7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 1/20

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

Part of the Indo-Pakistani Wars

Date

August -Septembe

r 23,

1965

Location

Indiansubontin

ent

Result

Indian

!itor"#$ashkent

%e&arati

on

Belligerents

India Pakistan

Commanders

'o"anto (ath )haudhuri

*arbakhsh Singh

A"ub +han

usa +han

Casualties and losses

3,26 ki&&ed.1/ 0, ki&&ed

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 2/20

0,623 ounded.1/

4'u&" to easefire

aptured.2/.3/./

4'u&" to September

63,0 ki&&ed.5/

4September 6 - 22

 

Indo-Pakistani wars

and conflicts

$he Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 as a u&mination of skirmishes that took p&ae beteen Apri&

1965 and September 1965 beteen India and Pakistan# $his onf&it beame knon as the

econd !as"mir War fought b" India and Pakistan o!er the disputed region of  +ashmir , the

first ha!ing been fought in 19# $he ar began fo&&oing the fai&ure of Pakistan7s 8peration

ibra&tar, hih as designed to infi&trate fores into 'ammu and +ashmir  to preipitate an

insurgen" against ru&e b" India# $he fi!e-eek ar aused thousands of asua&ties on both

sides# It ended in a :nited (ations 4:( mandated easefire and the subse;uent issuane of the

$ashkent %e&aration#

uh of the ar as fought b" the ountries7 &and fores in +ashmir  and a&ong the Internationa&<order  beteen India and Pakistan# $his ar sa the &argest amassing of troops in +ashmir

sine the Partition of India in 19, a number that as o!ershadoed on&" during the 21-22

mi&itar" standoff  beteen India and Pakistan# ost of the batt&es ere fought b" opposing

infantr" and armored units, ith substantia& baking from air fores# an" detai&s of this ar,

&ike those of other Indo-Pakistani Wars, remain un&ear and man" media reports ha!e been

ridd&ed ith media biases#

 Pre-war escalation

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 3/20

A de&assified :S State %epartment te&egram that onfirms the e=istene of hundreds of

>infi&trators> in the Indian state of 'ammu and +ashmir# %ated during the e!ents running up to

the 1965 ar#

Sine Partition of India in 19, Pakistan and India remained in ontention o!er se!era& issues#

A&though the +ashmir onf&it as the predominant issue di!iding the nations, other borderdisputes e=isted, most notab&" o!er the ?ann of +uth, a barren region in the Indian state of

u@arat# When 'unagadh, a former prine&" state, had been integrated into India, its borders,

espeia&&" in the marsh&ands to the est, remained ambiguous#

8n arh 2, 1965, and again in Apri& 1965, fighting broke out beteen India and Pakistan in

the ?ann of +uth# Initia&&" in!o&!ing border po&ie from both nations, the disputed area soon

itnessed intermittent skirmishes beteen the ountries7 armed fores# In 'une 1965, <ritish

Prime inister  *aro&d Wi&son suessfu&&" persuaded both ountries to end hosti&ities and set up

a tribuna& to reso&!e the dispute# $he !erdit, hih ame &ater in 1960, sa Pakistan aarded

35 s;uare mi&es 49 km of the ?ann of +uth, as against its origina& &aim of 35 s;uare

mi&es#.6/

After its suess in the ?ann of +uth, Pakistan, under the &eadership of enera& A"ub +han,

 be&ie!ed the Indian Arm" ou&d be unab&e to defend itse&f against a ;uik mi&itar" ampaign in

the disputed territor" of +ashmir  as the Indian mi&itar" had suffered a &oss to )hina in 1962#./

Pakistan be&ie!ed that the popu&ation of +ashmir  as genera&&" disontented ith Indian ru&e and

that a resistane mo!ement ou&d be ignited b" a fe infi&trating saboteurs# Pakistan attempted to

ignite the resistane mo!ement b" means of a o!ert infi&tration, odenamed #$eration

%i&raltar#.0/ $he Pakistani infi&trators ere soon diso!ered, hoe!er, their presene reported b"

&oa& +ashmiris, and the operation ended in a omp&ete fai&ure#

Pakistan &aimed to ha!e been onerned b" attempts of India to absorb +ashmir  - a state&aimed b" Pakistan as >disputed>, into the Indian :nion# $he basis for this &aim as the

app&iation of Arti&es 356 and 35 of the Indian )onstitution that a&&o the President of India to

de&are President7s ?u&e in the State#

 '"e war

8n August 15, 1965, Indian fores rossed the easefire &ine and &aunhed an attak on the region 

referred to b" the disputants as either >ABad +ashmir> or >Pakistan-oupied +ashmir>#

Pakistani reports ite this attak as unpro!oked,.9/ hi&e Indian reports ite the attak as a

response to massi!e armed infi&trations of +ashmir b" Pakistan#.1/

Initia&&", the Indian Arm" met ith onsiderab&e suess, apturing three important mountain

 positions after a pro&onged arti&&er" barrage# <" the end of August, hoe!er, both sides had

e=periened suessesC Pakistan had made progress in areas suh as $itha&, :ri and Punh and

India had aptured the *a@i Pir Pass, eight ki&ometers inside Pakistani-ouppied territor"#.11/

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 4/20

8n September 1, 1965, Pakistan &aunhed a ounterattak, a&&ed (#$eration %rand lam(,

ith the ob@eti!e to apture the !ita& ton of  Akhnoor in 'ammu, hih ou&d se!er

ommuniations and ut off supp&" routes to Indian troops# Attaking ith an o!erhe&ming

ratio of troops and tehnia&&" superior tanks, Pakistan initia&&" progressed against Indian fores,

ho ere aught unprepared and suffered hea!" &osses# .11/ India responded b" a&&ing in its air

fore to b&unt the Pakistani attak# $he ne=t da", Pakistan reta&iated, its air fore attaked Indianfores and air bases in both +ashmir and Pun@ab# A&though 8peration rand S&am u&timate&"

fai&ed, as the Pakistan Arm" as unab&e to apture Akhnoor, it beame one of the turning points

in the ar hen India deided to re&ie!e pressure on its troops in +ashmir b" attaking Pakistan

further south#

Pakistan7s Ihogi& )ana& as a !ita& barrier that needed to be rossed b" Indian troops# $his bridge aross the ana& as destro"ed b" the Pakistan Arm" before retreating#

India rossed the Internationa& <order  on the Western front on September 6, marking an offiia&

 beginning of the ar#.9/

 8n September 6, the 15th Infantr" %i!ision of the Indian Arm", underWor&d War II !eteran a@or enera& Prasad, batt&ed a massi!e ounterattak b" Pakistan near the

est bank of the Ihogi& )ana& 4<?< )ana&, hih as a de facto border of India and Pakistan#

$he enera&7s entourage itse&f as ambushed and he as fored to f&ee his !ehi&e# A seond, this

time suessfu&, attempt to ross the Ihhogi& )ana& as made o!er the bridge in the !i&&age of

