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1965019540

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19650019540 2020-03-11T06:44:17+00:00Z

4 APPI_IDIX E

LL_4IT_ PHASE DEVIATION FP_U_CYM%_TiPLIER PHASE MODULATOR

Submitted as .Dartof the Final Report¢

for F_ Test Console on J?L

• Contract No. 9501)_

f_ ,_ _ -_-- l U __ , •

-_ CONTPIBUTORS: _ F. Osborne

J. B. Sivley

DATE: Pe_e_ber 15, 1964

WESTINGHOUbE DE_FI_ISEA_IDSPACE CE}_ER

] SU.RFACEDIVISION

4 ADVANCED DEVNTLX)FM_ _IGINF_

i

I_'_ _._

• . _ _ i i m I I i

1965019540-002

PM TKM_tPL'L_:

DEVIATION MULTIPLICATION Pi_Sg MODULATOR

I. Purpose of this Memorandum:!

This M_morandttmis prepared for the purpose of reviewing the more conventional

phase modulator circuits, those genera]/y requiring deviation _Itlpllcatiop and

also some specialized devices. The application of such techniques to the

I specific requirements of the RF Test Console is treated. Identification ofproblem areas is made am.dsome candidate systems are analyzed. The adaptability

I of the to dual E,I-FMmodes of issystems operation considered.

i Finall_ a summary comparison to the phase-locked modulator technique, pr_vlously reported, is made with conclusions _.ndrecommendations for RF Test

I C_nsole equipment design.

If. General Discussions

I A. Speciflcations and Ob#ectlves

I ';The specific requirements for the RF Test Console phase modulator are •given in %_e _ Spec No. G_-lSO62-DSN. A sum23aryof the pertinent l-equire-.

! •ments was included in a previous report, dated At%-ust25, 1964, covering a

phase locked oscillator phase mod_1_tor concept. Rather th_u repeat the re-

J' quirements again reference to these document.sis suggested.

r

I. In the interest of simplification and economy of circuits an additionalobjective not specifically stated is the desirability of dual mode PM-FM

I operational capability of the modulators and _.vstemsdescribed below.

%:

1965019540-003

_, /" "J r- L, -., ...,

2.

B. A Review of Typical Modu_tore for Analog Inpvt Signals

TT_generation of caz:dl_ cystemc for a _4 tran,;mitterdepends to

considerable e: tent upon the plkysica"eiz-cul_savailable to pyoduco phase

modulation of a carrier frequency by an analog irLDllt or cortlandslg',al. In@

this section discus6ions of soze typical method3 are Given, but _:oclaim is

offere4 that tin[srevie_ is all-inclusive. _'(_.:(;classlficationz of phase

modulzt.,rcircuit._,ineluS.ethe follo_Inz nzjor zo;.ceFLs: <'-

I. _TheArmztrcr_ _-haseb_iuiator: Thia method 4a:,used in the ?_

earl__j_,_. Syste_z.1 ::herethe input si__a] ;:as o_erated upon by an integrator _ _':

.ia_,._orto a221ieation to thel/2asemo_J_auor. Xf the integraLor,is omitted, _.

,_haser._d.%!atic_:is prc_]uce:!._A .... * _. _._s_a_ contrOlled oseillr.'.tursource is u_ed

to provide twc nattier signals in q_::iC._aturephase relationship, one of -_,__

"_hlchis _plitude modulate, by the _ignal. The output of the balanced modulator :_

is _,eetori:,lly5".:,.'at.e!",;ith u._modulated,carrier t_._rebyproduci:_ a direct ' ,_:_

;Imse :_iuiatic:_,of the z-esul_ant_ign.al. For uczeptable fidelity the peak _

devi&tion _f t:,ev.odulator.....be limited _o about " 2,ra_.........o. i_"

"" "A Method of :'educi_ Dizturbances in Radlo Signaling by N

a Sy:;_emof Freqt,e:_cyModulation', Proc. _E, Vol. 7.'.,pp &39-_7_O,May 1936. _%[:2

e ', "%"_

• on l l i

1965019540-004

°J,

!_ii 2. Phase S_ftersj an_ Variable _Ant_ oi" _o6onant Cil'C!l!ts: _is

//:_" is a broad ciassificagion appropriate for the most 3ene_lly used circuits for

_;= l_)£h_4 an_ FM. _ottntlessvariations of the e.,actcircuit configuration_ "_re_-£= •

found in _he literature. _ically most of these circuits require a buffer

_'_ " s_age or ampliriur to provi le isolation of the _slc m.gdu].ato.'-from.the

_i" t .: - refere.ncecrv&t,_.loscillator _o avoid an)"degradation of cagier sZabiiity.

_' For this class of _o@ulators the .T.sz,lmum,)base6eviations azblevable with

" ' 1 4 aaceez_-_hle:'llnearlty is __mStec to less than 0.i to 0.2 radians.

_ :, la the early ueve_.opmen_ of PM and FM radio systems the resctance

_?j: -:2 %ub_ modulator _as comon. ;._re rece_tlx the use of transistorm, -'oltx_e-

ariab_e capacitors, and .-aractorshas become wldespread.*3,_,5,62_

#-,. c_ )

_'_p.±2b-136, Feb. 1939.g

-'-_"_:=< *_ _d, A.C..,Schuck_ R.P., and s.chs, H.M., "U_Ir4_Voltage-Verlable_"" _'-J_'_ C&.oacitorsin V,odu!ator De_sign",Electronics, Vol. 3L', pp 56-59, Jan. 90,1961.":',:L'

"_ _honms,. L. D. _;nd --Br°thert°n, C.E. " , a_ • "_...... ..... , -Modvl _or In.'estig_tion Westinghouse -,_ "_i._.- '- .":(Electric Corp., Electronic3 Rept. EE-h416, kO pps, Dec. 12, 1963.

12 - ._",- ,.;: , "-4 " ... 2

•'_Fal ri_y, D.O..,"One Circuit: Phase Modulation, Frequency Multipllca_ion",-_;r-- F_]e.:tro'ni'es,Vol. 37, Pp 71-7_*,No_'._',1964. -

<_- .

