(1943) (Special Series No. 16) Enemy Capabilities for Chemical Warfare
Transcript of (1943) (Special Series No. 16) Enemy Capabilities for Chemical Warfare
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SPECIAL
SERIES,
NO.
18
15 JU
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES FOR
T
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MILITARY
INTELLIGENCE
SERVICE
SPECI
Wab
Depabtment
Washington,
15
July
1943 M
NOTICE
1.
Publication
of
Special
Series
is
for
the
purpose
of providing
1
a
reasonably
confirmed
informationnformation fromrom officialfficial
andnd otherther relieli
This issue has been
prepared
repared with
the
assistance and collabo
Intelligence Branch,
Office of
the
Chief
of
the
Chemical
Warfare
2.
Nondivisional
units
are
being
supplied
with copies
on a
bas
a a
the
approved
distribution
for divisional commands,
as
s followsollows
nfantry
Division
Cavalry
Division
Abmored
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FOREWORD
Up
to
the
present
time,
since
the
beginning
War
11,
toxic
gases
have
not
been
employe
European
xis
armies,
but
Japan
has
used
s
on a
limited
scale
many
times
in
China.
Ho
the
field
of chemical
warfare,
the
employment
gases
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FOREWORD
th s
incendiaries
have
caused widespread
de
of
built up
areas.
The tactical value of the
flame-thrower
aga
boxes
and
fixed
emplacements
is
recognized.
particularly
effective
weapon
when
mounted
Also
the
terrifying
effect
of
the
flame-throw
morale
when
first
encountered
cannot
be
ov
is
therefore
proposed
to
present
an est
the
capabilities
of the xis
powers
to
wage
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CONTENTS
Part
I.GERMANY.
Section
I.
CHEMICAL
TROOPS
.
1.
General
2.
Organization
a.
General
b. Chemical
(Smoke)
Regiment
(W
regiment)
:
Heavy
(Smoke)
Regi
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COMTEfISTTS
Part
I.
GERMANY—
Continued.
Section
111
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS—
—
Continued.
2.
Ground
Weapons
Continued.
—
d.
Candles
and Grenades
Continued.
(2)
Smoke-candle
projectors
(a) Improvised
type
(Nb
34)
(b) Tank-mounted
rack
(3)
Grenades
(a)
Smoke hand
grenade
3
Hgr. 39)
(b)
Smoke
hand
grenade
(c)
Gas
grenades
(4)
generators
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CQNTEiNTS
Part
I.GERMANY—
Continued.
Section
111
OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS—
Continued.
—
4.
Flame-Throwers
Continued.
b.
Miscellaneous
Flame-Throwers
(1)
General
(2)
Model
41
c. Flame-Thrower Tanks.
IV.
DEFENSIVE EQUIPMENT
1.
Gas
Masks
a. Basic
Type
(1)
Facepieces
(2)
Canisters
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CONTENTS
Part 11. ITALY—Continued.
Section
11.
MANUFACTURE
AND
STORAGE
111.
OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS
1.
Agents___
_:
a.
General
b.
Peril
No.1
2.
Ground
Weapons
a.
8.
1-cm
Chemical
Mortar
b.
Artillery
c.
Infantry
d.
Candles
and Grenades
(1) Toxicsmoke candles
(a)
Small candle
(b)
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CONTENTS
Part
11
ITALY—
Continued.
Section
111 OFFENSIVE WEAPONS—
Continued.
4. Flame-Throwers
a.
Portable,
Model
35_
b.
Portable,
Model
40.
.-.
c.
Motorized
IV.
DEFENSIVE
EQUIPMENT
1.
Gas Masks
a.
Facepieces of
Group
A
(1)
P.
(Penna)
(2)M
(M .
31and
M.
33)
(3)
Naval
(R.M.
and
R.M.
F.)
of
Group
B
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X
CONTEEINTS
Part
111
JAPAN—
Continued.
Section
111
OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS
1.
Agents
2.
Ground
Weapons
a.
Mortars
(1) 90-mm
chemical
mortar,
mod
(2)
81
-mm
infantrymortar
(3)
00-mm
chemical
mortar
b.