<arki, @ust east of Dahore# $hese de!e&opments brought the Indian Arm" ithin the range of

Dahore Internationa& Airport# As a resu&t, the :nited States re;uested a temporar" easefire to

a&&o it to e!auate its itiBens in Dahore#*oe!er,the Pakistani ounter attak took +hem +aran

from Indian fores hih tried to di!ert the attention of Pakistanis from +hem +aran b" an

attak on <edian and the ad@aent !i&&ages#As said b" Indian Dt# enera& +au&,

>$he )-in-)4Indian got o&d feet and deided, hi&e the batt&e of +hem +aran as sti&& in progress to take up an a&ternate position, se!era& mi&es in the rear hih ou&d ha!e meant

gi!ing up some e&& knon and !ita& p&aes and areas#> 4+au& op# )it# P0

$he thrust against Dahore onsisted of the 1st Infantr" %i!ision supported b" the three tank

regiments of the 2nd Independent Armoured <rigadeE the" ;uik&" ad!aned aross the border,

reahing the Ihhogi& 4<?< )ana& b" 6 September# $he Pakistani Arm" he&d the bridges o!er

the ana& or b&e up those it ou&d not ho&d, effeti!e&" sta&&ing an" further ad!ane b" the

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 5/20

Indians on Dahore#8ne unit of the 'at ?egiment, 3 'at, had a&so rossed the Ihogi& ana& and

aptured.12/ the ton of <atapore 4'a&&o ur to Pakistan on the est side of the ana&# $he same

da", a ounter offensi!e onsisting of an armored di!ision and infantr" di!ision supported b"

Pakistan Air Fore Sabres fored the Indian 15th %i!ision to ithdra to its starting point#

A&though 3 'at suffered minima& asua&ties, the bu&k of the damage being taken b" ammunition

and stores !ehi&es, the higher ommanders had no information of 3 'at7s apture of <atapore andmis&eading information &ed to the ommand to ithdra from <atapore and %ograi to hosa&-

%ia&# $his mo!e brought e=treme disappointment.13/ to Dt-)o& %esmond *a"de, )8 of 3 'at#

%ograi as e!entua&&" reaptured b" 3 'at on 21 September, for the seond time but after a muh

harder batt&e due to Pakistani reinforements#

Dt# )o&# *ari Singh of the Indian 10th )a!a&r" posing outside a aptured Pakistani po&ie station

4<arkee in Dahore %istrit#

8n the da"s fo&&oing September 9, both nations7 premiere formations ere routed in une;ua&

 batt&es# India7s 1st Armored %i!ision, &abe&&ed the >pride of the Indian Arm">, &aunhed anoffensi!e toards Sia&kot# $he %i!ision di!ided itse&f into to prongs, as fored bak b" the

6th armoured di!ision4an understrength formation of fe armoured regiments at )hainda and

as fored to ithdra after suffering hea!" &osses of near&" 1 tanks# Simi&ar&", Pakistan7s

 pride, the 1st Armored %i!ision, pushed an offensi!e toards +hemkaran, ith the intent to

apture Amritsar  4a ma@or it" in Pun@ab, India and the bridge on ?i!er <eas to 'a&andhar # $he

Pakistani 1st Armored %i!ision ne!er made it past +hem +aran, hoe!er, and b" the end of

September 1 &a" disintegrated b" the defenes of the Indian th ountain %i!ision at hat is

no knon as the <att&e of Asal Uttar  4&it# meaning - >?ea& Anser>, or more appropriate

Gng&ish e;ui!a&ent - >Fitting ?esponse># $he area beame knon as 7Patton (agar7 4Patton

$on as Pakistan &ost or abandoned near&" 1 most&" :S-made Patton tanks#$he Pakistani 1st

Armoured %i!ision &ess 5th Armoured <rigade as ne=t sent to Sia&kot setor behind Pakistani

6th Armoured %i!ision here it didnt see ation as 6th Armoured %i!ision as a&read" in

 proess of routing Indian 1st Armoured %i!ision hih as superior to it in strength#

$he ar as heading for a sta&emate, ith both nations ho&ding territor" of the other# $he Indian

arm" suffered 3, batt&efie&d deaths, hi&e Pakistan suffered no &ess than 3,0# $he Indian

arm" as in possession of 1 mi&e 41,0 km of Pakistani territor" and the Pakistan arm"

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 6/20

he&d 21 mi&e 455 km of Indian territor"# $he territor" oupied b" India as main&" in the

ferti&e Sia&kot, Dahore and +ashmir setors,.1/ hi&e Pakistani &and gains ere primari&" in

deserts opposite Sindh and in )humb, in the northern setor #.15/

 )erial warfare

PAF F-06 airraft hih took part in the ar 

$he ar sa the Indian Air Fore and the Pakistani Air Fore engaged in fu&& sa&e ombat for

the first time sine independene# $hough the to fores had pre!ious&" faed off in the First

+ashmir War  during the &ate 19s, that engagement as &imited in sa&e ompared to the 1965

onf&it#

$he to ountries ha!e made ontraditor" &aims of ombat &osses during the ar and hard&"

an" neutra& soures ha!e !erified the &aims of either ountr"# $he Pakistan Air Fore 4PAF

&aimed it shot don 1 IAF p&anes, &osing on&" 19 in the proess# $he Indian Air Fore 4IAF

&aimed it shot don 3 PAF p&anes, &osing on&" 35 itse&f# Aording to Indian figures, the

o!era&& attrition rate as 2#16H for Pakistan Air Fore and 1#9H for IAF#.16/

 India a&so pointedout that, despite PAF &aims of &osing on&" a s;uadron of ombat raft, Pakistan sought to

a;uire additiona& airraft from Indonesia, Ira;, Iran, $urke" and )hina ithin 1 da"s of the

 beginning ar#

Pakistan7s main strike fore omprised the :#S# made F-06 Sabre @ets, hih &aimed a fair share

of Indian p&anes, though remaining !u&nerab&e to the diminuti!e Fo&&and nat, niknamed >Sabre

S&a"er >#.1/ $he F-1 Starfighter  of the PAF as b" far the fastest fighter p&ane operating in the

subontinent at that time# :n&ike the PAF, hose p&anes &arge&" onsisted of Amerian raft, the

IAF f&e an assortment of p&anes, from ampires to *aker *unters, man" of hih ere

outdated in omparison to PAF p&anes# $his ga!e an edge to the PAF but sti&& both the sides did

not ahie!e air superiorit" against eah other throughout the ar#

 'ank &attles

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 7/20

$anks of 10th )a!a&r" 4Indian Arm" on the mo!e during the 1965 Indo-Pak War#

$he 1965 ar itnessed some of the &argest tank batt&es sine Wor&d War II# At the beginning of

the ar, the Pakistani Arm" had both a numeria& ad!antage in tanks, as e&& as better e;uipment

o!era&&#.10/ Pakistani armour as &arge&" Amerian-madeC it onsisted main&" of Patton - and