._,"_ .. *6 _,_[tipller-t._dulator- )'dand Pha_e, 66.0 M_/S Schematic_,'_ : _i_.gram,_et lh'o[_ulsionL_.bor_tor_dra_'IngJ9330970 (,_,IsoDesign Sp_clflca-:'

_ _- _ion DSIF _-Band auC RF Subsystem X3 Frequency Multiplier and _Modulator,' -, 66 I._,JPL S ec D01_-_469-i-DSN-C,ii May 196_. )

2

i

_'_•J- ,, ,,,

L_'-:"/4, . ; - %

"- ,_'" .......... _ i ,

1965019540-005

3. Variable _elay Lines: If several ",'ariablephase shift circuits

are co'unectedin cascade to form an artificial _:elmyline, the phase devlatlou_

of each circuit due to the modulating voltage_ _'illbe additive so that a large

composite deviation may be expected. The .modulatingvoltage may be applied

to a Varicap or Varactor in each sectiomto produce phase _hift. Delay compem

_ation is required for the modulating signal so t_at the carrier and modulating

signal signal_ arrive at each section of the line at the same time. _n

analysis included I_lo_:does not however confirm that _thee::pectedIm_e

pl_asedeviation i_ in fact attainable. _.

Small phase de_'iation_y be obtained with tiletransmission !_e :_. _

terminated iT,an impedance which is varied by the modulating sig_!. _2 The : ,

output is taken from the "transmission line at a point where the incident ......• }

an,5reflected waves combine to produce a resultant.",:.hich_rles in phase. :.' - "" _;

-" " 0

<, - .

: :)

4f

!

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g

5

I -*_ C'.'c-by_M.G. i'bid, g

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1965019540-006

,J

: I

/

5.

|--,.. 4 _, P.lse l_sltlon _(and Serrasc_d) Modulator_*7, 8 These circuits

| ,. are capable of wide deviation phase modulation without further mmltipLieatio_:,

i at least _ a modest frequency speetz.an of the modulating signal. _e....• . concept utilizes a car_er slgnal modulated in frequency by a periodic sau-

"i tc_th.wavefona. This signal is a_plled to a gate circuit which i_ controlled

in time by a pulse genel-ated from the desired modulating signal, l_e OUtpU_

;:' is then._filtered to remove harmonies, the resultant signal being z,ha_e

"_"I ,m°dulated with comparatively "_ide deviations. Basic limitations of t.he :_. system _tOuld appear to be a !ir_i_d frequency response imposed by the FM

_':!"_. ramp _enerator su,d difficulty in achieving adequate carrier 'stabili:y.

,_ *7 D_y, J. R., "Serrasold FM Modulator", Electronics, P 72, Oct. 194._.

_" *8 Columbia Univ. ,"The Cascade Phase Shift Modulator Employing Negative

¢_--' Feedback", Tech. Rept. T-_/16_, July 1961 RADC-TN-61-187.

2"

gl

] 9650] 9540-007

6.

5. Specis_ Devices: References found in the literature to

8ever_l _pecial devices which are capable of direot _'ide desolation phase

modulation. For e:_empie *9, an Archimedian spiral target may be used with

a CRT to obtain several h_mdred degrees of phase deviation of the Shel_j

= mOdulator whore an amplituae modulated carrier is applied through quadrature

phase shifters to the orthogonal deflection plates of the CKf.

Another special device for direct wide '_eviation phase modulation

is the Fhasitron tube *i0 The tube generates a rotating "_eam, shaped much

like the spokes of s _'heel. The rate of rotation is advanced or retarded by

mhe. motivating signal acting through an e}.@ernal magnetic field. The author

cla_,_c_ phase deviations 19 to 16 times conventional modulators. _A

e r_

, l

*9 Hund, A., "Frequency Modulatio_'J' pp 193-193, ist. Ed. McGraw Kill, _1942 •

*I0 Adler, R., "A New System of Frequency Modulation", Proc. IRE, Vol. 35,

° pp 25-3_: Jan. 1947. _

: f

k

1965019540-008

I

/f_

_ 6. Differentiator-FrequencyModulator Cascade: In theory _h_se

' " moP.fail,onmay be produced by a_plyiug the modulating signal through a per-

-- fect di_Terentiator (having a _6 db per octave slope over the signal _.pectrum

{_ : thence _o any linear frequency modulator. Reference i_ made to a previoua

-", report*II for the detailed treatment of the phase-locked phase modulator

" _ Which is a specialized concept properly classified under this I_adin6.

t _oe mor_ conventional frequency modulators permit a very small ,_:_ li_r phase deviation, however the phase-locked phase modulator is capable of

....:; dlrect wide phase deviations with minimum _egradatlon of carrier sta_illty,

_: Another potential method*12 for direct wide phase deviation lles

in the use of the dual klystron-mixer system where a free running klystron "_

_.,'_""" is frequency modulated to the full desired deviation whil_ the secondary

_: !_l_stronis controlled by a precision AFC loop to mtabillze the difference

c_Lrrlerfrequency obtained by mixing the two kl_stron o_tt_Its, This system

._:is 'aldelyused in continental microwave FM oon_..,_=Icat_onsand _a_ alao been

. : used for intercontinental _ via satelllte. In addition to the requirement

rosa' differentlating preemphasis networh 'requiredto generate PM, the technique

"presently used for AFC does not _ive eufl'icientcarrier stability for pha_e

_-_L coherent api_lications. ,

'_'_',_ "11 Vaughan, G.R._ Osborne, E.F._ and Entwi?t!e, .3.S.,"Phase Locked ,

O_cill_tOr l_a_e Modulat6r A_mlysis", West_ughouse Electric Corp ,

.... Preliminary Rept., A_ust _5, 1964 on Contract: JI'L9501_.,¢,_

_:-' " _ Gi_er, A.J., l_rdee, S. Jr. and Wickliffe, P.R., Jr., "The G-'ound

; • Tran_mi_r and Receiver", Bell 8yst. Tech. _our., Vol. _2, ParC_i,@

2 , ppl3.uo?, 1963.(

, f

•.,._,_, , ,, ,.