160-mm Gas
Projector
c. Grenade
Dischargers
(1) 50-mm,
model 89
(2) 50-mm,
model
10
(1921)
d.
Artillery
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CONTENTS.
Part
111 JAPAN—Continued
Section
111 OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS—
Continued.
2. Ground
WEAPONS-^Continued.
g
Incendiary
Grenades
(1)
%-kg
incendiary grenade
(2)
Incendiary
hand
grenade
(3)
Molotov
cocktails
h.
Gas
Cylinders
(1) Heavy
(2)
Light
i Gas Mines
j
BulkContamination
(1)
Portable
sprayers
(2)
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CONTENTS
Part
111 JAPAN—
Continued.
Section
IV.
EFENSIVE EQUIPMENT-Continoed.
2. Gas
Detectors
a. Blister-Gas Detection
Satchel
b.
Chemical
Testing
Outfit
c.
Carbon- Monoxide
Testing
Device
3. Gas
Alarms
Clothing.
.
Protective
a. General
b.
Antigas Bag,
Model 96
5.
Collective
Protection
6.
Decontamination
1
a. Personal Decontamination
(1)
Personal
decontamination ki
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CONTENTS
Figure
14.
German
military
gas
mask
.
15.
List of
Italian
gas
bombs
16.
List
of Italian
incendiary
bombs
1
7.
Italian
portable flame-thrower,
model
35
18.
Italian
portableflame-thrower,
model
35,showing
nozzle
1
9.
Italian
portableflame-thrower,
model
40
20.
Italian
flame-thrower
tank
L
3/35)
with
trailer
21. Italian
military
gas
mask,
Penna
type
22. Italian
military
gas
mask^
M.
31
23.
Italian
military
gas
mask,
T.35
24.
Italian
protective clothing
25. List
of
Japanese
war
gases
26. Japanese
90-mm
mortar
gas
bomb,
type
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Part I
Germany
Section
I.
CHEMICAL
TROOPS
1.
GENERAL
As
instigators
of chemical
warfare
during
War
I
it
is
to
be
expected
that the
German
A
be
well
prepared,
both
offensively
and
defensiv
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2
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL WARFA
11l
G
«
Hq
SIG
G
G
I
(Werferabteilung)
(25
officers
540
enlisted
men)*
24
10.5-cm)
mortars
\u25a
I
.'.
.'.
Hq
SIG MET G
G
6
officers,
(1
officer,
(
6
officers,
men)*
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ERMANY
CHEMICAL
TROOPS
c.
Heavy
Chemical
(Smoke)
Regiment
(Schweres
M
Werferregi
merit)
2
Since the
introduction
of
the
sextuple
rocke
known as the
ebelwerfer
41,
or
Werfer
41,
th
ization
of
at
least one
heavy
chemical
(smoke)
(schweres
Werferregiment)
has
been
reporte
regiment
is
said
to
be
organized
likethe normal
(smoke)
regiment,
except
that
its total armam
sists of
54
six-barreled
mortars.
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4
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL WARFAE
the
unit
would
be
known
as
Vergiftungsa
(contamination
battalion).
(3)
Road
decontamination
battalion. L
known
relative
to the
organization
and
dutie
unit.
(4)
Motorized
decontamination
companies.
are
composed
of
medical
troops
attached
to,
pool
and would
be sent
wherever
high gas
c
had
occurred.
o
details are available
conce
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ERMANY CHEMICAL TROOPS
ting
of
gas
masks
and
on
correct
breathin
phasis
is
placed
on tactical
exercises which
movements
over contaminated
ground.
The
of
gas
sentries
Gasspiirer)
is
regarded
as
portant.
The
Army
Gas Schools are
reported
a
stock
of
instructional films
which
are
ex
used.
Each
infantry
battalion
or equivalent uni
antigas officer,
assisted
by
a noncommissioned
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Section
If.
MANUFACTURE
AND
STO
A
recent
compilation
of chemical
plants
in
G
and
German-occupied
Europe
engaged
in
th
facture
of
poison
gases
shows
19
such
establishm
Germany
proper
12 in
France,
11
in
Polan
Czechoslovakia,
3
each in Austria
and
Belgiu
each
in
Hungary
Rumania,
and Holland.
