinary country plough. Sowingisdonewiththehelpofacountryplough followedbya Bwri.de(three-tinedseeddrill).Itissowninlines,nineinches apart, and the seed-rate is about fourto fivekgs.per acre. Jowarbelongstothenaturalorderofgraminae;itisatall annual gras:s,with arobustsolidpithy cylindrical stem,and attains aheightof10oreven15feet,aecordingtethesoil typesand the variety grown.Thestemmay be thick,about. onetotwo-.and-a-half inches in diameter, or thin, about only half an inchin diameter, TUMKURDISTRICT 135 orevenless,ifsownverythick.Therootsystemisfibrousand profuse,andsomeofthe lowernodessendoutrootswhichare mostlyserial ;they also'sometimesreachthegroundandfunction astrueroots.Theleavesareabouttwotothree-and-a-halffeet long and fromone to three inches broad,withaconspicuousmidriff, which iswhiteincolourincontrastwiththegreenoftheblade, andaresmoothexceptatthemarginswhicharerough.The flowersopen fromthetopofthepanicleandextenddownward gradually,taking abouteightdaysforcompletion.Theglumes arefourinnUlllber;thegrainsareformedclearoftheglumes, Incertaintypes,however,theglumeenclosesthe seedeithercom-pletely or toalargeextent. Unlikethe other straws,jowar fodderhasto be cut into piecesFodder beforeit can befedtocattle.It isusualto cut it into lengthsof afootorafoot-and-a-halfbyordinarylong-handed,largeand curvedknivesorbylocaltypesofchaff-cutters,whichhave straight. blades with ilong handle, working up and down likeanut-cracker.Owingtoitscoarseness, thefodderisusuallysoftened by soakinginwaterbeforeit isfed;buteventhenagoodportion ofthestemsisrejectedbytheanimals. Jowariseatenbybreakingthegrainandcookingitinthe samewayasriceorbygrindingitintoflourandpreparing unleavened bread out of it.To asmall extent, it iseaten parched ; somevarietiesyieldjowarwhichcanbeconvertedintopopped grain.Suchgrain,afterpopping,iseatenasitisorgroundinto flour.Thevarieties,which lendthemselvestopopping, arethose with. theopenbranchedearheadsandnotthosewiththecompact heads. Jowar alsocanbemalted.The maltisprepared by steeping thegraininwaterovernightand.thendrainingthewater outandkeepingthegrainmoistandheapedupuntilsprouting beginsandtheradiclesa:replainlyvisible.Thegrainsarethen spreadout todry,rubbed freeoftheradiclesandthenroastedand groundintoflour. Themungarjolaorkharifjowar issowninalltaluksofthe districtandatotalof5 8 , 4 3 ~acreswasunderthis cropin1966-67. Ofthis,alargeextentof35,100acreswasinPavagadaandSira taluks.Thefollowingtableindicatestheacreageunderjowar .cultivationinthetentaluksofthedistrictin1959-60and 1966-67 :-Hybrid Jowar HybridMaize -136 Taluk Tumkur Koratagere Madhugiril Pavagada Sira Chiknayakanahalli Turuvekere Tiptur Kunigal Gubbi MYSORESTATEGAZETTEER Total Acreage 1959-6(} fl,777 1,900 6,U5 ~ 2 , 1 3 0 2,400 5,701 2,500 8,'620 3,500 5,000 55,783 Acreage 1966-67 1,920 3,635 13,500 21,600 7,519 3,988 6,fl70 58,4.32 Thecost ofcultivationofthiscropcomestoaboutRs.120to Rs.150per acre. Cultivationofhybridjowarhasbecomepopularinthe district inrecentyears.TheC. S. H-1,whichisahigh-yieldingvariety, ismostly used forsowing.Moist fieldsare not suitable forhybrid varieties.Thiskindofjowarisraisedinthe!Jharifa'swellas summerseasons.Thefieldisploughedthreetofourtimeswith anironploughandlevelledwellwithaheggunte.Beforeusing theheggunte, about tencart-loadsofcompostareappliedper acre. Modernfertjlisers,attherateof60kgs.ofammoniumsulphate, 125kgs.ofsuperphosphateand35kg;s.ofmurateofpotash,are alsoapplied.Themanuringisrepeatedafter20to25days. Thesowingisdoneinlines,18inchesapart.Intereulturingis doneoncein15or30days.Waterisletinevery10days.The hybridjowar isready forharvestwithin115daysofsowing.The averageyieldisabout25to30quintalsperacre.Inirrigated areas,the sowingisdoneinJune. HybridmaizeoftheDeccanvarietyisraisedonredsandy soilsand alsoonblack sandy soils.The fieldi:sploughedthree to fourtimeswithanironploughforadepth ofsixinches.Compost isappliedattherateoftencartloadsperacre;modernfertilisers arealsoused.Theseed-ratefortheDeccanvarietyissixtosix and-a-halfkgs.peracre.Thesowingisdoneinrows,10to12 inchesapart,andatadepthofonetoone-and-a-halfinches. Inter-culturingisdoneafter15to30daysofsowingandwateris letinonceiinsevendaysorso.ThedurationofthiscropisllO to 120days and it givesan yieldof about 30 to35quintalsper acre. TUMKURDISTRICT137 Haraka(Panicumsemive1ticulatnm)IseasilythecoarsestHuaka amongthefoodgrainsandalsoremarkablydrought-resistant. It isrelegatedto roughgravellyandstony :soils,highuplandsoils orthered,ashy greyandlightredtypesoils.Eveninadverse seasonal conditions, the crop survives on these soilsand yields atype ofcoarsegrainandstraw,lowbothinquality andquantity.The cropoccupiesthe fieldforsixmonths,aperiodlongerthanthatof any other dry-landgrain.Only onecrop israi:sedinayea;r and it is followed,inthenextyear,,withhorse gramorcastor.Thefield intendedforharakacultivationisploughedseveraltimes,between MayandJu'lyafterheavyrains,andispreparedwellasforthe betterclassofgrains.Thegrainissownbroadcastafteragood rain,about theendofJuly.It isalsosowninrowseitherindrills orinploughfurrows.Theseed-rateisaboutfivetosixkgs.per acre.Inthepreparatorystage,onlyoneortwoharrowingsare givenbyaheggunte.Generally,nomanureisapplied.Two tothreeinter-culturingsarealsodonebyahede-kunte.The averageyieldofthiscropperacreisabqut~ 0 0kgs.Haraka belongstothegenuspanicumandisquitedistinctfromtheother cereals.It isasmoothannualgrass,growingsomewhaterect, attainingaheightof18inchestotwofeet.Theleavesarestiff andthickaddingtotheerectappearanceoftheplants.Both the stemsandleavesaresuffuseddeepred,especiallywhenconcli-tionsarevery dry.The grainisrecommendedasasubstitute for ricetopatientssuffering fromdiabetes. In Tumkurdistrict,thetaluksofPavagadaandSiraaccount forlargeacreages underthiscrop.Atotalacreageof68,195was under this cropinthedistrictin1966-67.Thecostofcultivation peracrevariesfromRs.'tOtoRs.60.Thetablegivenbelow indicatesthetalukwiseacreageunderharakainthedistrictin 1959-60and1966-67 :-Taluk Tumkur Koratagere Madhugiri Pavagada Siira Chiknayakanahalli Turuvekere Tiptur Kunigal Gubbi Total Acreage 1959-60 850 1 , ~ 0 0 1 , ~ 5 0 10,819 14,375 ~ 5 0 144 3,050 S,400 10,000 44,888 Acreage 1966-67 1,700 1,940 5,471 39,530 1 ~ , 0 0 0 1,015 4,900 3,600 39 68,19.5 Navane Horsegram 138MYSORESTATE.GAZETTEER Na1_;ane(Setariaitalica).-Pavagada,MadhugiriandSira taluksareparticularlynotedforthecultivationofthisminordry-hindfoodgrain,whichcomestomaturitywithinaperiodofabout ahundreddays.Theordinaryredloamsarebestsuitedand, undernormalrainfall,verygoodcropsareraisedonsuchsoils. Thecropiseithergrownpurewithoutamixedcroporasasubsi-diarymixedcropwithragi.Onredsoils,avareisso\vnns amixedcropwithn-avan8{.Itisusuallyfollowedbyjowaror s-ajjeinthe next year.When navane isgrownpure, it isgenerally followedbyragiorjowar.'fliepreparatorycultivationmethods aregenerallythesameaspractisedforharaka.Noploughingis donebeforetheseedsaresown ;onlyoneortwoharrowingsare givenbyaheggunte.Generally,manureisnotapplied.The seedissowninlines,nineinchesapart,byusingthethree-tined seeddrill.Two tothree infer-eulturingsare doneby ahedekunte. Theaverageyieldofthiscropperacrecomestoabout200kgs. Thenavanegrainiscookedandeatenlikerice.It isalsomade intosweetpuddingsandporridge. Thefollowing tableshowstheextentofacreageinrespectof ncwaneinthevarioustaluksofthedistrictfor1959-60and 1966-67 :--TalukAcreageAcreage 1959-601966-67 Tumkur500280 Koratagere1,0001,269 Madhugiri10011,426 Pavagada15,65010,79.8 Sira15,8907,000 Chiknayakanahalli62931 Turuvekere94258 Tiptur8503,650 Kunigal200 Gubbi8,416278 Total42,76235,885 Thecostofcultivationisnotexpensive.It comestoabout Rs ..9WtoRs.40per acre. Horsegram(Dolichosbiflorus) -Kannadaname:Huruli.