-0 tanks, but a&so in&uded man"  Sherman tanks, some 2 )haffee &ight tanks and 36'akson tank destro"ers, e;uipped ith 9 mm guns#.19/ $he bu&k of India7s tank f&eet ere o&der

Sherman tanksC some ere up-gunned ith the Frenh high !e&oit" )( 5 5 guns and

ou&d ho&d their on, hi&st some o&der mode&s ere sti&& e;uipped ith the inferior 5 mm 3

D gun# <esides the tanks, India fie&ded the <ritish-made )enturion $ank  k , ith the

15 mm ?o"a& 8rdnane D gun, and the AJ-13, P$-6, and 3 Stuart &ight tanks# Pakistan

fie&ded a greater number and more modern arti&&er"C its guns out-ranged those of the Indian

arti&&er", aording to Pakistan7s a@or enera& $#*# a&ik#.2/

At the outbreak of ar in 1965, Pakistan had about 15 armoured a!a&r" regiments, eah ith

about 5 tanks in three s;uadrons# <esides the Pattons, there ere about 2 Shermans re-

armed ith 6mm guns, 15 2 )haffee &ight tank and a fe independent s;uadrons of36<1 tank destro"ers# ost of these regiments ser!ed in Pakistan7s to armoured di!isions,

the 1st and 6th Armoured di!isions - the &atter being in the proess of formation# $he Indian

Arm" of the time possessed 1 a!a&r" regiments, and in the 195s had begun moderniBing them

 b" the a;uisition of 16 AJ-13 &ight tanks and 100 )enturions# $he remainder of the a!a&r"

units ere e;uipped ith Shermans and a sma&& number of 3A3 Stuart &ight tanks# India

had on&" a sing&e armoured di!ision, the 1st 7<&ak G&ephant7 Armoured %i!ision, a&so a&&ed

7Fakhr I *ind7 47Pride of India7, hih onsisted of the 1th a!a&r" Poona *orse, the th

*odson7s *orse, the 16th 7<&ak G&ephant7 )a!a&r", the th Dight )a!a&r", the 2nd ?o"a& Daners,

the 10th )a!a&r" and the 62nd )a!a&r", the to first named being e;uipped ith )enturions,#

$here as a&so the 2nd Independent Armoured <rigade, one of hose three regiments, the 3rd

)a!a&r", as a&so e;uipped ith )enturions#

%espite the ;ua&itati!e and numeria& superiorit" of Pakistani armour ,.21/ Pakistan as outfought

on the batt&efie&d b" India, hih made progress into the Dahore-Sia&kot setor, hi&st ha&ting

Pakistan7s ounteroffensi!e on Amritsar #.22/C.23/ the" ere sometimes emp&o"ed in a fau&t"

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 8/20

manner, suh as harging prepared defenses during the defeat of Pakistan7s 1st Armored %i!ision

at Assa& :ttar#

India7s tank formations e=periened same resu&ts# India7s attak at the <att&e of )hainda, &ed b"

its 1st Armored %i!ision and supporting units, as brought to a grinding ha&t b" ne&" raised 6th

Armoured %i!ision4e=-1th indepedant brigade group in the )hainda setor# 8ne true innerto emerge as India7s )enturion batt&e tank, ith its 15 mm gun and hea!" armor, hih

 pro!ed superior to the o!er&" omp&e= Pattons and their e=aggerated reputations#.23/#*oe!er, in

the Sia&kot setor outnumbered Pattons performed e=eeding&" e&& in the hands of the 25th

)a!a&r" and other regiments of the 6th Armoured %i!ision, hih e=ated a disproportionate&"

hea!" to&& of )enturions from the Poona *orse and *odson7s *orse# $he Indian Arm" has made

muh of the fat that some of its )enturions sur!i!ed repeated hitsC "et ha!e fai&ed to point out

that the ma@orit" of tanks in the Sia&kot setor ere Shermans hose guns ere inade;uate e!en

in 19# (either the Indian nor Pakistani Arm" shoed an" great fai&it" in the use of armoured

formations in offensi!e operations, hether the Pakistani 1st Armoured %i!ision at Asa& :ttar or

the Indian 1st Armoured %i!ision at )hainda# In ontrast, both pro!ed adept ith sma&&er

fores in a defensi!e ro&e suh a the 2nd Armoured <rigade at Asa& :ttar and the 25th )a!a&r" at)hainda, here the" defeated their better e;uipped but &umsier foes

 *a+al "ostilities

Pakistan7s P(S haBi, as the on&" submarine operated b" either of the arring nations in 1965#

$he haBi sank off the faira" buo" of isakhapatnam near the eastern oast of India underun&ear irumstanes during the 191 ar, making it the first submarine asua&t" in the aters

around the Indian subontinent#

$he na!ies of India and Pakistan did not p&a" a prominent ro&e in the ar of 1965, a&though

Pakistani aounts dispute this#.2/ 8n September , a f&oti&&a of the Pakistani (a!" arried out a

sma&& sa&e bombardment of the Indian oasta& ton and radar station of %arka, hih as 2

mi&es 43 km south of the Pakistani port of +arahi# )odenamed 8peration %arka, it did not

fu&fi&& its primar" ob@eti!e of disab&ing the radar station and there as no immediate reta&iator"

response from India# Dater, some of the Indian f&eet sai&ed from <omba" to %arka to patro& thearea and deter further bombardment# Foreign authors ha!e noted that the >insignifiant

 bombardment>.25/ of the ton as a >&imited engagement, ith no strategi !a&ue#>.2/

Aording to some Pakistani soures, one submarine, P(S haBi, kept the Indian (a!"7s airraft

arrier I(S ikrant besieged in <omba" throughout the ar# Indian soures &aim that it as not

their intention to get into a na!a& onf&it ith Pakistan, and ished to restrit the ar to a &and-

 based onf&it#.26/ oreo!er, the" note that the ikrant as in dr" dok in the proess of refitting#

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 9/20

Some Pakistani defene riters ha!e a&so disounted &aims that the Indian (a!" as bott&ed up

in <omba" b" a sing&e submarine, instead stating that 5H of the Indian (a!" as under

maintenane in harbour#.2/ $here ere, hoe!er, unonfirmed reports of underater attaks near

<omba" b" the Indian (a!" against hat the" suspeted ere Amerian-supp&ied Pakistani

submarines#

 Co+ert o$erations

Pakistani troops drop from a )-13 *eru&es

$he Pakistan Arm" &aunhed a number of o!ert operations to infi&trate and sabotage Indianairbases#.20/ 8n September , 1965, the Speia& Ser!ies roup 4SS ommandos ere

 parahuted into enem" territor"# Aording to )hief of Arm" Staff enera& usa +han, about