" " • " . _; ":-e_ '-._,_.te.'_._""l&._ ' _' _ .-._ _ ' ,' _'_'......I" - '"

_.._--=-----'----."_._.-- • _ .... __.._.,._,_..,..._ _'_.__:{_": _. ,'___ m __ _ • • .-_ _ _-_,_ _._..._ _ j

1965019540-009

'c

C. Identification of C_neral P_oblom Area_ Pecul_r to t_e RF Test'J Oo_ole

Froapectlve systems for the PM Tr_us_:Itterz_t be evaluated to deter-

,_Inep_rform_nce _nd "eomparativeud_au_e_ iu tb_ RF Test Conzole apl_lica$1on, "_

In ac;_itionto the requl';::ents for phase ccherence_ stability, "_udfidelity,

_the re.quirementfor .-ihigh 4evia=lon on a 50 me cazrler results in a large . _i

per-,entagebandwidth to carrier ra_io thag is peculiar "coth_ MF Test Console. / "

General problem areas encountered in maklr_ a 'Secisionas to t_e most :if

"' . desirable mechanizatien include the fellowing: " " _i

, I.) Aszlming that th, mcre o_,!_dox zodulation tec_mique._of section ',;

B (i) a_ (2) above are em!:l_y_a,their linear modt_atlon capability ¢f the " _

order of O.1 to 0.2 radiar_ ",'_!ireqairelarge frequency _,Itlplicati_ in .:""'_

the subseq_;eutc_reuit_ _n order to ac_hievethe desired 4.0 ra_ians peak : " : _,,

r_qulrement. 'For e:,.a:_plea multiplication factor of 3_ v_Id require a linear> '. L ' .,}_

_)du_tlor cL_pabJ.!i_yof O._-2.5radial_speal:. '.

_) _, the freqae_cy _,_:ltiplicationehafa_the percentage band_-_i_thre.- _ , " .,_1 &

qu!re_$_t3 do not re,,-_n,:c_st_ntbut _,mc'_neir.e_asingly d_ffieult (wider) ._'_.,_

as one recedms from h],e e.:t;:utt.hrou_h each _altiplie_-stage tm_ard the phase :

modulator. DTom the st,_:4_,c.: FX,,_self_nctlona one may estimate that for a ish_s_, '!_

deviation of '¢radian_ and the tz'_mlssicn of a'l component_ of energy leve'l ::_!'• r" '

a_ceat,rtlmn 1% ,_fthe t_m_i_late_ ca_z'i_r,a bandwidth i,3required a_equate _ _"

for at least the Sth order of s.<e_c_..X_, It_._simport_nt__-. : to remer,;ber____---_,that - ii_--

"_.I,_Idgbapds are c_'e',tedi_}the i_dt!a! mo4u/_tion, and t_t f_qu_ncymai_i_iXc_ti_m createa no new a_e'_x_s_sbut only redistributes the e___ __._.._, ,

_hose sidelmmds o.Lrea_" existent, . A di:'_ortlonfree r:,,_e:_ _aSt therefore Dave _,,

sde_at_- _baolut_ ban_w_dth_" a_+all i,olntsin_t_c s_._tem. Thu_ for a top mo_u- ' _:_,,

_tlns _eq'.ten_ of !,5 ruesthe re_uir_-_t+_Os_dc_ (rf) b_z,dwldthaa 9 mcs +,i_.

o

,,, %::_ :,

.......... I lit . I I _ __ J .I I

1965019540-010

Ir-_ ....;" - - - .

t

¢

o

I= ;. .,, :

for a deviation of 1 rag!an, ace_g_ a_ least tiP_ %hl_ orfler siOebe_d:_ -

• at tlw lc_r deviation, of the w£debo_...cl_nel.:ll • -:_:-- 3) As a =onseqr--enceof _) _ _) it is ohvlc,a_ii_t a direct multiplica-

"i!_ tion of the phase _xT_l_:.3rspectrum, _- the large ratio re_ai_ed_to oN,

:)::" _he 6pe-_ified_atput deviation, is _compatil-le :,itha 5C ,-_eouti_atcenter

H frequency. M_dulatian me_J1o4srequlri.n_iarN? frequency rr.'--ltIplicationsr/_t

-_1"1;- _berefgre _.cr_ite one Or _-ore frequency trsaslatl_ns hy be'fete mlxs_r_.

-. t _hase modulator, fre_en=y multl_ller _ud mLxer chsln requires

.... . easeful spectral mmlysls to avob_ the prod_ction of barm_nies an_ image

!':- _peetrl t-hatmej fallwithin -_hedesired _nas. Ln Md=tzon to rye careful

_: " ;--"_" __.le_tio__.of n_Ir_l ,-_.nterfN_cies she insertion of filters to _._e_%:-;- ---

_;_'"" _r_le_-'._redcom_ouents earmot be mane indiscrimir_el:; bu_ desi&_ pro__-_ure_s ;

_' " =:_t ._eeml:]mT_edto e_s-_e . ]_ear plisse res_zuse over the D_II modulation

iii_ °'"-

" :%_na_!d_hot all center freqraenciesif d.elr_"distortion z_ to be a-_oi_e_.

_ D. Candidate Systems for tb,e _£ _-- ' Con__e'_:-° _, the selection of ca.ldldateaJ/_._ for the _I tr-!nsmit%erportion of

!C[I the ]_F Teat Co_soie, pr_ct-ical fac.-.r3 :,s well as _,nti_l :,rfor_nce capability

!''- mu=t.be cons_eersd. It is desirable to ut_]/ze _o.._..+_,,oIr_.erentl_reliable

t- . ._-_dms-inter_zn_efree. Preferable "_hee_alp_._entshould .be_of modern _o!id

:__ ments. Since _l_ _2 Test Console has a dual ra<xle=_-r_blllt,%of operation w.th

i_ eitb_:"I_4or FM '_I,_!_ s_me e=onom!es v,-ghtbe achievc_ if "consideration i_

":_-:".:..:_ giver,to circuit utilization In bo_; =,_/ea.

_k "'"

1965019540-011

i0.

The follovin6 candidate syste_B w_re chosen for comparison and fur-

ther examination 4u satisfyln6 the objectives of the PM transmitter. They

i) The ph_e-locked oscillator :_odv_l_tor(descrlbe_ in _epar_te

report, reference ii above).

2) A delay line o_ cascaded phase shift net.:orks_s illustrated

b5°the i___ram Fi_'_r_!.

3) A dual .h_tezodyner_Ixer-_'_Itipllerc,_.'_as shown,in _he block

diuara_ of Figure 2.

4) A direct multiplier chnin _th final out_ct heterodyne tr_ns!a-

tion to the desired 50 mc c_ter frequency_ shown in Figure 3.

D

't-

l_ i!:

1965019540-012

/

_.. .._ i;. _',r• _

! i_ C• i

1 !

! ,i It 1

• t._ i •

•- -_e '_ i !(-.J i

' 2-

; _ _- _

i, '" -J' 1 '-_

t I "t

M

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1965019540-013

_II

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!e. ' ',- i '

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11 _ -i:II

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1965019540-015

;_,,.--- .:- !4.