--Horsegramisextensivelygrowninalmostallthetalluksofthe district.Thetotalareaunderthiscropinthedistrictin1966-67 was 1,28,028acres.The ..Chiknayakanahalli,Tiptur,Gubbiand Tumkurtalukshavelargeacreagesunderhorsegram.Itisgrown asadryc:ropalmostinvariablyandunderconditions ofonlya mgderaterainfall notexceeding35inches.It .jg.raisedovera TUMKURDISTRICT139 widerangeof soils.There isalmost notype of soil,exceptingthe badalkalinesoil,onwhichitisnotsown.It isakindofprepa-ratorycropofwhichtwoorthreecropsaretakenbeforethe land isput under ragi,jowar or other graincrops.J\fostof the surplus landofthecultivator,whichhecannotpreparesufficientlywellin timeforragi,ispti:tunderhorsegram.Thiscropissowninrows andisalsobroadcast.Inthefirstmethod,,itsowninplough-furrows,aboutnineinchesapart,coveredbytheadjacent furrow,or throughthejowar Sed-drillandcoveredby workingthe harrow.F'orbroadcasting,thefie.ldisdividedinto longnarrowstrips,ofabouttenfeetwidth,bymeansofplough furrows.Seeds aresownbroadcastinthestripssuccessively,and thesowingisfollowedbyploughingsoastocovertheseed. Wherthecropissowninrows,thefieldis:inter-culturedonce. In many places,horsegramissownwithamixedcropofniger,Harvesting whichis 'sowninrows,about three tosixfeetapart, simultaneously with horsegram.The eropisalwayssown thick,aseedrate of10 to 12kgs.beingcommon.Theharvestingiisdonebypullingout theplants.They areremovedtothethreshingfloor,stackedfor aweekand then threshedby being trampled under the feetof oxen orwiththethreshingstoneroller.Agoodcropofhorsegram .yieldsabout twoto two-and-a-half quintalsper acre ;but, however, the yieldsare generally li)Winthedistrict, owingtothepoor atten-tionthecropreceivesandthebelatedso wings..Theproduce requiresagreat dealofcleaning by means ofwinnowingandsifting inorderto removetheseedsofthevariousweeds. Horsegramisthepoorman':spulsecropandiseatenboth boiledandfried.Incontrastwiththeotherpulse.s,horsegramis notconvertedintosplitpulse.It islargelyusedasafoodfor horsesandcattle.Thefollowingtableshowstheacreagesinres-pectofhorsegramin:severaltaluksofthedistrictfortheyears 1959-60and1966-67 :-TatukAcreage 1959-601966-67 Tumkur10,53715,000 Koratagere9,0009,500 Madhugiri10,991 Pavagada 6,000 Sir a 10,500 Chiknayakanahalli13,30619,500 Turuvekere4,554 Tiptur5019,439 Kunigal6,60013,544 Gubbi22,20019,000 Total1,11,6661,28,028 140~ Y S O R ESTATEGAZETTEER AvareAvare(Dolichoslablab)isoneofthe important fieldbeans, very largelygrowninthedistrict.In thedietaryoftheworking classesinTumkurdistrict,whosestaplefoodisragi,thisbeanis quiteoften aningredient, and itsuppliestheproteinsupplementto theragigrain.It iscultivatedalmostentirelyasadrycrop,in regions where the rainfall rangesfrom25to35inches.It isgrown, almost invariably,asamixedcrop,the maincropbeingragi.The preparationofthe fieldforthe ragicrop,appliestothiscropalso. ThiscropissownalongwithragiinthemonthsofJune-July. Thesowingiscarriedouteithersimultaneouslywithragi,inwhich ca;seit issownthroughasinglefurrowseed-drill,thesaddlebeing tiedbehindthetwelve-tinedragidrill,orissownseparatelyafter ragihasbeensownbroadcast,beingdroppedintoploughfurrows drawnaboutsixfeetapart.Thecropshares,duringitsgrowth, thesameinter-culturing,weedingandthinningoperationswhich arecarriedoutfortheragicrop.Itsgrowthisonlymoderate duringthetimetheragicropoecupiestheground,butsoonafter ragiisharvested,itgrowsqu1ckly,andfloweringcommencesvery soonthereafter,generallyaboutthemiddleofNovember. The avareplantisasemi-climbinglowbushand,undercondi-tionsofgoodrainfall,coversthewholegroundbetweentherows. The flowersareborneonastraightuprightstalk,oftenafoot high, onwhichtheyopen successively.Thepodsaregatheredbothin thegreenandripestages.Largequantitiesofgreenpodsare gatheredand:soldasvegetable;theseedsareremovedfromthe pods,cookedandeatenlikegreenpeas.Thepulsefromthedry podiseatenbothfriedorboiledandsalted;generally,itisthe splitpulsethat iscookedandeaten.Aconsiderablequantityof thepulseis:soldintheformofdhalorsplitpulse,asinthecase oftogaridhal.Thestatementgivenbelowshowsthetaluk-wise acreageof avareinthedistrictfor1959-60and1966-67 :-Taluk Tumkur Koratagere 1\::Iadhugiri Pavagada Sira Chiknayakanahalli Turuvekere Tiptur Kunigal Gubbi Total Acreage 1959-60 806 3,800 500 423 230 2,500 8,000 16,000 986 3,600 36,844 Acreage 1966-67 3,000 1,557 2!,299 2,060 12,050 5,000 2,984 4,540 2,429 35,919 'rUMKURDISTRicT141 Theaverageyieldofavareinthedistrictvariesfromplaceto place.Insomeplaces,theyieldisonlyabout50kgs.peracre andinotherplaces,itcomestoaboutone-and-a-halftotwo quintals.The costofcultivationcomesto aboutRs.~ 5per acre. Tur(Cajanusindicus)-Kannadaname:Togari.-Tur,Tur sometimescalled al:soasredgram, isan important crop,whichforms usuallyapartofthedaily dietaryofthehouseholdsinthispart ofthecountry.Thecropisgrownmixedwithragi,jowaror sajjeinro>vs,aboutsix_feetapart,thespacebetweentherows beingoccupiedbythecerealcrop.Theseedsaredroppedinto ploughfurrowseitherbyhandorthroughaone-furrowseeddrill and covered by a harrow or merely with the feet,asthe sowing goes on:Sowninthisway,about4lbs.ofseedareusedforanacre. SowingtakesplacefromMaytoJuly,theearlysowingbeing with thekar ragi or earlyseasonjowar,andthelatersowingwith themainseasonragiorjowar.Aftertheplantsshowupabove the surface,hand-weeding,inter-culturingandotheroperationsare carriedout.Theplantsareconsiderablythinnedout,sothat theymaystandabout1 ~to18inchesapartintherows.The growthoftheplantsareslowuntilthecerealcropsareharvested and removed.Theyieldoftur rangesbetween~ 0 0to300kgs.per acrewhengrownasamixedcrop.If grownpure,itmaygoup toaboutthreetofourquintalsperacre. Turisconvertedintodhalorsplitpulse,withthe husks removed,beforeitissoldforconsumption.Theboilingquality ofthedhalisanimportant.characteristicwhichdecidestheprice ofthearticle.Thosevarieties,whichboilorsoftenquicklywith alargeportionoftheconstituents,diffusingintothewaterin whichthey are boiled, are consideredto be the best and those which are poor inthisrespectandareslowin ;softeninganddiffusing,are rankedlower.Thevarietiesinwhichthedhal,isthick,small andalmostrounded,arepreferredtothoseinwhichitisthin, flattishandsomewhatlargerinsize.Sometimes,thedhalis cooked and eaten as it is,but moreoften,incombination with other ingredientsintheshapeofcurriedsoupandotherdishes.It is animportantproteinfoodofthepeopleofthedistrict. The acreageundercui Kodigenahalli1,1001,4128,8002,3404,5001,815 ~ Pavagada2,9001,0244,0002,210ll,5003,900 G':l:> Sira } 2,2001,5039,6001,647lO,OdO256 IS ~ Patnayakanahalli >i [;;1Chiknayakanahalli2,20028217,400ll,857350 ~ Turuvekere2,3001,00017,90018,000350 Gubbi4,2002,70026,90018,6452,2001,006 Tiptur-I l 2,3502,93116,00010,08550 Tiptur-II ) Kunigal2,7502,26513,00010,325 Amruthur5,2502,02010,6008,50075030 Total32,30024,2911,67,4001,04,27940,00016,000 StatementindicatingtheresultsachievedundertheHigh-YieldingVarietiesProgrammeinTumkurdistrictin1966-67 Targetacreage for1966-67Achievement in acresduring Additional yield of grains Orop1966-67 in metrio tannea KharifSummerTotaLKl!arifSummerTotalKl!arifSummerTotal ..;! 