135 ommandos ere airdropped at three Indian airfie&ds4*a&ara, Pathankot and Adampur #

$he daring attempt pro!ed to be an >unmitigated disaster>#.20/ 8n&" 22 ommandos returned to

Pakistan as p&anned, 93 ere taken prisoner 4in&uding one of the )ommanders of the operations,

a@or +ha&id <utt, and 2 ere ki&&ed in enounters ith the arm", po&ie or i!i&ians .29/ $he

reason for the fai&ure of the ommando mission is attributed to the fai&ure to pro!ide maps,

 proper briefings and ade;uate p&anning or preparation.3/

%espite fai&ing to sabotage the airfie&ds, Pakistan soures &aim that the ommando mission

affeted some p&anned Indian operations# As the Indian 1th %i!ision as di!erted to hunt for

 paratroopers, the Pakistan Air Fore found the road fi&&ed ith transport, and destro"ed man"

!ehi&es#.31/

India responded to the o!ert ati!it" b" announing reards for aptured Pakistani spies or

 paratroopers#.32/ eanhi&e, in Pakistan, rumors spread that India had reta&iated ith its on

o!ert operations, sending ommandos deep into Pakistan territor",.3/ but these rumors ere

&ater determined to be unfounded#.33/

 Losses

India and Pakistan make ide&" di!ergent &aims about the damage the" inf&ited on eah other

and the amount of damage suffered b" them# $he fo&&oing summariBes eah nation7s &aims#

Indian claims,./ Pakistani

claims,5/ Inde$endent ources,0/,6/

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 10/20

)asua&ties - -2,63 Indian so&diers, 3,0

Pakistani so&diers

)ombatf&"ing

effort

,3K ombat sorties 2,29 ombatsorties

Airraft

&ost

35 IAF 4offiia&, 3 PAF#8ther soures.3/

 based on the 8ffiia& Indian ArmedFores *istor".30/ put atua& IAF &osses at

1 in&uding 19 aidents 4non ombat

sortie rate is not knon and PAF7s

ombat &osses a&one at 3#

19 PAF, 1

IAF

2 PAF, Pakistan &aims India

re@eted neutra& arbitration.39/#4Singh, Pushpindar  41991# Fiza ya,

 Psyche of the Pakistan Air Force#

*ima&a"an <ooks# IS<( 01-2-

30-#

Aeria&

!itories1 K 3 4post ar 3 -

$anks

destro"ed

120 Indian tanks,./ 152 Pakistani tanks

aptured, 15 Pakistani tanks

destro"ed#./ 8ffiia&&" 1 Pakistani

tanks destro"ed and 30 aptured.1/

165 Pakistan

tanks.2/ 2 Pakistani tanks

Dand area

on

1,5 mi2 43,005 km2 of Pakistani

territor"

2, mi45,10 km of

Indian

territor"

India he&d 1 mi 41,0 km ofPakistani territor" and Pakistan he&d

21 mi 455 km of Indian

territor"

$here ha!e been fe neutra& assessments of the damages of the arC some of the neutra&

assessments are mentioned be&oE-

Aording to the :nited States Dibrar" of )ongress )ountr" StudiesE

$he ar as mi&itari&" inon&usi!eC eah side he&d prisoners and some territor" be&onging to the other#

Dosses ere re&ati!e&" hea!"--on the Pakistani side, tent" airraft, 2 tanks, and 3,0 troops#

Pakistan7s arm" had been ab&e to ithstand Indian pressure, but a ontinuation of the fighting ou&d on&"

ha!e &ed to further &osses and u&timate defeat for Pakistan# ost Pakistanis, shoo&ed in the be&ief of their

on martia& proess, refused to aept the possibi&it" of their ountr"7s mi&itar" defeat b" >*indu India>

and ere, instead, ;uik to b&ame their fai&ure to attain their mi&itar" aims on hat the" onsidered to be

the ineptitude of A"ub +han and his go!ernment#.3/

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 11/20

$IG magaBine ana&"Bing the onf&it,./ reported that India he&d 69 i2 of Pakistan

territor" hi&e Pakistan he&d 25 i2 of Indian territor" in +ashmir and ?a@asthan, but

had &ost ha&f its armour#

An e=erpt from Stan&e" Wo&pert7s India,.5/ summariBing the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965,

is as fo&&osE

In three eeks the seond IndoPak War ended in hat appeared to be a dra hen the embargo p&aed b"

Washington on :#S# ammunition and rep&aements for both armies fored essation of onf&it before

either side on a &ear !itor"# India, hoe!er, as in a position to inf&it gra!e damage to, if not apture,

Pakistan7s apita& of the Pun@ab hen the ease-fire as a&&ed, and ontro&&ed +ashmir7s strategi :ri-

Poonh bu&ge, muh to A"ub7s hagrin#

%ennis +u=7s "India and the United States estranged democracies"  a&so pro!ides asummar" of the ar#.6/ 

A&though both sides &ost hea!i&" in men and materie&, and neither gained a deisi!e mi&itar" ad!antage,India had the better of the ar# (e %e&hi ahie!ed its basi goa& of tharting Pakistan7s attempt to seiBe

+ashmir b" fore# Pakistan gained nothing from a onf&it hih it had instigated#

 Ceasefire

8n September 22, the :nited (ations Seurit" )ouni& unanimous&" passed a reso&ution that

a&&ed for an unonditiona& easefire from both nations# $he ar ended the fo&&oing da"#

$he So!iet :nion, &ed b" Premier A&e=e" +os"gin, hosted easefire negotiations in $ashkent 

4no in :Bbekistan, here Indian Prime inister Da& <ahadur Shastri and Pakistani President

A"ub +han signed the $ashkent Agreement, agreeing to ithdra to pre-August &ines no &ater

than Februar" 25, 1966# $he easefire as ritiiBed b" man" Pakistanis ho, re&"ing on offiia&

reports and the ontro&&ed Pakistani press, be&ie!ed that the &eadership had surrendered mi&itar"

gains# $he protests &ed to student riots#./ Pakistan State7s reports had suggested that their

mi&itar" as performing admirab&" in the ar - hih the" inorret&" b&amed as being initiated

 b" India - and thus the $ashkent %e&aration as seen as ha!ing forfeited the gains# .0/ Some

reent books ritten b" Pakistani authors, in&uding one b" e=-ISI hief tit&ed >$he "th of

1965 itor">,.9/ a&&eged&" e=posed Pakistani fabriations about the ar, but a&& opies of the

 book ere bought b" Pakistan Arm" to pre!ent pub&iation beause the topi as >too

sensiti!e>#.5/.51/

India and Pakistan aused eah other of easefire !io&ationsC India harged Pakistan ith 505

!io&ations in 3 da"s, hi&e Pakistan ountered ith ausations of 5 inidents b" India#.52/ In

addition to the e=peted e=hange of sma&& arms and arti&&er" fire, India reported that Pakistan

uti&iBed the easefire to apture the Indian !i&&age of )hanana&&a in the FaBi&ka setor# $his