III. ABALYSIS OF MDDI_ATOR EFFICIENCY

_f

iBefore proceeding with a c_paratlve evaluation of the candids+_

systems an examln-%ion of deviation vs. fidelity i_ made for the basic

modulator circuit to shcw more f_ctually th_ nmltiplicatlon factor required.

•I":hevectorial relatiormhips of the Arm_tron6 technique are chosen as being

typical of _ost small deviaSiun _dulators. This is foLZow_2 by a similar

examination of the phase shift network taken as _rAelement in the delay

line candidate m_iulator.

A. Linearity Computations for the Armatrong Modulator:

First the modulator Is examined for phase, then for amplitude

distortion. Reference to _he diagram of Fig. 4a is su_ested.

(I) PM Analysis of Armstro_ Modulator: - In the diagrams

the modulatin_ signal, era,is giver,by.:

em = _ _In wmt (1)

J

and the carrier, or reference signal, ec, !s:

ec = E c sin Wct (2)

_ss.m,._2Kec -IOThe output of t.heba_ced mod'ul_tor_is

•1 = E m sin (We + Wra)t + Em sin (We -Wm)t (3)

After sunming _l.th the quad_-aturecarrier, e2, the instantaneous modulated

•signal is obtained, being: *"-

, eo " zc co,wct+z_ ._(w c+wm)t +Z_sin(W c-w_)t (_) ii"

Now it is desired to ex_ne tJ._ output si_n&l more fully in

term_ of It_ ,phase m_d amplitude varla_ions. The phase angle, _, of the ,_

instantaneous vector, Flg. hb, is:

I

1965019540-016

i",_-_mmml ,

1

/

;ti!

. __ _ f_ , :,,,.-:..__• t

" _.OI)U LI_T/A_,"L i i I

I

'_ ] "II'I'IpLITi4E'z- J _!: _'iYi

il.._l'-

°.

I

I. f"_l'_ I'

'<'a+*<!>. 4_ .. -- p _..,i,/" -

],~.,,

!C

i

""' L21 ..... , .... I _ ............11 I

......

i_i I ,,,,-_,_" , " , ," , -" . - '., . ._ -*_..' ._.',." ." [-,tH ",.. ",' il-

i

,,,-........-- .... .........._ .............. .:,._'.:._]:__N_ ";}".............. • ,,J.-- "-. ;.-,.,_,,2_lgC,IIi._ ' • " _:_,_'.. _. _1"1 ""

1965019540-017

16. "

Ec "

D'_er _he constraint that:

e z m Lc (6)<<

the ins_mtaneo'_ ph_e is

¢(t) = W_tZ _ % ,i-: WJ (7) .-.;.:

"- w

conseque:_tly ;L_. ir_s'_e-u._,%ueouuvec,;or m_3 _ "h=acrlhed by amplltu_e end ,.

_hase func;:ons, namel_, : ", - :'_

Son_,_ .;_

• -_c . " . &

-¥

ba_dng a pe3.k_phase" deviation ..:_

__hepeak * -""" ,. , . 4;._ev._mor. that Pay _e :_c_a_ne8 "':_'_..li_:earit)'_a lir_ited ,%7the" ,:._condl Lxen t}u:t

_"_negenera%ion of int_rmodt_latioa -_ls%o_io;,.-c_n be estimated by, ,,,_"PN

examln_+n_ a t'ao-_one modulation '"a_v..nE the _sk _e_atlon of eq (9) sr,d -' -.Z'_'

;,gan Inst_ntaueo,'.s,.devotion _escri_ed "_ , ,._jg?

_'¢ _ _rct._. 1"_: ('_.inpt * sin _.t), : , (11 .:g,

' -:%_

j '_'b_rep ._nd q re_rescnt mm_tu]_tln& fr_quen,:les. This f_ncti_ is expanded d_-

-, t• ": _p /¢"

.. ",_it'C.' i,_/_,_',_

'" ' ' ' _ "' .:"_._: " " Ill__.._g._:,._,,,.... .:,,_;. :..:_..!..,'v.:.'.,_#__/,_. _ lmml,,,,...-,_..,,,._.._._,.,:_.:,:.......:..:.::.-_k,,

1965019540-018

' f

/

i-

i!_i.i Obtaining a solution for tho first t_ree t_rm_ of the Ix}wetseries, rel_tive

_ _ slgnal levels for the various frequency terms are as sho_ in Table I.

J-.,ram."" - ' ........ corni:_'a.'t,'veZ,evel .-_ a'c,_.,.-' o_ _.,,,_e,_.,__.,._ ,_,_.,t,.,._o_.s_,,,.._. :_-/N' '_ a,,/_., i _

il o o

_. (_ • _.), (q,+ __) 1 --&_.3 -138 "

I'

ILL"",,;,,,,L"_, .. ' " " "_' " " ''_': " ":'"_ _:'_t'._"._::_"._'_: .... ', _ , ' •."_'_'-' " _-V_---_.-I'-'-_i_I_'_',,_.._

..... :_-'T ....... _'"..... _...... " _" ' " -........ _- . r, "-,......... •...... _ _ .,,-- ............. ........ _,_.,....,'_ilI" ' _ am m mma iljj

1.clR._Nl_q._dn_nt a

( 3 .:_r

IB.

In the data of Table I evaluation st Em of 0.2 and 0.i represents

peak phase deviations of O.4 an_ O.2 radisas respectively as will be obvious

from eq. (ii). On the b_sis of phase linearlty e_o_e quite acceptable values

are obtained, the most severe intermodulation bein6 the third order component.

The performance of th_ 'Armatron_Modulator must be eKamin_ further to dete_r

mine the effect of the amplitude function contained _±thin the radical of

: (2) _4...A_l,VSiSof Arm_tron_ Modulator: - Continuing with 'the

equal bwo-tone _nalysls we have for the amplitude function of eq.(8)

A .=-i/_ 2 + _2 an pt +.sin _t)2 (14j!

= Ec_'II + Em 2 (sin pt + sin qt)_

Using the binomial series, !1/2 ..