'I t;l Kodigenahalli1503551210060 c.l Pavagada3001610402010040 ;... N Sira } 30010433401020027 t;l >'I PatnayakanahaJli .-; Gubbi2003058100l05 Chiknayakanahalli2006101810043 Tiptur-I 200621036200103 Tiptur-11 J Turuvekere2006052610040 Kunigal20032101110061 Amruthur30023510100185 Total2,8507121471501721,5001.434 TUl\rKURDISTRICT165 Statementshowingamountsofshort-termloansadvancedtocultivators bytheStateGovernmentduiingtheKharlfandRabiseasonsGf underthelntensiveAgriculturalAreaProg1:amme. TalukKharifRabiTotal ---- Rs.Rs.Rs. Tumkur 3,150Koratagere87,51581,9501,19,465 l\1adhugiri1,11,04461,810Pavagada68;3308,59076,9!t0 Sira1,84,82613,8401,98,666 Chiknayakanahalli.96,936 1,17,868 Turuvekere1,!U,05fl61,82l)1,82,877 Tiptur3,20,6288,798S,29,421 Gubbi1,48,1984,4101,52,603 Kunigal2,37,97419,3602,57,834. Total16,08,2612,84,66018,42,921 Certainar@asinthe district arealwaysvulnerableforscarcitySpecial brought about by periodicdroughts.In order to helprehabilitateLong-term mdimprovesuchareasintheState,theCentralGovernmentProgramme requestedtheStateGovernment,inl\fay1962,topreparea thoughtoutplansothattheareasmaygetproperattention. Theyalsosuggestedthattheworkmaybetakenup,inthefirst instance,onapilot basisforaperiodofthreeyears.Afterassess-ingtheachievementsofthepilotschemes,itwasvisualisedthata furtherlarge-scaledevelopmentprogrammemaybeundertaken. Thispilotschemewastoinclude soilconservationmeasures,irriga-tionworkanddiversificationofagriculture.In19.63,itwas decidedto undertakethepilot projectsinthetaluksofl\1adhugiri andPavagada,asthesetwotaluksweretypicallybackwardtaluks inthedistrict.Accordingly,acommitteeofofficerswas constitutedwiththeDeputyCommissionerofthedistrictasthe Chairman.Thedistrictauthoritieswereaskedtoimplementa comprehensiveschemeforthedevelopmentofag;ricultureandto payparticular attentionto diversificationofagrieultureinthos': areas. Hitherto,inthescarcityregions,thetraditionalpatternof Governmental assistance during drought and periodsofscarcity has been oneofofferingdolesand providingemploylnenttothe needy population.Suchworksdonotcreatepermanentassetsandthe moneyspentonscarcityworksoftenbecamewastefulexpenditure 166MYSORESTATEGAZETTEER asnoprovisioncouldbemadefortheirmaintenanceyearafter year.Therefore,therewasagreatneedtoundertakemeasures which,incourseof time,wouldprevent conditionsofscarcity from arising.It wasfeltthattheultimate objectiveshouldbethat in spiteofcertainnaturalfactors,whichareadversetothedevelop-meytofsuchareas,asufficientnumberofpositivefactorsshould becreated,makinguseoftheexistingconditionstothebest advantage,whichwouldeventuallyresultintheeliminationof scarcity. Assuchareashavescantyrainfall,itwasconsideredquite essential that every effortshouldbe madeto ensuresufficientwater foragriculturaloperations..Thiswassoughttobeachievedby the construction, ofminor irrigationworks,:suchastanksandwells, andalsoby contour bunding,whereverpossible.Introductionof rationalcroppingwasalsodecidedupon.Thiswasessentialfor achieving the maximum benefit fromirrigation.Asalready stated, thedevelopmentofbackwardareasfellmainlyunder(I)land improvement,(2)minorirrigationand(3)diversificationofagri-culture.Fortheimprovementofland,theutilisationoftractor andbulldozerservicesat appropriateplacesbecamequite necessary.Thismethodbroughtundercultivationlandswhich wereformerlylyingfallow. Theareasaffectedbyscarcityconditionsin'Tumkurdistrict consistofthefollowinghoblies:Sira,Kallambella,Bukkapatna, Hulikunte,Badavanahalli,It.tigadibhanahalli,Honnavalli,Huliyar, HandanakereandUrdagere.Theextentofareaandpopulation affectedbyscarcityconditionsinthe districtareasfollows:-TalukA rea in squarePopulaTion miles Madhugiri4Q21,53,824 Sira5841,53,983 Koratagere~ 5 689,386 Pavagada5Q31,17,138 Gubbi4661,47,150 The allocation of fundsforcarrying out the SpecialLong-Term Programmeforthedevelopmentofbackwardareasinthisdistrict hasbeenfixedatRs.1,331.37lakhs.Thetimethatwouldbe requiredtocompletetheschemeswoulddependonseveralfactors, suchastheavailabilityoffunds,trainedpersonnelandmaterials. Some 'schemeslikethoserellating to fisheries,sericulltureandirriga-tion wellscanbecompletedinashort time,whilethoserelatingto contour-bundingandminorirrigationworksmaytakealonger time.It isestimatedthatcompletionoftheentireschemefor thedevelopmentofthebackwardareasmaytakeabout~ 5to30 years. TUMKURDISTRICT167 Anagriculturalcolony,calledtheMarconahalliAgriculturalMarconahalli Colony,wasstarted in in theMarconahalliReservoirchannelAgri1mltural areanearYedavaniinKunigaltalukinordertohelplandlessColony educated persons and young farmerstosettle themselvestoachieve bestresultsfromagriculturalIntheearlystages,20 candidateswereselectedandoutofthem,11personsgotthe requiredtraining.Duringtheyear 1947, sixpersonsweretaken ascolonistsandduringthenextyear,threemorepersonswere trained.Sincethen,an averagenumberoffourpersonsarebeing giventhefacilitytosettledownthere.Underthescheme,!Z29 acres of wet land,91acresofdry and 16acresofgarden landshave beensetapartforthecolonists. Sincethegreatfamineof1877-78,therehavebeenbadyearsFloo1[sand occurringnowand theninthe district.Thedistress wasacuteinfamines 1891-92,1908-09and callingforinstantreliefoperations. Whenever mungar rains faill,thecultivatorshaveto postpone their farmingoperationsindefinitely.Especially,thenorth-eastmon-soonisaveritablegambleandonecannotbesureofitsonset.If thewinterrainsfail,whichisoftenthecaseiinthedistrict,the tanks getmuch depleted.In 1904-05,the situation becamecritical becauseoffailureofrainsandthisgravitywasintensifiedin W05-06asthesouth-westmonsoonalsofailed.Thenorth-east monsooninthe'succeedingyearwasmostdisappointing.The distressin1908-09wasmoreacutethanin1891-92asitextended overaverylargearea.Thedistresswasparticularlyseverein Kunigal,Gubbi,Turuvekere,TipturandPavagadataluks. Inrecentyears,duetoimprovementsintransportand communications,sufferingsfromfamineorscarcityconditionshave beenmitigatedsincefoodgrainscanbespeedilybroughtandsent toevenremoteareas.Droughtconditionsarequitecommon, especiallyintheMadhugiriSll'b-division,becauseofmonsoon failures.It hasbeensaidthatinthe:areasthataresubjeetto chronicscarcityconditions,inacyeleoffiveyears,two yearsareofscarcityandanotheryearoffamineornear-famine.Intensiveeffortsarenowbeingmade,asstated earlier,tosolvethisdifficultproblemonapermanent basis.Anylargespellof'droughtconditionwillnaturallyaffect severelythefoodproduction.If scarcityoccurs,reliefworksare startedaccordingto theneedsofthetractandgruelcentresare