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Section
111
OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS
1. AGENTS
a.
General
German war
gases,
generally
speaking,
have
their World
War
lassification,
as shown
in
(For
a
comparison
of German
gases
with
those
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8
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES
FOR
CHEMICAL
WARFABD
COMMON NAME
GERMAN
NA
Blister
ases
(Vesicants)
YellowCross
1. Mustard
(H) Lost; Senf;
Gelbkreuz
2.
Lewisite
(L)
Gelbkreug
II
?)
3.
Ethyldichlorarsine
(ED)
Dick;
Oelbkreuz
111
(Mixtures
of mustard
gas
and
Lewisite
may
be
used
in cold
reduce
the freezing point. The mustard
gas
is likely to be
ment on the
1914-18
German
mustard;
it
is
probably
mor
and possibly
more
vesicant
and
more
difficult
to decontami
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ERMANY OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS
Green
and
I. t
is
only
one
of several
ga
like
characteristics
that
may
be
referred
to a
gen
mustards.
Generally
speaking,
the
nitrogen
mustards
a
liquids
or
low-melting
solids,
pale yellow
to
and
are
practically
odorless.
Their
volatili
some
being
less
volatile
than mustard
gas
and
so
volatile.
They
are
fairly readily hydrolyzed
but the
products
of such
hydrolysis
are
toxic.
Nitrogen
mustard
gas
has
a low
freezing
p
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ENEMY
CAPABILITIES
FOR
CHEMICAL
WARFA
2 GROUND
WEAPONS
a.
Mortars
(1)
10.5-cm
chemical
mortar.
The basic
w
the German
chemical
troops
is
the
10.5-cm
(4
mortar,
two
models
of
which
are
known.
M
closely
resembles a
Stokes
mortar
3
and fires
lined
shell
a distance of
about
3,000
yards.
Th
fire and
capacity
of the
projectile
are
not
kn
it is
probable
that the rate
does
not
exceed
2
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—
GERMANY OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
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12
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES
FOR
CHEMICAL
WARFA
—
Ballistic
cap
I
Propellant
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—
GERMANY OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS
(about
one-half
gallon).
ts
total
weight
i
be approximately
70
pounds.
Gree
Ballistic
cap
.
for chem
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14
ENEMY CAPABILITIES
FOR
CHEMICAL
WARFAR
t has
been
reported
that
by
means
of
th
werfer
41
the
Germans
have
fired
HE shells
siderable effect
against
the
Russians.
In
t
that
gas
warfare
starts,
there
seems to be
that
this
sextuple
weapon
would
be
very
eff
laying
down
a
high
concentration
of
gas
short
period
of time. Based
on
the
rate
o
6
rounds
per weapon
each
90
seconds,
it
possible
for
regiment
to
lay
down
324 roun
90
seconds.
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ERMANY OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
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16
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES
FOR
CHEMICAL WARFAR
them on
the carrier
plates.
The
vehicle is the
into
its
firing
position, moving
n
along
the
fire The
projectiles
are
discharged
electrica
tervals of
2
seconds,
beginning
from
the
and
working
forward
on
alternate
sides.
Six
rounds
of
ammunition
are
carried
on
hicle;
five
rounds
are
28-cm
HE,
and the s
32-cm
incendiary.
The
28-cm HE
projectile
82
kg 181 lbs),
contains 50
kg
110
lbs)
and
is
designed
for
demolition
of
field
defens
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GERMANY OFFENSIVE WE PONS
inch)
Nebelwerfer
42,
for
which
only
HE
am
now
seems
to
be
available,
is
probably
a
large
of the
15-cm
Nebelwerfer
41.
A 28/32-cm
mortar
28/32-cm
Nebelwerfer
41)
fires
the
s
munition as the
heavy projector.
The
su
that
t
works
on
the
same
principle
as
th
Nebelwerfer
41,
with an
arrangement
of six
is
questionable.
5)
Spigot
mortar.