(l+x) = l+ x - x 2 + x3 ......... (15)

Obtain

A . i + 1 (_ 2 (sin pt + sin qt)2 _4(sin-1 -

+ i 6_6 (sin pt + sin qt)6..... (16)

After expansion and collection of coefficients relative signal ,_• ,%

levels for the various frequencie_ generated because of the amplitude function

are as shown in Table If. The data indicates the presence of relativel_ !

larse 2nd harmonies (of each modulatir_ tone) and 2nd order intermod_Llation '"'_

components. ,'_

. ............ .W'

] 965019540-020

i

4

/

/

t _

19,

i •

o z+½ _,_2. _, o 1 o'

_[I ,'1 ..... [ii _, - ..... ""_ _ - ii=

_ T

-:;, Fz'_a the data o_ Tables I and II a co._oslte s_-_x-_ .is produ_c_

! baV_ _d_ order e_ne_ts due to _ d_otortlon _lue even order *_ras due '

3,o: •

:_.iI 'to. amplitude effect. Since the desired 1st order sldeband is at a level 23

:I db below"the carrier for _ I .1 then a-peak phase devlatio_ of about .2,

W!| •re_iana is possible within the fidelity requirements of the specification.

:_I _ assu_ no other degradation within the transmitter it is seen that

f_ S peak output deviation of _.0 3raIAiooas_the multiplier chain must provide

I a A_ctor Of at least _O. Admittln_ that further de_ra_.atiOn will _cur' _Athln th_ tran_tter it Ii advisable to provide a letter _.i'.Iplicatlo_

_actor _hAch is oelect_d for circuit convenience, as for example a doubler "

followed _ tw_ quadruplets &lvl_ a total multiplication of 32 wi_h the

,, _Ule mo_u_1_r _._mt_ at 0.125 rI_d_ns pesk. , .

,:, _:.

,z_ , ., -_.,* ...... _;,,....." ; " .," '.,." • f_<_'_'"..."_,,". .... " ..... _. _e.,. ;,",,._ ._.,,_-'__,_..._."......:_,_

1965019540-021

m

IB. Linearity Comnutation_ for DeLay Liner PT_ase _nift Section:

takes the foz_ of an artificial de23y line _as si:own in Figure I. _"ne"

voltage vari.:ble c:_Dac:to_s have ,_acon_._,_,._+,,d-c bias applie-4 to obtain oI_ra-

tion on tke linear portion of the _oltage-zapacitance c_,a_.'e.The modulatingI

",oitage, applic:; th-'o_4$hthe_ ap_,ropriate _._c_ ....._o_.,j is used to bias the

VAPJ_'S and causes ,as,n,a].l:lu_ge !n tl:z_ and p_a_e. Ir each _eetion c,f the ,.

at_].b ....0 to one section isde'J&y 1.]r,eia the same, then the phase dev_'_ion * "" "*_"h

r.rditil_]iedby the number of aectlcc_s, If the modui_tir:g signal delayfor _ _:-,5

-: each sect_un is the same as the delay e:<perienced by the carrier, then a _:7

gre_tcr linear },base de_aa_o., eo_ be ac!:ieved t:%az _y a conventional phase )

_ne coil L1 is a PQ' choke go grotmd the line to the modtulator ._ -:%

.:mi to D-C,to c_,'eventundesired interaction between the diodes (VARICAPS). ' 21 * +_

9Tn,e difficulties encotu;ge._.edwith this modu!_:tor _re lizted as follows: ,.._

(i) !_s:;e_in U_e ilne_ : "i._

(2) _efleetion3 due to 2myrcper term_natlons and change of -i'_.

line iml_edance with zcdula_Xon .:.._

ciztorg ion

_4) error,'_in s',,i_AinL del_ys _nd vari-_,tionin del_y over the ,- "i'

mc/vlatlug freque.nuy ban,-[. _i2

Diffic_._ity(]) _:ay ba overcome by amy,lifiers, (-Z) and (3) may bm minimized _%,,e

b_ the amall de{,:-._cof mod'mc_t.ioni_ eu:h stage, and (4) may be minimized %y _

!

c

._ :...-_.':_-..-':::::,.:.::.,..':.,..:.:i.:..:,o_-,-._..............:.--:'......,:..--.,.,..::..=-,-' : i_'i_iiii("_::_:_"

] 9650 ] 9540-022

r_ ........ Im , .. I z .:-• " " %'t_-_ _'"

I i ""'-e _ _d- b_ _ de,'ice fo_ the _atJl_ s_ _ sue'_ as a

i : " eomx_l. cable. Am...anal_s£sof tim dlstrlbut_z_lpha_e modulatorfollows.

. " .. (2) Ana_'slsof Del_y Llne _xlulatlon: ._e clrcul.+.paramOmrs "

:1 " _re .__flm_. a_: . _

, : " 8C- chan_eIn line ,,_. ,ue ,o ,'arlc,p

-| _T - chanse _n line de_y due *=o_0 " "

_ . " _. - " . _ - __-e in pl_e of _._tnesl_nal du-__t_-_C 'p

q

I - "_ ' Co - c_=_t_nt c_er._ of the 7a._cap -

;:i " .-: .- -_ C - £':_x_ _h_t capacitor - " -

-_ ""_ :: . %'_.- modu!ntingsl6_ai . " "

'-M-:- _. - ..=_ro -_ .( # c k_ c - ,_-c). (_)i -. -:-- -- _ "'i_ _-_":- k_ - _o

:-.- - -e_a,_,ng_i + _3/C In a__,c_ eeries _

_ .."" - %'_ fo ,- 50 _ - - "

I

(7

:'kkYi:,::.:". " : . . - - " .--

1965019540-023

I

22.

A va_icap va_ chosen Such that

co (at _6• _-c_i_) - 5 ,,_f (23)

amd _ith a +_ voit swl_ of the modulating si_.a!

Vaz_ic_psensitivity = -0.164 uuf/volt (24)

.-('; c '_ = o.z6. (,,_ = o.c_56 (2s)-" :o "

F-----'---__ Z = Z_.-.'o"# _

= o._3 (26)

:king only t_c first term o£ t___eq_xtior.(21), "_Y_peak phase leviation&

for o¢_e sec_zon i_ given _y _-

=

f _._k = o.,_3 (c._) (_)_L

= 0.03_5 radls_s per _cia3.seczion. To compare <

with the _eviation-expected, using t_ ;-rmstrong modulator, above, an

outgut ,"e_"iationof +.3.125radians v11i reqtCure ,

' O.i?-._- _ I_Sections (28) .'_

The _i_tort!:'_,is now c'llc_tei t:sing /_ C _,geak= 2k with three terms

o1"the ex_nsion. _o -_zx_-u]_tlr_tones are used: _"

!.

1

1965019540-024

• .- "- _: JC

_e _ _.l.ovable vslue _ x m,y be now de_ (the m_,,_

und,eo_,,_ eo_(_'; =.It be _. - 50 db)

,o.,,°

g,3 - 316

X& L

9_ - zSzSx+32=o

_" - zso.89x+ 3._5= o (3x) ..

uslng the _rattc fm-mulaend log ts_les _.e _ w,lue is found

tote "

_.x _._ o.o2 132)

if we again ahooseonly the first term of the series _.