immediatelysetuptofeedthehungry.Sinkingofirrigation wellsisoneofthepermanentmeasuresundertakentorelievethe scarcity.During1968aliso,therewerewidespreadscarcitycon-ditionsinthedistrict.Toalleviatethesufferingsofthepeople, theStateGovernmenttookup1,203scarcityreliefworksinthe district at acostofabout Rs.lakhs,thereby providingemploy-ment toabout 35,590persons.There isnothreat offloodsinthe district.Thestreamsan- 3.Irrigation : (a)Loan7,00,0006,47,9823,00,0002,01,3503,00,0001,70,7756,4J ,7505,82,317 1>1(b)Non-Loan1,50,00046,75055,00048,01755,00058,62Q2,05,0001,58,093 4.Rural Hearth and Sanitation3,10,0002,35,6781,10,00073,8671,10,000!19,9682,02,6001,66,674 I '5. Education2,20,0001,22,32860,00018,30660,00028,2601,54.,5001,01,070 6.SocialEducation2,4.0,0001,15,30760,00034,65360,00026,7491,50,00064,079 7.Communication2,90,0002,60,77345,00015,53545,00010,4601,71,50080,003 0 Rural Arts, Crafts and Industries2,30,00080,21665,00056,12665,00017,2871,81,0001,23,698o, 9.Housing2,60,0001,07,22\)1,00,00071!,1821,00,00025,40865,001)29,132 'rot11l34,00,000:!4,40.11512,00.000\),04,66712,00,0007,13,80725,50,0()()18,33,88:! Statement(contd.) TipturTipturTuru1Jekere Sl. III No.Beadof Account SchematicSeltematicl>;clte.matic Expenditureb?tdyetExpenditurebudgetExpenditure provisionprovisionprMision 111213141516 >-,!Rs.Rs.Rs.Rs.Ra.Rs. I.Block Headquarters2,69,0002,60,0002,69,0002,24,6564,00,0006,84,608li'i C! 2.Agriculture and Animal Husbandry19,0006,8401,58,00088,3891,00,0002,33,871 = 3.Irrigation : (11(a.)Loan1,58,00080,7931 1,38,4009,'25,0002,76,063 (b)Non-Loan3,92,0001,37,530) a f,14.Rural HE>althand Sanitation96,00041,74696,00027,2151,90,0001,60,858 5.Education29,000l!l,OOO29,00023,0661,10,0001,00,603 6.SocialEducation47,00016,29347,00017,1561,20,00079,956 7.Communication25,00015,15025,0009,6591,10,00061,926 8.Rural Art.s, Crafts and84,00027,24184,00018,0901,15,00044,406 9.1,00,0001,00,0001,30,00085,958 Total12,00,0006,04,59312,00,0005,46,63122,00,00017,28,249 !;10 IIi>-Oltikna!fakanakalli"WadhugiriK odigenahalli 8l.lleadof Acco1mt No. SchematicSchemat1:oScltematic Expenditttreb'!tdgetExpenditurebudget provisionprov?:aion 1718192Q2L22 Rs.Rs.Rs.Rs.Rs. > 3. s (a)Loan5,29,8504,43,8773,92,0002,02,027 1,32,95() (b)Non-I,oan

4.RuralHealthandSanitation2,17,2501,45,94596,00045,69896,00050,853

... 5.Education1,58,1251,25,87929,00013,90029,00010,600 I 6.SocialEducation1,43,75097,2414:7,00026,58347,00016,756 7.Communication1,27,75075,56025,000 z5:ooo3,600 8.RuralArts,CraftsandIndustries..1,59,37562,24684,00037,66684,00024,869 9.Housing 1l=t') .a.,v,...,uvu .-. nn l"'''il.:' 1,00,00016,0001,00,00017,000 Total21,25,00015,93,42812,00,0006,51,92312,00,0005,03,566 Sl. No. Headof Account 1..Block IIeadquarters 2.AgricultureandAnimalHusbandry 3.Irrigation.. (a)Loan (b)Non.Loa.n i.Rural Health and Sanitation 5.Education 6.SocialEdu'ca.tion 7.Communication 8.RuralArts, andIndustries. , 9Housing Total Statement(concld.) Sira and SehC'matic budgetE:cpenditure provision 2324 Hs.Rs. 8,00,0006,89,739 2,:20,0001,54,529 4,65,914 8,30,000 3,30,0002,42,:!06 2,20,0002,40,0007f>,5l8 2,70,00074,:Wl 2,30,00062,876 2,60,0001,06,166 34,00,00019.81.047 Komta.gereStagel,Pavagada SchematicEkhenwtic liudgtlExpenditurelHtdgct:pro11i8ionpmrision 25:!62728 Rs.Rs. 3,15,0002,90,210 Rs. 4,00,0{\(\3,33,405 1,00,00093,9:1:11,12,885!l4,l81 j:o:t0 1:112,64,0001,9!l,045 40,00037,441 :3,75,000IJ,4I,894 .... '(Jl40,000 1,24,000l,l9,7H81,68,1151,34,299 .... ('} l-387,00078,0991,!0,00080,732 50,00047,3311,20,00071\,7\)3 55,00042,2211,2!'l,OOO70,152 65,00046,3791,15,00048,8\l;) 1,00,00084,4751,:l0,000HS.l50 12,00,00010,3!l,8!H17,00,000l:I,06,(l]fj ;:;, CHAPTERX GENERALADMINISTRATION THE historyofTumkurdistrictasanadministrativeunitwith thevariouschangeseffectedinitsset-upfromtimetotime hasbeendealtwithinChapterI.Inthischapter,thepattern ofgeneraladministrationinthedistrictandthefunctionsand powersoftheseveralofficers,fromtheDivisionalCommissioner tothevillageofficers,aresetforthinbrief. ThepublicadministrationoftheState,inthebeginningof thiscentury,largelyconsistedinprovidingsecurityofpersonand propertyandrealisingtherevenuenecessaryformaintainingthe several departments ofGovernment.The Police,the Prisonsand the Judiciary constitutedthe securitydepartmdnts,whilethe Land Hevenue,Excise,Registration and Stampsformedthe mainsources ofrevenuefortheadministration.ThePublic1N orksDepart-mentformedanimportantunitoftheGovernment.Withthe gradualintroductionofmeasuresfortheeconomicandsocial bettermentofthepeople,developmentdepartmentslikeAgricul-ture,Edueation,PublicHealth,IndustriesandCommerce,Co-operation,etc.,attainedgrowingimportance.Aftertheattain-mentofIndependence,incessantandconcertedeffortsarebeing madetopromoteall-roundwelfareofthepeopleatafasterpace bylaunchingaseriesofdevelopmentplans. Tumkurdistrictisoneofthefourdistrictsconstitutingthe BangaloreDivision,theotherthreedistrictsbeingBangalore, KolarandChitradurga.Therearetenrevenuetaluksinthe district.For administrativeconvenience,thesetaluksare grouped intothreerevenuesub-divi,sions,withheadquartersatTumkur, Tiptur andMadhugiri..Thefollowingaretherevenuesub-divi-sionsandthetaluksattachedtoeachsub-divisioninthedistrict: (I)TumkurSub-DivisionwithTumkur,GubbiandKunigal taluks;(Q)TipturSub-DivisionwithTiptur,Chiknayakanahalli andTuruvekeretaluks ;and(3)MadhugiriSub-Divisionwith Madhugiri,Sira,KoratagereandPa.vagadataluks.Eachofthese ten taluksisagain sub-dividedinto hoblies,eachofwhich,inturn, includesagroupofvillages.Thereare,inall,49hob liesand Q, 7Q5viUagesinthedistrict. TUMKURDISTRICT337 TheBangaloreDivision,whichincludesTumkurdistrict,isDivisional headedbyaDivisionalCommissioner.ThepostsofDivisionalCommissioner Commissionersinthenew.MysoreStatewerecreatedbythe MysoreAdaptationofLawsOrder,1956,undertheprovisionsof theStates'Re-organisationAct,1956.TheDivisionalCommis-sioner isthe headofthe revenueadministrationinhisjurisdiction. Heplaysaprominentroleinthegeneraladministrationofthe districtscomingunderhisjurisdiction,notonlyinrespectof revenuemattersbutalsoinrespectoftheactivitiesofother departments.HeactsasalinkbetweentheStateGovernment andthedistrictauthoritiesinrespectofalldevelopmentaland publicwelfareactivities.Heundertakestoursinthedistricts andsupervisesthegeneralactivitiesofalldevelopmentdepart-mentsandgivesthemguiidance,wherevernecessary. InviewofthenumerousactivitiesundertheFive-YearPlans andtheincreasingtempoofcommunitydevelopmentprogramme, greatimportancehasbeenattachedtothepostoftheDivisional Commissioner.Beingthechiefco-ordinatorofthevarious developmentprogrammesinthedistrict,heconvenesco-ordina-tionmeetingsofthedistrictofficersperiodicallywithaviewto reviewingtheprogressofdevelopmentworksandremoving difficulties.andbotUenecks,if.any,intheirexpeditiouse.xecution. He hasto beparticularlyvigilantagainstnaturalcalamitieslike Hoods,faminesand..scardtyconditionsandbestowhisurgent attentiontowardsorganisingreliefmeasuresforalleviatingthe hardshipsofthepeople.Hehasalsotobewatchfulaboutthe abnormalriseinpricesandscarcityoffoodgrainsandother