!i&&age as reaptured b" Indian troops on 25 %eember# 8n 8tober 1, a <-5 )anberra on

&oan to the PAF as damaged b" 3 SA-2 missi&es fired from the IAF base at Amba&a.53/ A

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 12/20

Pakistani Arm" Auster as shot don on 16 %eember, ki&&ing one Pakistani arm" aptain and

on 2 Februar" 196, an A8P as shot don b" IAF *unters#

$he easefire remained in effet unti& the start of the Indo-Pakistani War of 191#

 Intelligence failures

Strategi misa&u&ations b" both India and Pakistan ensured that the ar ended in a sta&emate#

 Indian miscalculations

A Dife magaBine o!er stor" on the ar shoing an Indian so&dier in +ashmir ith a baBooka#

Indian mi&itar" inte&&igene ga!e no arning of the impending Pakistan in!asion# $he Indian

Arm" fai&ed to reogniBe the presene of hea!" Pakistani arti&&er" and armaments in )humb and

suffered signifiant &osses as a resu&t#

$he >8ffiia& *istor" of the 1965 War >, drafted b" the inistr" of %efene of India in 1992, as

a &ong suppressed doument that re!ea&ed other misa&u&ations# Aording to the doument, on

September 22 hen the Seurit" )ouni& as pressing for a easefire, the Indian Prime inister

asked ommanding en# )haudhuri if India ou&d possib&" in the ar, ere he to de&a"

aepting the easefire# $he genera& rep&ied that most of India7s front&ine ammunition had been

used up and the Indian Arm" had suffered onsiderab&e tank &osses# It as determined &ater that

on&" 1H of India7s front&ine ammunition had been fired and India he&d tie the number oftanks as Pakistan# <" this time, the Pakistani Arm" had used &ose to 0H of its ammunition#

Air )hief arsha& 4retd P#)# Da&, ho as the ie )hief of Air Staff during the onf&it, points

to the &ak of oordination beteen the IAF and the Indian arm"# (either side re!ea&ed its batt&e

 p&ans to the other# $he batt&e p&ans drafted b" the inistr" of %efene and enera& )haudhari,

did not speif" a ro&e for the Indian Air Fore in the order of batt&e# $his attitude of en#

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 13/20

)haudhari as referred to b" A) Da& as the >Supremo S"ndrome>, a patroniBing attitude

sometimes he&d b" the Indian arm" toards the other branhes of the Indian i&itar"#.3/

 Pakistani miscalculations

$he Pakistani Arm"7s fai&ures started ith the supposition that a genera&&" disontented +ashmiri peop&e, gi!en the opportunit" pro!ided b" the Pakistani ad!ane, ou&d re!o&t against their

Indian ru&ers, bringing about a sift and deisi!e surrender of +ashmir# $he +ashmiri peop&e,

hoe!er, did not re!o&t# Instead, the Indian Arm" as pro!ided ith enough information to &earn

of 8peration ibra&tar and the fat that the Arm" as batt&ing not insurgents, as the" had initia&&"

supposed, but Pakistani Arm" regu&ars#

$he Pakistani Arm" a&so fai&ed to reogniBe that the Indian po&i" makers ou&d order an attak

on the southern setor in order to open a seond theater of onf&it# Pakistan as fored to

dediate troops to the southern setor to protet Sia&kot and Dahore instead using them to support

 penetrating into +ashmir#

$e&egram from :SA7s +arahi Gmbass"E >)ontinuing propaganda re.garding/ ahie!ements of

Pak fores seems to ha!e on!ined most that on&" Pak forbearane sa!ed the Indians from

disaster#>

>8peration rand S&am>, hih as &aunhed b" Pakistan to apture Akhnoor , a ton north-eastof 'ammu and a ke" region for ommuniations beteen +ashmir and the rest of India, as a&so

a fai&ure# an" Pakistani ommentators ritiiBed the A"ub +han administration for being

indeisi!e during 8peration rand S&am# $hese ritis &aim that the operation fai&ed beause

A"ub +han kne the importane of Akhnur to India 4ha!ing a&&ed it India7s > @ugu&ar !ein> and

did not ant to apture it and dri!e the to nations into an a&&-out ar# %espite progress being

made in Akhnur, enera& A"ub +han re&ie!ed the ommanding a@or enera& Akhtar *ussain

a&ik  and rep&aed him ith en# Lah"a +han# A 2-hour &u&& ensued the rep&aement, hih

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 14/20

a&&oed the Indian arm" to regroup in Akhnur and suessfu&&" oppose a &ak&uster attak headed

 b" enera& Lah"a +han# >$he enem" ame to our resue>, asserted the Indian )hief of Staff of

the Western )ommand# Dater, Akhtar *ussain a&ik ritiiBed A"ub +han for p&anning

8peration ibra&tar, hih as doomed to fai&, and for re&ie!ing him of his ommand at a ruia&

moment in the ar# a&ik threatened to e=pose the truth about the ar and the arm"7s fai&ure, but

&ater dropped the idea for fear of being banned#.5/

Some authors ha!e noted that Pakistan might ha!e been embo&dened b" a ar game - onduted

in arh 1965, at the Institute of %efene Ana&"sis, :SA# $he e=erise on&uded that, in the

e!ent of a ar ith India, Pakistan ou&d in#.55/.56/ 8ther authors &ike Stephen Phi&ip )ohen,

ha!e onsistent&" ommented that the Pakistan Arm" had >a;uired an e=aggerated !ie of the

eakness of both India and the Indian mi&itar"### the 1965 ar as a shok>#.5/

Pakistani Air arsha& and )ommander-in-)hief  of PAF during the ar, (ur +han, &ater said that

the Pakistan Arm", and not India, shou&d be b&amed for starting the ar#.50/.59/ *oe!er

 propaganda in Pakistan about the ar ontinuedC the ar as not rationa&&" ana&"Bed in

Pakistan,.6/.61/ ith most of the b&ame being heaped on the &eadership and &itt&e importane gi!ento inte&&igene fai&ures that persisted unti& the deba&e of the 191 ar , hen Pakistan as

omprehensi!e&" defeated and dismembered b" India, &eading to the reation of <ang&adesh#

 In+ol+ement of ot"er nations

$he :nited States of Ameria, hih had pre!ious&" supp&ied mi&itar" e;uipment to India and

Pakistan, imposed an embargo against further supp&ies to both ountries one the ar had started#

$he :S as apprehensi!e that mi&itar" e;uipment that it had pro!ided to be used in a batt&e

against ommunism, ou&d instead be used b" the ountries to fight one another# $he Amerian

embargo espeia&&" affeted Pakistan sine the ma@orit" of its e;uipment as pro!ided b"Ameria# $his ou&d ause Pakistan to be&ie!e that it ou&d not ontinue the ar be"ond