____ = o._ ( _ ) (331-"_-'- .

.)

The number of sections required for an output deviation of 0.12_ radtans is _Iw

! therefore: ..ii 0.125 = 6.3, _ at le_t 7 section. (35) ,-

o'.b_._ - ,'.4

t_

,7

1965019540-026

/

_ " _he advanto@e cited initial_ for the del_ line modulator was its

potentiaX capab_i!ty of pt_ating large phase deviatio_s directly without

necessityfl_r subsequent frequency _ltiplica_ion. To achieve the full

o.: .,. -g.o_ ,_ _Bect:_.4 (36)"_" '" .0199 _"

_._i:_ This result require8 an extremel_ long de N line of such complexity as to

: negate its practicality- from a mechanization viewpoint.,o

. -_.z

t

1965019540-027

IV. EV_/A_TI0_ _ CANDIDATE SYS_M_

A. The Delay Line _ulator:

The computsti._nspresented in the analysis above.,based upcm the

use of a conventional Yaricap, have shown that a prohibitive number of sections

arm required to achie:_ even m_ler_te phase deviations with the desired linearity

Of modulation. The m_alysis was predicated upon the nonoiinearlty of one

section and no account was taken of mlsm_tch among sections or imperfection_

In time delay mmtc'__ingof the modulating signals to the carrier channel.

While it is possible that improvement may be effected by a choice

of llmeazlzed characteristics for each Varieap of the delay line, nevertheless

the complexity of the equi_nent c'-.lthe _ifflculties cited in paragraph

Ill B (1) above require a conclusion that this concept is Inadequate for the

RF Test Console.

B. Dual Mixer - t._ltiplier_ Transm_tte_-

The dual mi:-er-r_ultipliertr_nsmlttar is illustrated by the general

_h. modula_d signalblock dl_Kram of Figure 2a. In-the first multiplication _ _

is m_Lltil;liedby _he factor N while the reference oscillator for the mixer

is multipl_ %y a f._ctorN + I so that _he phase deviation is multil_lledby

the f&ctor N but the m_xcr OU_l_U"_is returned to a carrier frequency of f_l.

the final mul_iplleetion t_ mod_ulationchannel is f_ther rmtltiplied_y _;

a f_ctor P, wkile the reference channel is multiplied•by an additio,[alfactor '_ --

The resultmAt output is taken at the 50 mc output with multiplication of

*_lephase d_.viationby the full product of NP. :,-

• ,__

•i _%"

I _

_'--_j__._._ ; _i._._,_,'#_ ._ -- _ . -_ ,, _ ....... ,, _ . ........

1965019540-028

+J

I

/=+.

_: The C_tput censer Trequency is _ecified at 50 race. The intial

_m: car_er _u_y is selected sufficientl_ hl_ tc be compatible _th the

vz. : m0d_ating speetr_nj deviatioo_ and cozme_ut required bandvidth. Since

_i _ _d_Adth required at the output frequency is also required at an_

"(" • _ . mAlti_ or sub-m_ul_Iplefrequency, ther_ will _e a lower limit on the "

/. frequencgat whichphase modular+onis initial_ obtained. From _ $tand-

_" . .ootnt of circuit des_n_ it is desired _t the percent_e informationbandwidthbe kept low (i.e. o 20%) where l_cen_age informationbandwidth

::-i . _ the wlde ban_wldthcase, a 9 mc informationbandwidthis required. This

limits the system carrierfrequency_o a =_mm, n of approximatel_50 Mc.

+ AlthouEh some other frequencyof thi'sorder would be perfectl_acceptable,

+i_._:" + • for convenience_nd compatibilityof the mechanizationit is lo_iealto

_'+ . o_rate _t the phase modulatorwith an initialcarrier frequencyof 50 _C,

:__'_ "- this being easilM-obtal_ed by s_s_le synthesisfrom the frequencystandard

l;_u:+_" Oscillator.F ++_': "

_'- " ? " _ actual meehaniz_ti_ of the transmitter is m_ch more complicated

I I ..than indicatedby _he sim_lediagram of Fig. _. Major com_lleationrequired

_ , for an adequatesystemlies in the necessityin ._ov'._.ii_selectivefilterln__.- : pa_ticularlpin the m_dul_tionmultiplicationch_"+._ where constantgrou_

i-+ dele_ are required i_ disto_ion is to be avoidedin the filtering. The

,_,+,-+ filterdesignsmust thereforebe of the Besseltype with parametersselected

+!

p"

....++ . +,+_+

1965019540-029

• sO that the total bandwidth of all such filters taken in cascade within the . ,,..

modulation channel possess a flat dell7 response over the 9 mc information

bandwidth. In addition to the basic filterlng preblem_ s_pllficatio_ will

be required for isolation and for establishing practice/ operatlng levels. _

With these requirements in mind the more complicated dls_ram of-Fi_ 2b ._

is representative of the RF Test Console requirements vhere the phase devia-

tLOn is limited to 1/8 radiau at the modulator. A total multiplication factor

Of 32 provides the desired _.O radians deviation at the output 50 mcm terminal. ,_

"'_ The frequency multipliers are quite feasible being selected as doublers_ triplets,

and quadruplers as shown.

; On the modulation-multipl._cationchannel the moet critical filter require-

men_ which appears upon brief study of the system appears to be that of the

l_pass filter at i00 mcs following the first mixer and frequency doub_r.

For example, from the universal data for a six pole Bessel filter included

in Table IV it is estimated that for symmetrical attenuation of 50 db at the

50 mcs input center frequency a group delay variation over the 9 mcs band.width ,

centered at i00 mcs _ould be less than 3.5 uanoseconds.

In the diagram Fig. 2b it is assumed "chata pure _ic-free reference

signal is available at 50 mcs. Should this not be the case then additional

filtering would be required prior to phatsemodulation and prior to multipllcs_ "L

tion in the reference channel. Otherwise degradation will Ocour. For example _;

t_e carrier frequency harmonics which could give cross-products fa_ in _

the Infor_tlon passband are indicated by the slm_le data of Table IV. "_i

j,

•¢

1965019540-030

I

/

1

,,_.+. . _, _tmy beexpectedt_a_thehi_herharmonicsof theeezTier.