consumergoodsandtakesuitabler.emedialmeasures. TheDivisionalCommissioner'sofficeisthechannelthrough whichaUproposalsfromDeputyCommissionersregardingrevenue matters,communitydevelopmentprogramme,municipaladminis-trationandthe like havetogoto the Government.The distribu-tionandre-appropriationofbudgetgrantstorevenueoffices, Community DevelopmentBlocks,Taluk DevelopmentBoards and, tosomeextent,tol\funicipalities,arehisresponsibility.He constitutestheappellateauthorityabovetheDeputyCommis sionerinmattersofrevenue:administration,bothasregards law anddisciplinary proceedingsagainst therevenuestaff. Inshort,hisfunctionsmaybedescribedasappellate,inspecting, controlling,supervising,co-ordinatingandadvisory. Themainbruntofthedistrictadministration,however,isDeputy directlybornebytheDeputyCommissionerofthedistrict,whoOom.missloner worksundertheimmediatesupervisionoftheDivisionalCom-miSsiOner.Astherevenuehead of thedistrict,heplaysthe most importantand pivotalroleinallaspectsofdistrict administration, fromlandrevenueworktothatofplanneddevelopment.With T.D.G. Revenue collection 338MYSORESTATEGAZETTEER the advent of the democratic set-up and increased tempo of develop-mentalactivities,hisfunctionsandresponsibilitieshavefurther increased.Ingeneral,hisfunctionsmaybedefinedasexecutive andhisdutiesmaybebroadlyclassifieda-s(1)revenue,(2)law andorder,(3)development,(4)co-ordinationand(5)public weUareingeneral. Inthegeneralpatternofthedistrictadministration,the DeputyCommissioneristhecustodianofGovernmentpropertyin land(includingtreesandwater),whereversituated,andatthe sametime,theguardianoftheinterestsofmembersofthepublic inland,in'SOfarastheinterestsoftheGovernmentinlandhave beenconcededtothem.AUland,whereversituated,whether putto orotheruses,isliabletopaymentofland revenue,exceptinsofarasitmaybeexpresslyexemptedbya specialcontract.Suchlandrevenueisofthreekinds:(1)agri-culturalassessment,(2)non-agriculturalasesessmentand(3) miscellaneous.ThedutiesoftheDeputyCommissionerarein respectof(1)fixation,(2)collectionand(3)accounting0fall suchlandrevenue.Hehastoseethattherevenuedueis recoveredpunctuallyandwiththeminimumofcoercionandthat thecollectionsareproperlycreditedandaccountedfor.Witha viewto enablinghimtocarryouttheseandotherduties,hehas beengivenwidepowersundertheJ\fysoreLandRevenueAct. The Deputy Commissionerisalsoresponsibleforthecollection offeesandtaxesunder variousActsinrespectofirrigation,ferries andbridges,stamps,etc.Anyarrears,whetherofCentralor StateGovernment,mayberecoveredaslandrevenueunderthe provisionsofthetaxlaws.If apartydoesnotpaythetaxin time,thetax-collectingauthoritysendsacertificateoftaxarrears totheDeputyCommissionerofthedistrict,whohaspowersto recovertheamountinthesamewayashedoesinrespectofland revenue. Astheheadoftherevenueadministrationofthedistrict,the DeputyCommissionerexercises.allthepowersundertheMysore LandRevenueAct.Heisalsoresponsibleforthemaintenance oflandrecordsandinaddition,heexercisesvarious powersunder severalotherActssuchastheLandReformsAct,Land AcquisitionAct,MysoreIrrigationAct,MysoreReligiousand CharitableEndowmentsAct,MysoreLandImprovementand TaccaviLoansAct,MysoreVillagePanchayatsandLocalBoards ActandtheTownMunicipalitiesAct.Hedischargesalsoa quasi-judicialfunctioninrevenuedisputes.UndertheMysore VillagePanchayatsandLocalBoardsAct,1959,alargeportionof therevenuefromlandisassignedtotheVillagePanchayatsand TalukDevelopmentBoardsandtheallocationofthesefundsis theresponsibilityoftheDeputyCommissioner. TUMKURDISTRICT UndertheCommunityDevelopmentProgramme,theDeputyCo-ordination CommissionerisdesignatedastheDeputyDevelopmentCommis- work sioner.Inthatcapacity,heisinover--allchargeofallthe development blocksinhisjurisdiction.He hasto possessaclear pictureofthenormalworkingofseveraldepartmentsatthe districtlevelsoBJStoevolveanintegratedapproachtothevarious developmentalactivities.Heholds periodiealmeetingsofallthe district-levelofficers(exceptthejudicialofficers)andtheBlock DevelopmentOfficersatwhichtheblockprogrammesand achievementsarereviewed.Heisalsotheex-offidoChairman oftheDistrictDevelopmentCouncil,whichhastoguideandco-ordinatethedevelopmentalactivjtiesofseveraldepartmentsin thedistrictandthoseoftheTalukDev.elopmentBoards,which helpintheexecutionof'thecommunitydevelopmentprogrammes inthe ruralareas.He hasalsotheoverallresponsibilityforthe successfulimplementationofthemanyplanschemes,including socialwelfarework.Thus,co-ordinationformsanimportant part of theworkoftheDeputyCommissioner. A ~theExecutiveDistrictMagistrateofthedistrict,the DeputyCommissionerisresponsibleforthemaintenanceoflaw andorder.HeistheheadofallExecutiveMagistratesinthe districtandhasspecifiedpowersundertheCodeofCriminalPro-cedure.Since1956,whenthejudiciarywasseparatedfromthe executiveinthedistrict,theDeputyCommissionerhasceasedto dealwiththeactualdispensationofjustice.Hislawandorder responsibilityinvolvestwodistinctfunctions;:firstly,hehasto enforcelawandorderthroughthepoliceandsecondly,hehasto takeregulatoryandpenalaction. The Deputy Commissioneralsoexercisessupervision over localOtherfunctions administration,censusoperations,elections,excise,food.andcivil supplies.He is enjoined to give effect to the notifications issuedby theGovernmentfromtimetotimeinrespectoffoodgrainsand other essential commodities.He isalsothe custodian of allmuzrai institutionsinthedistrictundertheproviisionsoftheMysore ReligiousandCharitableEndowmentsAct.Heisalsothe licensingauthorityundertheMysoreCinematographActand exercisespowersvestedinhimalsoundertheIndianArmsAct, IndianExplosivesAct,PreventionofUntouchabilityAct,etc. Beingtheex-officioDistrictRegistrar,heexercisescontrolover the Sub-Registrarsinthe districtandheisalsoex-officioCollector ofStampsandChairmanoftheRegionalTransportAuthority. TheDeputyCommissionerisassistedinhisdutiesinthe headqmrters by twoofficers of the rank of AssistantCommissioner. designatedasHeadquartersAssistantandDistrictDevelopmeni Assistant,respectively.Thereisalsoanotherofficerdesignated asHeadquartersAssistanttotheDistrictRegistrar,whoassists Assistant Commissioners Tahsildars Revenue Inspectors Village omcers 340MYSORESTATEGAZETTEER theDeputyCommis,sionerinsofarashisworkrelatingtoregis-trationand stampsisconcerned.Besides,there arealsoan Office Assistant,aFoodAssistant,anAssistantDistrictExeiseOfficer andaDistrictSocialWelfareOfficerassistingtheDeputyCom-missionerintheirrespectivefields.Since1967;theRegional Transport Offi.cerofthe districtisalsorequiredtoworkunderthe control oftb.eDeputyCommissioner. Thethreerevenuesub-divisions,viz.,Tumkur,Tipturand Madhugiri,areunderthechargeofanAssistantCommissioner each.Theseofficers,whoare directlyresponsibletotb.eDeputy Commissioner,areindirectchargeoftherevenueadministration intheirrespectivesub-9[ivisions.Inallrevenuematters,these officersareappellateauthoritiesovertheorderspa,ssedbythe Tahsildarsoftaluks.Theyexercisesuchofthepowersasare conferredonthembytheDeputyCommissionerundertheLand RevenueActandvariousotherActsandregulationsinforce. TheyarealisoSub-DivisionalMagistrates.Theirfunctionsare moreorlesssimilartothoseoftheDeputyCommissioner,but at alowerlevel. In