September#.62/

Fo&&oing imposition of the Amerian embargo, other  (A$8 a&&ies 4in&uding the :+

disontinued pro!iding mi&itar" e;uipment to the nations#

<oth before and during the ar, )hina had been a ma@or mi&itar" assoiate of Pakistan and had

in!ariab&" admonished India, ith hom it had fought a ar in 1962# $here ere a&so reports of

)hinese troop mo!ements on the Indian border to support Pakistan#.63/ As suh, India agreed to

the :( mandate in order to a!oid a ar on both borders#

India7s partiipation in the (on-A&igned o!ement "ie&ded &itt&e support from its members#

Pakistan, hoe!er, gained assistane from ountries of Asia ith &arge Is&ami popu&ations,

in&uding $urke", Iran and Indonesia# $he :SS?  as more neutra& than most other nations

during the ar and e!en in!ited both nations to ta&ks that it ou&d host in $ashkent#.6/.65/

 Conseuences of t"e war

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 15/20

 India

$he ar had reated a tense state of affairs in its aftermath# $hough the ar as indeisi!e,

Pakistan suffered muh hea!ier materia& and personne& asua&ties ompared to India# an" ar

historians be&ie!e that had the ar ontinued, ith groing &oss and dereasing supp&ies,

Pakistan ou&d ha!e been e!entua&&" defeated# India7s deision to de&are easefire ith Pakistanaused some outrage among the Indian popu&ae, ho be&ie!ed the" had the upper hand#

India ontinued to inrease its defense spending after the ar# $he Indian i&itar", hih as

a&read" undergoing rapid e=pansions, made impro!ements in ommand and ontro& to address

some shortomings# Part&" as a resu&t of the ineffiient information gathering preeding the ar,

India estab&ished the ?esearh and Ana&"sis Wing for e=terna& espionage and inte&&igene#

India !ieed the Amerian po&i" during the ar as biased, sine Pakistan had started the ar

 but the :S did &itt&e to restrain Pakistan#.66/ After the ar, India s&o&" started a&igning ith the

So!iet :nion, both po&itia&&" and mi&itari&"# $his ou&d be emented forma&&" "ears &ater before

the Indo-Pakistani War of 191#

In &ight of the fai&ures of the pre!ious ar against the )hinese, the performane in this ar as

!ieed as a >po&itio-strategi> !itor" in India# $he Indian premier, Shastri as hai&ed as a hero

in India#.6/

 Pakistan

At the on&usion of the ar, man" Pakistanis onsidered the performane of their mi&itar" to be

 positi!e# September 6 is e&ebrated as 7%efene %a"7 in Pakistan, in ommemoration of the

suessfu& defene of  Dahore against the Indian arm"# $he performane of the Pakistani Air

Fore, in partiu&ar, as praised#

$he m"th of a mobi&e, hard hitting Pakistan Arm", hoe!er, as bad&" dented in the ar, as

ritia& breakthroughs ere not made#.60/ Se!era& Pakistani riters ritiiBed the mi&itar"7s i&&-

founded be&ief that their >artia& ?ae> of so&diers ou&d defeat India in the ar#.69/./ oreo!er,

Pakistan had &ost more ground than it had gained during the ar and, more important&", fai&ed to

ahie!e its goa& of oup"ing +ashmirC this resu&t has been !ieed b" man" impartia& obser!ers

as a defeat for Pakistan#.1/.2/.3/

an" high ranking Pakistani offiia&s and mi&itar" e=perts &ater ritiiBed the fau&t" p&anning of

8peration ibra&tar that u&timate&" &ed to the ar# $he $ashkent de&aration as a&so ritiiBed in

Pakistan, though fe itiBens rea&ised the gra!it" of the situation that e=isted at the end of the

ar#

Po&itia& &eaders ere a&so ritiiBed# Fo&&oing the ad!ie of  Mu&fikar A&i <hutto, Pakistan7s

foreign minister, A"ub +han had raised !er" high e=petations among the peop&e of Pakistan

about the superiorit" - if not in!inibi&it" - of its armed fores,./ but Pakistan7s inabi&it" to attain

its mi&itar" aims during the ar, reated a po&itia& &iabi&it" for A"ub#.5/ $he defeat of its

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 16/20

+ashmiri ambitions in the ar &ed to the arm"7s in!inibi&it" being ha&&enged b" an inreasing&"

!oa& opposition#.6/ And ith the ar reating a huge finania& burden, Pakistan7s eonom",

hih had itnessed rapid progress in the ear&" 6s, took a se!ere beating#./.0/

Pakistan as surprised b" the &ak of support b" the :nited States, an a&&" ith hom the

ountr" had signed an Agreement of )ooperation# :SA de&ared its neutra&it" in the ar b"utting off mi&itar" supp&ies to both sides,./ &eading Is&amabad to be&ie!e that the" ere

>betra"ed> b" the :nited States#.9/ After the ar, Pakistan ou&d inreasing&" &ook toards

)hina as a ma@or soure of mi&itar" hardare and po&itia& support#

Another negati!e onse;uene of the ar as the groing resentment against the Pakistani

go!ernment in Gast Pakistan4present da" <ang&adesh,.5/ partiu&ar&" for West Pakistan7s

obsession ith +ashmir#.0/ <enga&i &eaders aused the entra& go!ernment of not pro!iding

ade;uate seurit" for Gast Pakistan during the onf&it, e!en though &arge sums of mone" ere

taken from the east to finane the ar for +ashmir #.01/ In fat, despite some Pakistan Air Fore

attaks being &aunhed from bases in Gast Pakistan during the ar, India did not reta&iate in that

setor,.02/ a&though Gast Pakistan as defended on&" b" an understrenghted infantr" di!ision 41%i!ision, si=teen p&anes and no tanks#.03/ Sheikh u@ibur ?ahman as ritia& of the disparit" in

mi&itar" resoures dep&o"ed in Gast and West Pakistan, a&&ing for greater autonom" for Gast

Pakistan, hih u&timate&" &ed to the <ang&adesh Diberation ar and another ar  beteen India

and Pakistan in 191#

 2urt"er reading

 An Army Its Role and Rule (A History or the Pakistan Army from Indeendence to !argil

#$%&###', uhammad Ayu) IS*+ &-.#&#.#$&/ 

 India&Pakistan 0ar, #1. *ari ?am upta  2ie to li3e4 A selection of short stories )ased on the #1. Indo&Pakistan 0ar  uhammad

Ismai& Siddi;ui#

5he 0ar 0ith Pakistan4 A ictorial narration of the fifty days 0hich rocked the su)&continent  %ean <erindranath

 First 6 Further reflections on the second !ashmir 7ar  4South Asia series - 2 books b"

Douis %upree# 5he India&Pakistan Air 7ar of #1. P##S#'agan ohan and Samir )hopra,.0/ anohar