:'-_:. --_ cot,verse to relati_e_ levels. _herefore, as a rule of th_b,

.-.; - the_e_i=t_c_poaent_ _ __ ir ,

i _ + n _ zo (3a)

_;,. vlaereM andn am the nwnbersof the_nica. Thereforej only t_rOcompo-

i ' : _s of Table IV _equire attention.

.. _ _ _',- _ _U_CS AXD_ _S-I_OD_TS

'.:::...." :Im-_tc Fx_,_tu_c_ . ' x3 Chan_Zx_

• iii_ _ - _ i : ii .......... .i_

i---.--; 1 50 zSo ,-_oo _ _iz.d' res=_

'"':.... " 2 100 300 _...,,:I_0_ ' :.

i , 2oo 6oo/8oo t_v_te_' I)rodu_ts ::"/ 5 _5o _o

. [.ie_ g

,:]"" .-. _ /=

:_'_.....' 9 gSO 13 1800

4I_... i0 "500 1500 ;ZOO0L,,"

e=_,,

" _'' 'rII I 1[' I.J IILL J I I II I/ I III J I r ................ _ ...... -''

-'.,.. _,=., -.*,.. -..:,.'....... --'_ _ .... _..' ._'_7!'_____,_,_,'_• " .,,,,.......','..",. • . ,....'. ' "-,.... _ _.,

1965019540-031

_0.

C. " Direct t._Altlp!ierChain (with 61ngle out_t mixer):

As -_n_ltermative to the dual mIxe-'-multipliertransmitter Just - 't

_Isclmsed, a si,_le direct m%ultiplicatlonto S Mud wiZh a final output

mixer to tra+Islatethe fully deviated signal to the required 50 mcs is eon-

sldered. The b_sL--block dlagra is gi_,'er:in ..4_g. 3a. Except for the

output mlx_r ._pic_l mech_nizatlor.sfor such systems _rm seen in references

5 an¢_6, (Pa_e 3)+

In the e;'pans+_onof the elementary._!agr_-,+of Fig. 3a intO a , -+++,

c

practical ._xle!difficulties _re encounterec in the choice of s_tisfactoi_J +";t

_u!tiplieation factors. For ez_._+plefor a peak deviation of A rad_ns .;+-."

. ++.+_ ++the systems tabu]azed In Table V m!_ht be considered. _+

,+ TM_E V - bPJLTIPLIERFACTORS _-"

Referen6e ChP-ur_1b_dulator _it Iplie,+, + • '_

,Deviation N N +l N - 1

.-_ 32 _ 2 X X , 33 "_ 3 Z ii 31 . + :

Iii _6 " J+ _, 35 = 5x 7 _+ :::/

•(_35 !<_+= 3 x 4x 4 u9 = 7 x 7 _7 ¢

.Recall._+that the _ak phase deviation for _he desired fidelity Is

llmite..++to about C.I_ radiam_, study of t_hesystems of Table V su_ests ++/

the% a suitable eon%pro_Lisewould utilize a multlplieatlon factor N - ._6,

This requires _wo triplets'_nd a qu_dru_,lerin the modulation channel.

Fi+. Bb. While the.t_++ 5 an_%tim_s 7 mul+iDi&ers iz the referen+e _mnel +[++

a_e .fairl7large no t.n@dulntionneed be sus_ai,4edcu_._v_ry aarro_ b_d fil%er- _'_

• _.+., .._.._++;;,.. . ........ >{ _ ++ ..._+_++-+ .... -,., +,.am,mmam,wr_I+_+L -++..-_w_..-+._,t,_a_..,,,,,+_.+"+__.+__..--_---._--"_..5--.-_.L?.+_j5Z.-__i... ___+ ....

1965019540-032

/

iii'iI _ In the direct multiplication :_thod the problem of spurious

.. ho combination of l_r_onics and multiplier ratios produce cross-_roducts

_'_ -In ,_Ither the dual m_xer-mIlltiglier or direct multiplier mechanlz_-

tions some distortion will be sAded by the multipliers _nd mixers in the

;;i s_'s%em, The distortion studbs_dwldth problems Incl_ase with large values ----! ,

._.,. of m_l%igllcation, but the total multiplication factor should be small

_:'_ • "enough that adeT_te ba_dwidth and negligible distortion can be malntaine_.

'_ • The multipllcatiau process increases phase error in the manner '_"$_

!!!Q_ shown below: ' .,

+¢+% % : me.

- F , ,

<" Fibre 5. _Kultiplic_tlonof Errors in _ multiplier chain.

!, ZI= M1 (Wt + ¢+ @E) + el (39)

'" •_,: _;here@E Is the origi_ml Nmse error and @l, 9_, @3 are £he phase errors

' attrlbute_ to Ml_ M2, and M3. @i_ @2_ anO @3 can probably be assumed

.-negligible. If @E is small then the de@rading effects of the multigliers_k e _

?_ . ) can be ignored.

,,_.|. • %%t distc_tion due to tilemixers i_ ass%teednegligible when com_

_, pared to the other _ources of error.

2';*,' ,'

_li, llll_l_'__-_-_'_."_.:_'.m-m_ -:' '_ " ...... _"_ .-9,,_........ =_-.-"; .;,_j:%: .-'_.'z-E='_l_,_.f."_'

1965019540-033

[

3?., , ..

V. C0MPAI 3ON OF PEkSE LOCKED MODt_.ATORAND SMALL HEVIATION MULTIPLIER SY_!

•The choice of a technique for developing the requited PM output signal+

for the RF Test Console has been narrowed to candidate systems including thew

_hase lodKed _odulator (ref. 11) _ud the small devi'atlonmultir_ier c_-'_Ins -'

described above. The basic characterlsticsof these systems are summ%rIzed

aS follows:

!

Small Deviations S_stems:

Dual Mi'xec-_iti;lier Direct Mul_tiP!ier i

DeViation at modulator --- .125 tad peak .iii rad peak ;_

Multiplication factor _ 3e 36 _J

_ltiplier,% -- Xh, X2, xh X_, X3, Xh _ :_

Reference Channel _%_Itipliers _. X3, X3 _w,'=X7 _;'

Number of Bessel Bandpass Filters --- 5 h _=_

Highest Modulation Ch_.nel Frequency _ 400 mcs 1800 mcs

Hi_hest Reference Frequency -- 450 mcs 1750 mcs _

Oscillators -- Reference Crystal,only _[

System -- BandFass beyond signal input : • ::_

Devlati_%n at 'Aodulator ...._,0 rad peak (dlreot deviation _t _0 mcs) :'!_

Frequeu:.-ym_itiplication ---None Required.

n_ndp_ss filteri:_ __ None Required.