therevenueset-upofthedistrict,therevenueofficerat thetaluklevelistheTahsildar.TherearetenTahsildarsin-chargeofthetentaluksinthedistrict.Theirdutiesandpowers asTalukRevenueOfficersaresuchasare conJterreduponthem under theMysoreLandRevenueActandtheir]powersandduties are definedintheMysoreRevenueManual.TheTahsildarsare thekey-meninthetaluksinsofarastherevenueadministration ofthetaluksisconcerned.Theyaredirectlyresponsibletothe AssistantCommissionersoftheirrespectivesub-divisionsandare r e q u ~ r e dtoexercisesupervisionovertheworkingoftheRevenue Inspectorsintheseveralhobliescomingundertheirrespective jurisdictions.TheyarealsoTalukMagistrates. Inthedistrict'srevenueset-up,theRevenueInspectorisan importantoJfficialatthehobli-leveLTheRevenueInspectors are incharge of hoblies andeachone of them isdirectlyresponsible totherespectiveTahsildarofthetallukintheadministrationof revenuemattersinthehoblies.He supervisestheworkingofthe villageofficersandscrutinisesthevillagemaps.Heisalsores-ponsibLeforlandrevenuecollectionsinhishobli.Hehasto acquainthimselfgenerallywiththeagriculturalconditionsinhis jurisdiction. Untila.fewyearsago,thevillageestabl'ishmentintheold Mysoreareaconsistedoffivehereditaryoffices,i.e.,thoseofPatel (villageheadman),Shanbhogue(villageaccountant),Talari (village scout), Thoti(villagewatchman)andNiirganti( distribu-torofwaterfromirrigationtanks).The remunerationofthe TUMKURDISTRICT341 PatelandtheShanbhogueconsistedofInamlandssubjecttojodi or fullassessmentandcashallowancescalled.potgionthebasisof thelandrevenuedemand.Theothervillageservantsreceived acertainquantityofgrainfromeachcultivatorandcertaincash paymentsfrom inadditiontotheremuneration byrent-freeorlightlyassessedlands. Thesehereditaryofficeswere,however,abolishedbythe MysoreVillageOfficesAbolitionAct,1961,whichcameintoforce throughouttheStateon1stFebruary1963.Undertheprovi-sionsof this Act,in theplaceofShanbhogues,ViiiageAccountants havebeenappointedasfull-timeGovernmentservantsonsalary basis.Theyarerequiredtoworkundertheguidanceofthe RevenueInspectorsofhoblies.Theyarealsorequiredtoper-formsuchotherdutiesatsoasmaybeentrustedtothembythe Tahsildar or the Deputy Commissioner.The presentincumbents ofthe postsof Pawls andothervillageofficersare,however,being continuedforthetime-beingwithouthereditaryrights.The Patelsgetanannualremunerationequivalenttothepotgiwhich theywerereceivingpriortotheabal'itionoftheirhereditary offices. TheotherdepartmentwhichisnextinimportanceontheLa.wandOrder executivesideisthe PoliceheadedbytheDistrictSuperintendent ofPolice,whohashisheadquartersatTumkur.TheSuperinten-dentofPoliceandthepoliceforceofthedistrictareunderthe controloftheDeputyCommissionerinsofarastheirfunctions inrespectofmaintenanceoflawandorderareconcerned.As regardsdiscipline,trainingandotheradministrativematters,they areunderthecontroloftheDeputyInspector-GeneralofPolice, CentralRange,Bangalore.Foradministrativeconvenience,the PoliceDepartmentinthedistricthasbeendividedintotwo divisions,withheadquartersatTumkurandTiptur,respectively, eachunderthechargeofaDeputySuperintendentofPolice. TherearetwodivisionsofthePublicWorksDepartmentinPublic Works Tumkurdistrict,viz.,TumkurDivisionandMadhugiriDivision, underthechargeofan ExecutiveEngineereach,tolookafterthe execution of all public works in $e district.The functionsofthe ExecutiveEngineerbeingpurelytechnical,heisnotsubordinate totheDeputyGommis.sioner,thoughinasense, .heplaysapart subsidiarytothegeneraladministrationofthedistrict,ofwhich theDeputyCommissioneristhehead.Heisexpectedtohelp the DeputyCommissionerwhenever requiredtodoso.Intimes offloods,famines,scarcityconditionsandthelike,theExecutive Engineer hastodrawup plansandprogrammesofreliefworksin consultationwiththeDeputyCommissionerandexecutethem expeditiously. Judicial 34!2MYSORESTATEGAZETTEER TheDistrictandSessionsJudge,Tumkur,istheprincipal judicialofficerinTumkurdistrictandistheadministrativehead forbothcivilandcriminalcourtsinthedistrict.Hehasa separateandindependentsphereofworkandhisfunctionshave beensetforthindetailinChapterXII.Onthecivilside,there isaCivil Judgeat Tumku!ST1UC'l'405 UnnaturaldeathsunderthelawhavetobereportedtotheUm1atural police,sothattherealcausescanbedetermined.Thepolicedeaths havetosend thedeadbodies forathoroughpost-mortemexamina-tion.Inquestproceedingsareheldwhenwitnessesarecalledto testifytothefactsofthecase.Aftertheseformalitiesaregone through,thebodiesarehandedovertotherelatives. Thetablegivenhereunderindicatestheincidenceof unnaturaldeathsduringtheyears1959,1964,1965and1966 :--Category Accidental drowning Suicidal drowning Hanging Snake bites Burns Ele0tri0 shock Motor accidents Fall fromheights Run over by carts Poiscning Railway accidents Other causes Total 1959 173 55 27 4 12 5 11 26 61 376 1964 193 45 20 1 12 8 21 20 1 13 49 383 19651966 165216 7653 1219 51 68 58 2723 724 24 1421 1 6570 385447 Fromtheabovefigures,itisseenthat.althoughtherewas notmuchvariationinthetotalnumberofcasesregisteredduring 1959,1964and1965,therewasanincreaseduringtheyear1966. The number ofsuicidesduring1965had shownamarkedincrease. Thesuicidesweremainlyduetobodily.ailmentsandfamily quarrels. The numberofcasesputU'pfortrialbythePoliceinrespectMotorvehicle ofoffencesundertheMotorVehiclesActin19.59,1964,1965andotfenees 1966isshownbelow:-Category1959196419651966 Over-speeding2079115894 Use of dazzling lights70211638 Use of defective lights70847 Violation of traffic signals (j 815670 Defective vehiclesI3 Using rente withcut permit1135046140 Driving without licence217116103190 Un-authorised carrying of passengers376594621120 in goods vehicles. Over-loading1,124428889793 Detectionof cognisable crimes 406MYSOR:F.lSTATEGAZETTEER It isseenfromtheabovetablethatcasesofoverspeedingof motorvehicleswereonthehighin1959and1965andcasesof unauthorisedcarryingofpassengersingoodsvehiclesweremore in1964and1965.Theyears1959and1965hadregisteredby farthe largestnumberofcasesofoverloadingintransportbuses. Promptvigilancebythepolicehadhelpedtoreducethenumber ofthesecasesin1966.Incidenceinrespectofcar:accidentshad shownaslightincrease,whilebusaccidentshadshownaslight decreaseintheyears1965and1966.Thefollowingtablegives thefiguresofmotoraccidentsfortheyears195g1,1964,1965 and1966:-Category of vehicles1959196419651966 123t5 Motor cars1871013 Motor buses14.332923 Motor lorries534441)49 Motor cycles3211 Jeeps21aa Other vehicles74'717 Thenumbersofpersonskilledandinjuredin roadaccidents duringthoseyearswereasfollows:-19591964191)51966 ;Killed 10192723 Injured 104808!195 Crimedetectioninvolvesperseverance,approach andfool-proofevidence.Itisnaturaltoassumethatnotall casesput up by the Policeendinconviction.The percentageof detectionofcognisablecrimesduringtheyears195H,1964,1965 and1966isnotedbelow:-1959 percent 1964 47.1per cent 1965 percent 1966 80.7percent Thepercentageofdetectionduringtheyears1965and1966 isquitenotablewhencomparedwiththoseof1959and1964. TUMIWRDl:STRic1'407 The percentages of detection ofgra.vecrimes during 1959, 1964, 1965and1966aregivenbelow:-Nature of crime1959191l419651966 Murder89.080.689.886.6 Da.coity50.060.0100.0100.0 Robbery53.050.150.033.0 House-breaking and thefts33.0.223.533.0 OrdinarytheftsN.A.