Pub&ishers

7ar 2isatches Dt# enera& *arbaksh Singh, Daner Internationa&

 Indian Army after Indeendence a@ + ) Pra!a&, Daner Internationa&

 *attle for Pakistan 'ohn Friker, Ian A&&an 5he Indo&Pakistan 8onflict  ?usse&& <rines

 India Pakistan #1. 7ar4 Role of 5anks Dt )o& <hupinder Singh, Pub&isher :nknon# 5he First Round4 Indo&Pakistan 7ar #1. b" Asghar +han

*otes

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 17/20

1. N a b 8ffiia& o!ernment of India Statement gi!ing numbers of +IA - Par&iament of India

Website 

2. 3 +ashmiris didnOt bak Pakistan in 1965E ohar  $he $ribune 'une 2, 25 

3. 3 8pinionE $he Wa" it as E e=trats from <rig 4?etd MA +han7s book  a" 1990, %efene

'ourna&

4. 3 A"ub mis&ed nation in O65 arE (ur +han 0 September 25 +ha&ee@ $imes 

5. 3 Dibrar" of )ongress )ountr" Studies 6. 3 <hushan, <harat# >$u&bu&, Sir )reek and SiahenE )ompetiti!e ethodo&ogies># South Asian

'ourna&# arh 25, Gn"&opedia <ritannia and 8pen Forum - :(I%I?

7. N a b c  httpE#g&oba&seurit"#orgmi&itar"or&darindo-pak1965#htm >Indo-Pakistan War

of 1965>/# &oba&seurit"#om#

8. 3 Amin, Agha *uma"un# a@ 4?etd# >rand S&am Q A <att&e of Dost 8pportunities># %efene

'ourna&# September 2

9. N a b >$he Dahore 8ffensi!e># Stor"ofpakistan#om# 1 'une 23

10.3 )hakra!ort", <)# >$he Indo-Pak War, 1965># *istor" %i!ision, inistr" of %efene#

o!ernment of India# 1992

11.N a b httpE&eb2#&o#go!gi-bin;uer"rRfrdstd"Efie&d4%8)I%Kin109 >A )ountr" Stud"E

India>/# Dibrar" of )ongress# o!ernment of the :nited States# September 1995

12.3 <rigadier %esmond G *a"de, >$he <att&e of %ograi and <atapore>, (atra@ Pub&ishers, (e%e&hi, 26

13.3 $he $ribune, )handigarh, India - 8pinions 

14.3 $he Stor" of " Strugg&e <" $a@amma& *ussain a&ik 1991, 'ang Pub&ishers, pp 0

15.3 +haki Shados b" enera& +## Arif, 8=ford :ni!ersit" Press, IS<( -19-59396-J, 21

16.3 <ook ?e!ie

17.3 P&ease see the main arti&e Sabre S&a"er  for the omp&ete &ist on this issue in&uding soures#

18.3 A histor" of the Pakistan Arm" - %efene 'ourna&, Pakistan

19.3 9mm 36 :( 8$8? )A??IAG T'aksonU  Post 7979II, the /1 0as emloyed )y the

US Army in !orea and 0as distri)uted to friendly nations including France, 0here it 0as used in

 Indo&8hina (:ietnam', Pakistan99 

20.3 $he <att&e for ?a!i-Sut&e@ )orridor 1965 A Strategi and 8perationa& Ana&"sis a@or A#*#

Amin, %eember 3, 21 8rbat21.3 $he Widening u&fE Asian (ationa&ism and Amerian Po&i" <" Se&ig Seidenman *arrison

Pub&ished 190 Free Press, pp 269

22.3 $he )onse;uenes of (u&ear Pro&iferationE Dessons from South Asia <" %e!in $# *agert"

Page Pub&ished b" I$ Press

23.N a b India and 'apanE $he Gmerging <a&ane of Poer in Asia <" )o&umbia :ni!ersit" Gast

Asian Institute, Stan&e" '# *eginbotham, Wi&&iam *oard Wriggins# <" )o&umbia :ni!ersit"Gast Asian Institute, Pub&ished 191, pp 25

24.N a b South Asia7s (u&ear Seurit" %i&emmaE India, Pakistan, and )hina <" Doe&& %ittmer, pp

25.3 India7s Vuest for Seurit"E defene po&iies, 19-1965 <" Dorne 'ohn +a!i, , 196,

:ni!ersit" of )a&ifornia Press, pp 19

26.3 $*G I(%IA( G(% 8F $*G $GDGS)8PG India and Its (a!" b" ie Admira& u&ab*iranandani, Indian (a!" 4?etired, (a!a& War )o&&ege ?e!ie, Spring 22, o&# D, (o# 2

27.3 I;ba& F Vuadir  - Pakistan7s %efene 'ourna&

28.N a b %efene 'ourna&E SS in the 1965 War

29.3 Pak %ef - SS ?egiment 

30.N a b $he Fighter ap b" Shoab A&am +han in %efene 'ourna& 

31.3 %efene 'ourna&E $he Wa" it as G=trats from Pakistan Arm" <rigadier  4?etd MA +han7s

 book

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 18/20

32.3 Gnding the Suspense September 1, 1965, $IG magaBine

33.3 ?emembering 8ur Warriors <rig 4?etd Shamim Lasin anto S#I#4, S#<t, VA sessionE

4>*o ou&d "ou assess the fai&ures and suesses of the SS in the 1965 WarR> Februar" 22,

%efene 'ourna&

34.N a b )easefire After  

35.3 rand S&am - A <att&e of Dost 8pportunities

36.3 onar  37.3 <harat-?akshak#om httpE#bharat-rakshak#omIAF*istor"isDoss1965#htm&

38.3 8ffiia& *istor" of IAF in 65 War httpE#bharat-rakshak#omDA(%-

F8?)GSArm"*istor"1965WarP%F1965)hapter9#pdf  

39.3 'ohn Friker an Gng&ishman riting a book about the ar

httpE#hok#omshoarti&e#giRaidX193hanne&Xi!iH2enter  

40.N a b Patton (agar .#bharat-rakshak#om/ 

41.3 P) Da&, >" "ears ith the IAF>, Daner Internationa&, (e %e&hi

42.3  0 Patton in Pakistani Ser!ie - Pak%ef#Info

43.3 :nited states Dibrar" of )ongress )ountr" Studies#

44.3 Si&ent uns, War" )ombatants, 8tober 1, 1965, $IG agaBine

45.3 .1/  India b" Stan&e" Wo&pert# Pub&ishedE :ni!ersit" of )a&ifornia Press, 199

46.3 >India and the :nited States estranged demoraies>, 191-1991, IS<( 1-209-0109-6, %IA(G Pub&ishing, Pg 230

47.3 +ashmir in )onf&itE India, Pakistan and the :nending War <" itoria Shofie&d Pub&ished