B_nd_ass C_cteristic _-- Shaped by distribution of low frequency

poles of the loop transfer function , _.

_edback Loop --Type I _hase locked with (-6 db) per

obtave over bandwidth of modulation s_ectrt_m.

?,5_'..:._..',. ;_, . _,=___,_m_W,__m_ _.:_,_,_,_, _,_%_ .... , ,_,_,_

1965019540-034

/

-.... 33.

I_feren_e rr,_---_acy -- 12.5 rues

": :" -:'- :_,J_t,,mm -- l,ow Pase femdback loop. -

!1 " 2

. ' " A. _ o_ Mee:'_,-J.x._'r,!on: .

}_ Of _he c_.-dld_te systems under discussicn the more conventiona! :

- - ; approach c_._--_-_1_folio_e -_besmall de_ution-_c_uency _altiplication

_.. S_Sn_mes. D,_-._ the course of this present Investi_ion_ however_ the sur- :

_ . vey-has -_ot_evealed such co:iven_iona!_yste_ t_ have demons_l-_teclper-:":::. forr_f_..-eC_larab!e *_ _ Zest C_soie re_'Jirenents. ,_tho'_h t_e sys_c_

" ' --_Nar simple o_ _uT-e-_'icialex_tion, th-.m_!%tplier, mixer,-and filter "

;_:_: _> - •_s_ _ quite _ev_re and once fabrica+_ ,.remost di.4Ticoltto _ify

"--._ or C_._e.o&=: : ..

: " Or.the other .hand_ .oJ.-plicatlonof phase lock principles to-,_..... : mOc,Al_tion:;y:te.-..s_o-'-a no-'_-i_p!.roach. _-s however should not be a deterrent

• I_o £_s-a_l.liaa_io_, TOt _A_:'_ce_ _n -t_;Is-_ecI_uolo_y_Ave accelera+_ _A

:J e.._por_:tla!rates witl',_-u_i_ laat decade, l_rtl-zalarlyin receiver system.s

__ "_L_re perfornor.cc _.- compii-'_t_d _-j-_he ,res_nce of no_se. It has _een

i'_ s,_"_ur,bF the study, repor_! in reference I! _bove, th_.-t_he full pea_

; . ._m.vl.._!or.c_n be schievei ;,ithr,he desired frequency response and fidelit-y.

) present _e_nolo_M. It was de,-_r_tratedghat t_ ph_e locked modulator is

of _'u_tion_ frm.qaencyrespons:_ or m_mal.._ fxa_ gloup fielayby sim_le

: :_dj:.s_entsof %.heloop g..in_:d _ime conc_::::_s.The uecezalty for (_eslgn.

.... - _....rs at carrier frequencies is _voide_i.

t:_| • -k4:":

< ,4 "

1965019540-035

• . i o •

COnsiderin@ the _nique -requi,-ements of the BY Test Console ,hie study

eff_ has shown that a satlsfac_ry system ms_- be provided with _east effort

utillz_ the phase loc_d modulator approach.

Dual Mode H._tFM b_iiization:

The RF Test Console requires a I_ as well as the PM capability.

It is therefore L_or_x_uc to consider what econom_ or adv_nta6e _my be_ obtained

by _ua_ .mode o_ration of _ transmitters or i_s subclrcuits.

A _ha_e modtZator may of course be used for FM provided the input

zig.realis first appli_ to an integrator, or conversely, a frequency

._dul_tor may ccnerute _:.___ froaeded by a differentiator in the _g._'",' _th.

The Test Console specification for F_ operation requires extremelyu

high modulation "_. ....1.........to _zcommodate e:,_reme!y l_a signal freq'cencies :.

s_Ch as 3 cps. iru _-"_4 frr such a low mod::Imtion frequency and for a devla- i

tion oY @SOC KC woulC require - phrase deviation of L67 x 105 radlans which

is clearly _eyond the capability of the contemplated small deviation multi-

_lier (_ or .<_u) chuinz./.

Similur =robier_s _r? _nco_ntered with direct operatio_ with the _hase

lo;im_ modulu_o? b_-_c_,st of the limited _rnamic phase range of Its detector.

However the VCO is -_l_rhntl_, a C_'equency zodulation device, consequez%l_ X

the phase locked iooi- b_nd-,:i_thF_ 1_ constrained tO a very small value to '}

provide _n. AFC for the FM c_'_Tier. The details of this concept axe cowered _,_.

in a zep_,rate re-ort, qhu:_ th_ phase locked .-_duiator components a_ more

"_,adaptable.to dual ,,_c_.ePM/FM o_eration. _

_C

¢

%.

_ --_.- . _2._.._ ., --_9_:_-- =_''_' @_":_-_ ., _, , ". t ' k '. _'_' _'F:"' "

l

1965019540-036

/

• 4 "

_""_ 35,I

During the course of this present investigation a re_iev and classifica--r

!i!. tion of six Basic types of phase ,modulators_as made from whleh the sr_,llj: deviatiom dual mixer-multiplier sad dire_t multiplier methods are serious

I" ,modulatorpre_iously repor+_a.UDon consider_tlon of the _esign and mac_hanisationproblem, potential

_" perfornance, complexity, and adaptability to dual moCe PM/FM oIoeratlomIt lst- conQluded 'tl_tthe _hase locked modt_!atorappreach off,:rsgreater econo_ :

I ' and ease of mechanization for the RF Test Console Appli:ation. It is reeo,m_Med

",.'"":" therefore that the _hase locked modulator concept be ".hosenfor the RF Test

' Console equll_ent fa'oricatlo_ :

2

i

_A_: - •

k

1965019540-037

i!

i

[!

wi o

_n0

I •

A

R _'

E-- Z 4..

0 C) u')

a, bj 4- OIL -'.400 C'_-_-a UO0 (I: V'_ a, --

r,.-.I LL-(-':.-_ .--4-4C) O00

,,..i uJ (_ I Ir/, .j ;-: (_ _ CC..'. I_-I- |- r"- :-

• _ .C"--'. t.c, --_. ,- .--4 r_ ,,0 <:) I_ _'

Z bJ _ 0 0 t-t-- rJ¢_ O. ,._- -.

_ E rl_ 0'I- ° £.: • • • • • • t_,

Or.. _: o Or0 _LF 0 1 t I G_ ,-"11- _ U ,"_ _ rL [k uJ

F- O ,.r),-* _-Z _"

Z C I.L, -- 2- :'. _..) u';

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