*40.085.7N.A. Offences under Sec. 304-.AI.P.C...N ..A.80.093.187.0 *N.A- Not available. Thepercentageofdetectioninmurderanddacoitycas.esis considerable.Butthesamecannotbesaidinrespectofhouse breakingandtheftcases. InvestigationwasrefusedunderSection157 (1)ofCriminal ProcedureCodeinrespectof20casesin1964,23casesin1965 and10casesin1966. SessionsCases.-The sub-joinedtable showstheparticularsof sessionscasesas at the endof1966 :-Nutnber cornmitted to NumberfJessionsTotalConvictedPercentageAcquittedPending pendingduring theoftrial year 1966conviction 1616536101 ThetotalvalueofpropertylostandrecoveredafteraPropertylost thoroughinvestigationdu'l'ingtheyears1959,1964,1965and1966and: isgivenbelow:-Year 1959 1964 1965 1966 Valueof property LostRecove'!'ed Rs.Rs. 1,28,06157,919 2,12,38552,463 5,97,0601,11,638 2,39,45471,806 Recovery percentage 45.0 24.75 18.6 30.0 Habitual oflenders Prohibition 408MYSORES1'ATEGAZETTEER Disposaloifcases.-Thenatureofdisposalofprosecutedcases duringtheyears1959,1964,1965and1966isshowninthe followingtable :-ParticularB1959196419651966 12345 No. of cases decided by courts8267456()41,111 No. of cases which ended in con- 26820221W643 victions. No. of cases ending in acquittal or2362613Jl2468 discharge. No.of cases compounded322202124216 No. of cases otherwise disposed of5201821 Securitycases.-Thenumberofsecuritycasesputupinthe districtduringtheyear1966was!20underSection109ofthe CriminalProcedureCodeand63underSection110ofthesame Code. TheMysoreRestrictionof.HabitualOffendersAct,1962,isin forceinthedistrict.Personssentencedtosubstantivetennsof imprisonmentonnotlessthanthreeoccasionsforanyoithe offencesindicatedintheActareclassifiedashabitualoffenders. Atthebeginningof1966,therewereinthedistrictregisters,285 knowndepredators and81habitualoffenders.At theendofthe year,thefigurewas281and~ W ,respectively.Thedescriptions ofthe'out-of-view'criminalsarepublishedintheweeklycrime occurrencesheetsandcriminalintelligencegazettesfortheinfor-mationofthepublic.Thepoliceconductalsoraidstospotout the'out-of-view 'criminals.Thesubordinatepolicestaffis encouragedbywayofrewardsfortracingthesecriminals.The totalnumber of rowdysheetsmaintainedinthedistrictat the end of1966was146. Prohibitionwas firstintroducedinTumkur districtwitheffect from1st April1950under the Mysore Prohibition Act,1948.The District Policewereinchargeofthe enforcementofprohibitionin thedistrict.Thefollowingtablesshowthenumberandnature ofprohibitioncasesbookedandfinesleviedandrealisedinthe districtduringthe years1958,1959,1964,1965and19155:-'l'UMKURDISTRicT400 CasesBooked YearIllicitPossession ofDrunkennessTotal distillationliquor 12345 19582109241,7522,886 19591697231,8732,765 1964775631,1601,800 19651018949771,972 19661397118971,747 Convictions YearFinesleviedFines recovered 123 Rs.Rs. 195823,84221,776 195930,95229,464 196442,06624,338 196524,45021,197 196616,95915,202 It wasusualformanyaddictstogoto Bangalorefordrinking. TheGovernmenthave,however,discontinuedprohibition in thedistrict,asalsoin otherpartsoftheState(exceptinafew pockets) ,witheffectfromthe15thOctoberTheSuppressionofImmoralTrafficinWomenandGirlsAct,1956,isin forceinthe district.No separateor specialstaff haveofimmoral beenappointedtodealwiththeoffencesunderthisAct.Thetratllc Superintendent ofPoliceandthe Deputy Superintendents ofPolice aretheSpecialPoliceOfficerswhodealwithsuchoffences.The followingstatementshowsparticularsoftheeasesbookedunder theActinthedistrictduringtheyears1964,1965and1966 Organisation ofDistrict Police 410 .MYSORESTATEGAZETTEER No.ofNo.of cases No.of casesNo.of cases casesended in pendingunder Year booked convictiontrialinvestigation 12345 19641313 1965 4830162 1966 21147 TheSuperintendentofPolice,Tumkur,isinchargeofthe policeadministrationoftheentiredistrict.Heworksdirectly undertheDeputyInspector-GeneralofPolice,CentralRange, Bangalore.BothofthemareresponsibletotheInspector-GeneralofPoliceinMysore,Bangalore.TheDistrictSuperin-tendentofPoliceisresponsibleforaUmattersrelatingtothe Department'sinternalmanagementandeconomy,forthemain-tenanceofdisciplineandregularandpunctualperformanceofall preventiveandexecutivedutiesinthedistrict.Hehastoensure prevention,investigationanddetectionofcrimes.Hehastosee thatthestaffpostedunderhimareproperlytrainedandkept efficient. Forpurposesofpoliceadministration,thedistrictisdivided intotwo1sub-divisions,onewithheadquartersatTmnkurandthe otheratTiptur,eachuiilderthechargeofaDeputy Superinten dentofPolice,whoisresponsibleforthePoliceadministrationin hissub-division.The Deputy SuperintendentofPolice,Tumkur Sub-Division,isalsothePersonalAssistanttotheDistrict SuperintendentofPolice,besidesbeinginchargeofthreecircles, viz.,Tumkur,MadhugiriandPavagada.TheDeputySuperin-tendentofPolice,Tiptur Sub-Division,isinchargeoffourcircles, viz.,Tiptur,Gubbi,Kunigal and Sira. In1967,thereweresevenpolicecirclesunderthechargeof CircleInspectorsatTumkur,Kunigal,Gubbi,Tiptur,Sira, MadhugiriandPavagada.OneInspector ofPolicewasattached to the Magistrates'Courtsat Tumkur forprosecutionwork.The CircleInspectorsofPoliceareresponsiblefortheadministration oftheirrespectivecircles.Theyhavetoguideinvestigationsby givingtimelyinstructionstotheStationHouseOfficers.They havetoinvestigatepersonallygravecrimesoccurringintheir circles.TheSub-Inspectorsinchargeofpolicestatilonsareres-ponsiblefortheirefficientworkingandmanagement.Theyhave to detectcrimesandpreserve peace intheirjurisdictions.There TDMKURDISTRicT411 were,in1967,inall34Sub-InspectorsofPoliceandthebreak-up ofthisnumberwasasfollows:-InchargeofStations Prosecutionwork SpecialBranch IntelligenceSection Prohibitionduty Total 28 4 1 1 1 Therewere116HeadConstablesand5 1 ~ 3Constablesinthe districtin1967.Inall,therewere27policestationsmthe district.These werelocatedatthefollowingplaces :-TumkurCircle.-(1)Tumkurtown,(2)TilakPark,(3) Tumkur Ruraland(4)Kora; KunigalCircle.-(l)Kunigal,(2)Huliyurdurga,(3)Amru-thurand(4)Hebbur; GubbiCircle.-(!)Gubbi,(2)Chelur,( : ~ )Chandrashekhara-pura,( 4)Turuvekereand(5)Dandinashivara ; TipturCircle.-(l)Tiptur,(2)Nonavinakere,(3)Honnavalli and(4)Chiknayakanahalli; SiraCircle.-(l)Sira,(2)Kereyagalahalli,(3)Kallambella (4)Huliy:ar; MadhugiriCirole.-(l)Madhugiri,(2)Midigeshi,(3)Kodi-genahalliand( 4)Koratagere ;and PavagadaCircle.- (1)Pavagada,(2)Y.N.Hoskoteand (3)Thirumani. Inspeotion.