23, b" I#<#$auris IS<( 10660903 pp112

48.3 )8($?8G?SLE Wh" ohar A"ub is rong about 1965 Q +ha&id *asan ;uoting Pakistan

author *usain *a;;aniE "5he Pakistani eole 0ere told )y the state that they had )een 3ictims of

aggression and that the aggression had )een reelled 0ith the hel of ;od9" ###"official

 roaganda con3inced the eole of Pakistan that their military had 0on the 0ar9"  %ai&" $imes,

'une 1, 25

49.3 )an the ISI hange its spotsR <" Akhtar Pa"ami, %an 4nespaper 8tober , 26

50.3 Arm" attempts to pre!ent book sa&es b" Amir ir u&f (es 8tober 1, 26 usharraf bu"s

a&& opies of sensiti!e Y65 ar %ai&" (es Ana&"sis

51.3 Inside Stor" of usharraf-ahmood $uss&e b" *assan Abbas - 4<e&fer )enter for Internationa&Affairs, 'ohn F# +enned" Shoo& of o!ernment

52.3 A )ease-Fire of Sorts (o!ember 5, 1965 - $IG

53.3 >$he India-Pakistan Air War of 1965>, 'agan ohan and Samir )hopra, anohar Pub&iations,

 (e %e&hi, 25

54.3 usharraf, the Ypoor manOs AtaturkO <" +ha&id *asan September 19, 2 %ai&" $imes 

55.3 $he )risis ameE Simu&ating Internationa& )onf&it b" Sidne" F# iffin

56.3 1965 deided fate of the subontinent +ashmir <" Susmit +umar, Ph#%#

57.N a b Stephen Phi&ip )ohen 42# 5he Idea of Pakistan# <rookings Institution Press# IS<( -

015-152-1# Pages 13, 3-

58.3  (oor +han for ear&" end to arm" ru&e - Pakistan %ai&" $he (ation 

59.3 A ord from PakE 1965 as 7rong7 $he $imes of India September 6, 25/

60.3 Gditoria&E $he arm" and the peop&e %ai&" $imes 'une 1, 2

61.3 $he Pakistan Arm" From 1965 to 191 Analysis and rearaisal after the #1. 7ar  b" a@

4?etd Agha *uma"un Amin

62.3 )))

63.3 Pakistan and India P&a" With (u&ear Fire <" 'onathan Poer $he $ransnationa& Foundation

for Peae and Future ?esearh

64.3 Stor" of Pakistan 

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 19/20

65.3 As"mmetri )onf&its <" $# # Pau& )ambridge :ni!ersit" Press 199 IS<( 5216621,

 pp119

66.3 $it&eE India and the :nited States estranged demoraies, 191-1991, IS<( 1-209-0109-6, 

%IA(G Pub&ishing

67.3 $he 1965 ar ith Pakistan - Gn"&opZdia <ritannia 

68.3 Pakistan And Its $hree Wars b" ie Adm 4?etd I;ba& F Vuadir - %efene 'ourna&, Pakistan

69.3 Insurgents, $errorists, and i&itiasE $he Warriors of )ontemporar" )ombat ?ihard *# Shu&tB,Andrea %eE >5he artial Races 5heory had firm adherents in Pakistan and this factor layed a

ma<or role in the under&estimation of the Indian Army )y Pakistani soldiers as 0ell as ci3ilian

decision makers in #1.9>

70.3 An Ana&"sis $he Sepo" ?ebe&&ion of 105-59 b" A* Amin 5he army officers of that eriod

0ere con3inced that they 0ere a martial race and the Hindus of Indian Army 0ere co0ards9 5his

myth 0as largely disro3ed in #1. 

71.3 Profi&e of Pakistan - :#S# %epartment of State, Fai&ure of :#S#7s Pakistan Po&i" - Inter!ie

ith Ste!e )o&&

72.3 Speeh of <i&& )o&&um in :nited States *ouse of ?epresentati!es September 12, 199

73.3 South Asia in Wor&d Po&itis <" %e!in $# *agert", 25 ?oman Ditt&efie&d,  IS<( -25-

250-2, pp 26

74.3 %r# Ahmad Faru;ui75.3 *assan Abbas 42# Pakistan=s 2rift Into >?tremism4 Allah, the Army, and America=s 7ar on

5error # #G# Sharpe# IS<( -656-19-9#, pp52

76.3 <<)

77.3 Gmbass" of Pakistan 

78.3 Seond opinionE $he insidious &ogi of ar +ha&ed AhmedOs :rdu Press ?e!ie %ai&" $imes

'une 3, 22 

79.3 .Gonomi Santions and Amerian %ip&oma" <" ?ihard (# *aass, 1990, )ouni& on

Foreign ?e&ations, IS<( 0692121 pp12

80.3 akers of odern Strateg"E From ahia!e&&i to the (u&ear Age <" Peter Paret, 1906,

8=ford :ni!ersit" Press, IS<( 190290 pp02

81.3 ?ouna; 'ahan 4192# Pakistan4 Failure in +ational Integration# )o&umbia :ni!ersit" Press#

IS<( -231-3625-6# Pg 166-1682.3 ?ef&etions on to mi&itar" presidents <" #P# <handara %eember 25, 25, %an

83.3 $he Pakistan Arm" From 1965 to 191 @ahya !han as Army 8hief&#11&#%  b" a@ 4?etd

Agha *uma"un Amin

84.3 Samir )hopra7s *ome Page 

ources

- W$F - Indo-Pak ar of Y65# Wh" did e go to arR  IAF )ombat +i&&s - 1965 ar ,4)enter for Indian i&itar" *istor"

ohammed usa +han 41903# y :ersion4 India&Pakistan 7ar #1.# Wa@ida&is#

:nited States Dibrar" of )ongress )ountr" Studies - India 8ffiia& *istor" of the Indian Armed Fores in the 1965 War ith Pakistan 

Stor" of Pakistan 

&oba&Seurit"#org Indo-Pakistan War 1965 

Pakistan )o&umnist A* Amin ana&"Bes the ar# rand S&am - A <att&e of &ost 8pportunities, a@ 4?etd Agha *uma"un Amin Q !er"

detai&ed ro&& of e!ents and ana&"sis

7/23/2019 1965 war ind pak

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1965-war-ind-pak 20/20

A )ritia& Dook at the 1965 8perations, Air )hief arsha&& 4retd P) Da& Q

dispassionate ana&"sis

$he India-Pakistan War, 1965E Lears 8n - From ?ediff#om Dessons of the 1965 War from %ai&" $imes 4Pakistan 

Pak Arm"7s +argi& &ike disaster of 1965 - South Asia $ribune 

Spirit of O65 the para&&e&s ith toda" - A"aB Amir   Pakistan Arm" !ersion of the War  - Pak%ef#info

Air )ommodore S"ed Sa@@ad *aider on 1965 ar and surrounding e!ents