-TheSuperintendentofPolicehastoinspect annually the officesofthe variousCircle Inspectors,Police Stations locatedinvarious parts ofthe district,the District ArmedReserve Forceandthe District PoliceOffice,whiletheDeputySuperinten-dentsofPolicehaveto inspectalltheofficesoftheCircleLnspec-tors intheir respective divisions and alsothe policestations.The CircleInspectorsofPolice,intheirturn,havetoinspectaUthe police'stationsintheirjurisdictiononceineveryhalf-yearending with JuneandDecember. The strengthoftheArmedReserveinthedistrictconsistsof twoplatoons,theHeadquartersPlatoonandtheActivePlatoon. Home Guards Welfare of Police MYSORESTATEGAZETTEER The Reserveha,soneSub-Inspector,twoAssistantSub-Inspectors, seventeenHeadConstablesand Constables.Therearealso armourers,tailors,carpenters,driversandcleanersattachedtothe HeadquartersPlatoon.TheActivePlatoonconsistsofbellof armsguard,districtpoliceo:fficeguards,districttreasuryguard, escort,buglersandreserveat headquarters. TheHomeGuardsorganisationisfunctioninginthedistrict sincethe year1963,andthisauxiliaryforceisunderthechargeof aCommandant assisted by an Adjutant, one Company Commander andsixPlatoonCommanders.Thisorganisationhas:fivetaluk units.atTumkur,Tiptur,Koratagere,MadhugiriandChiknaya-kanahalli.Therewere406HomeGuardsontherollsinthe districtasinMarch1968.Outofthese,118hadcompleted theirbasictrainingandtherestwereundergoingtraining.The HomeGuardshavebeenofimmensehelp and servicetothecom-munityintimesofneed. Nofireservicebrigadesaremaintainedbythepoiliceorother agenciesinthisdistrict.Wheneverthereisaneed,theforce stationed at Bangaloreisindentedupon.Theestimatedlossdue tofireaccidentsinthedistrictduring1958and1959:and1964to 1966isindicatedbelow :-Ye(tr 1958 1959 1964 1965 1966 E&limatedloss Rs. 22,468 24,498 76,663 1,86,191 56,060 villagepatelsdosomevigilanceworkinclose co-operationwiththeregularpoliceforce.Villagevigilance committeeshavebeenalsoconstitutedwithrespectablepersonsof variouslocalities.Themembersofsuchcommitteesaregiven thenecessarytrainingin vigilancework. ThereisaDistrictPoliceBenevolentFundforwhich subscriptions are collectedand depositedin asavingsbank account to beutilisedforthe benefitofthestaffaccordingtotheFund rules.APoliceCo-operativeSocietyhasbeenflllnctioningsince August1958.It advancesloansto membersto meet tlteir urgent needsandalsoacceptsdeposits.Educationalfacilitiestothe school-goingchildrenofthe police personnelhavebeenprovidedin primaryschoolssituatedinthenewDistrict ArmedReservelines. APoliceBoys'Clubhas been alsostartedandthe boysare trained in drillandgames.They regularlytake part indrill,andspecial sportsarearrangedduringtheDistrictAnnualSportsandthe TUMKURDISTRICT418 RepublicandIndependenceDaycelebrations.Agoodnumber of thepolice officersand men have beenalsoprovidedwithhousing facilitiesand effortsarebeingmadetoextendthesefacilitiestoall thepolicepersonnel. TheFingerPrintBureaufortheMysoreStateislocatedinFingerprints Bangalore.Assoonasapersonisapprehendedby thepoliceon suspicionofcriminalactivitiesinthedistrict,hisfingerprintis forwardedbytheStationHouseOfficertotheBureaU',witha searchslip,totracehisantecedents.TheBureauthenreturns thesliptotheStation,notingtheidentityandpreviousconvic-tionsoftheindividual,ifany,onthesearchslip.TheStation House Officerenters particulars ofthe conviction ofthe accused,as alsoofanypreviousconvictions.Hehasalsotofillinaform givingparticularsoftheperson.Onreceiptofthisformatthe DistrictPoliceOffice,theSuperintendentforwardstheentirefile totheFinger PrintBureaufortestinthejail,ifthe personis undergoingimprisonment.TheTesteraHachedtotheBureau thencomparestheprintswiththeimpressionoftheconvictinthe jailandhastocertifytoitscorrectnessorotherwise.If the convictisto besha,dowedafter release,the factisnotedinaform, andaseparatereportissenttotheJailSUlperintendentandalso theSuperintendentofPoliceofthedistrictwheretheconvictre sides.Onr-eceiptoftherecord,theFingerPrintBureauallots aserialnumbertotheprint andintimatesthenumberandclassi-ficationto theSuperintendentofPoliceinseparateforms.This willthen besent to the Station HouseOfficerforhisrecord,which facilitateshiminthefuturecrime-investigationworkinhis jurisdiction. Allthepolicestationsinthedistricthavesmalllock-upsforPoliee thesafecustodyofthesuspectedculprits.Thelock-upshaveLoeliUPS woodendoorsfixedwithironhal'S.Thelock-upatTipturhas beenprovidedwithirondoors.Thereareseparatecellsformen andwomenprisoners. ThereisaDistrictIntelligenceBureauwhichworksincloseIntelligenee co-operationwiththeDistrict PoliceOffice.ThissectionhasoneBur1eau Sutb-Inspector ofPoliceandthreeHeadConstablesand other staff, andmaintainsparticularsofallprofessionalcriminalslikeknown depredatorsandhabitualoffenders;inrespectofbiggercriminals, historysheetdossiersarealsomaintainedwithallentriesregard ingtheirmovements.ThisIntelligenceSectionisresponsible forthecompilationofweeklycrimeandoccurrencesheets,giving pa.rticularsofcrimesand . personsarrestedandtheproperties wanted or seized.Thissheetiscirculatedamongthe Superinten-dentsof Policeof borderdistrictsinadditionto the StationHouse Officersofthedistrict.Soonafteracrimeinvolvingpropertyis reported,theStationHouseOfficerconcernedintimatesthe 414MYSORESTATEGAZETTEER DistrictIntelligenceBureau,throughaCrimeCard,givingparti-cularsofthematerialobjectsandthepropertystoleuinthecase. ThentheIntelligenceSectionpicksupfromitsrecordstheparti-cularsofthecriminaJ.susedtopilfersimilarobjectsandpasson thesametotheStationHouseOfficerforverifyingthecomplicity ofthosecriminals.ThissectionalsodealswiththefingerprintE ofthecriminalsandregistrationofcriminalsundertheHabitual OffendersAct.TheStationHowseOfficersaJ.soexchangeintel!i genceinthecourseoftheirinvestigations. ForimportantoccasionsliketheIndependenceDay,Republic DayandNadahabba,theDistrictPolicedrawupprogrammesto traintheBoyScouts,GirlGuidesandSevadalVolunteersindrill andmarch-past,anda,colourfulparadeisarrangedwiththeco-operation ofthe public.During the annual District PoliceSports, severaleventsarethrownopentothepublicalso. CostofPoliceFor(Je.-Thetotalexpenditureforthe maintenanceofthepoliceforc:e,includingthecostoftempo raJ y establishment,inthedistrictduring1965-66wasRs.JAILsANDLoCK-UPS BeforetheRenditionin1881,theheadquarterstownof Tumkur hadajailwhichwaslaterconvertedintoaDistrictLock-up.In the ea.rlydays,thislock-upwasunderthedirectcontrol of theChief Justiceofthe MysoreChiefCourt(nowHighCourt), whowa,;salsotheInspector-GeneralofPrisons.In1897,the controloftheDistrict Lock-upwastransferredtotheheadofthe MedicalDepartment.Revisedrulesfortheefficientupkeepof thelock-upswereapprovedin1892.In thedistrictheadquarters, theadministrationoflock-upswasentrustedtoDistrictSuJ>geons. Inotherplaces,theAmildar.sofrevenuetaluksorSub-Registrars or the Deputy Amildarswereincharge.TheBritishIndianAct XXVIof1870,familiarlycalledthePrisonsAct,wasintroduced inMysorein1879.Atpresent,themanagementoflock-upsis regulatedbytheLock-upManualof1917.After adventof Independence,aseparatePrisonsDepartmentwascreatedwith anInspector-GeneralofPrisonsasitshead,inordertopaymore attentiontothewelfareandreformoftheprisoners.Anew uniformLock-upManualfortheMysoreStateisunderprepara-tion. Thereare,inall,fourlock-upsinthedistrict,oneDistrict Lock-upattheheadquarterstownofTmmkurandthetaluklock-upsat Tiptur,MadhugiriandPavagada.Thecapacityofthe DistrictLock-upatTumkuris69(58menand11women)and 'l'UMKURDISTRICT415 thatofTiptur,MadhugiriandPavagadaare~ ~ 7 ,32and36,res-pectively.TheDistrictLock-upatTumkmislocatedinthe EdigaMohallaontheKunigalroadandtheotherthreelock-ups are situatedveryneartheTalukOfficesofTiptur,Madhugiriand Pavagada. Theselock-upshavecellswhereprisonersarelodgedin groups.Atday-break,thewardsareunlockedandtheinmates areletoutintoth