Revolutionary
in
desi
20-cm
7.87-inch)
spigot
mortar
leichtsr
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18
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL
WARFAR
up
extensive stocks
of
gas-filled
shells.
The
to
favor
the
10.5-cm
and
15-cm
shells.
Wh
shells
are filled
with
lung irritants, they
u
bursters
when
they
are filled
with
vesicants,
larger
bursters
in
order
to
scatter
the
liqui
considerable
area.
The
area
of
contamination
as
about
60
square yards
for
the
10.5-cm,
square
yards
for the
larger
shell.
A
highly
percussion
fuze would be used to minimiz
formation and
thereby prevent
the loss of
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GERMANY
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
Type
of
fillin
eapons
Caliber
M
ra ^f
in
Eateofflre
-
range
\u 5a _
Light
infantry
7.5 cm
3,800
yds
15 to
20
rpm...
Smoke
and lacrimat
gun.
Mortar
B.lcm
2,looyds
6
rounds in 8
Smoke
and
lacrimat
to 9
sees.
Heavy
infantry
15
cm
6,000
yds
4to
6
rpm
Lung
irritants
and
howitzer.
cants.
(The
Pz.
Kw.
IV
medium
tank,
equipped
with
a 7.5-cm
gun,
carries
15
smoke,
55
hells.)
d.
Candles
and
Grenades
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20
ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL
WARFAR
thick
is
welded. A
bipod
is
attached
to
the
a
ring just
behind
the muzzle.
Best
results
duced
by
using
an elevation
of
about
45
degree
gives
a
maximum
range
for
any
of
the three
p
charges
that
may
be used. The
charges
are
of
25
50
and
100
grams,
respectively
of
the
p
explosive
in
small
packets
of
gauze
or
ce
The method
of
operation
is
to
insert the
cha
the barrel
and
drop
in the smoke candle with
t
ignites
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ERMAJSTY OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
vidual
tank,
and
it
is
extremely
doubtful
if
be
used
for
the
support
of
other
arms.
3)
Grenades.
a)
Smoke
hand
grenade
Egr.
39).
This
weapon, weighing
0.85
kg (
is
similar
to
the
normal
stick
grenade.
Fi
a
Berger-type
mixture,
7
it
burns
from
to
2
after a 7-second
delay.
—
b)
Smoke
hand
grenade
41.
This
weap
sisting
of
a
small
smoke
generator
in
a
c
metal
casing
weighing
about
1
pounds,
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22
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES
FOR
CHEMICAL
WARFA
on 1-ton chassis. Both have a crew of one
in
to
the
driver.
The
medium-type
vehicle
is
reported
to
have
ty
of
1,200
kg
(2,640
lbs)
of
vesicant
gas,
ejected
under
an
excess
pressure
of
2
atm
through
a
nozzle
at
the
rate
of
1.4
kg
(3.08
second.
The nozzle is
mounted
on a
swive
which can be
adjusted
in
height,
and
is
fed
by
hose
of
small diameter
hung
on
support
arm
spray
is
operated
from
a
panel
behind
the
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—
GERMANY OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS
3,600
yards,-
had
been
developed
at
the
close
o
war,
but
itis
questionable
if
this
weapon
is
st
—
3)
Contamination
and
gas
mines. There
ports
of
contamination
mines, designed
to
be
the sides
of roads.
They
are
actuated
by
mechanism
or
by
the
passage
of
vehicles,
or
electrically.
Gas
mines
are
also
mentioned
ence to
frontier
fortifications
and to tidal
beac
harassment
of
landing
parties).
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24 ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL
WARFAR
or
gas,
is
reported
to
approximate
a
250-kg
bomb
in
size
and
weight.
Its
capacity
is
sta
25
gallons
of
smoke
liquid
or
vesicant
gas.
9
miles
per
hour
a
strip
about
660
yards,
in
len
be contaminated
during
the emission
period
seconds.
b)
Nebelgerdt
5.300.
—
A
larger appara
5.300
while
intended
primarily
for
the
l
smoke
screens, presumably may
be used for
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GERMANY OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS
change
of
nozzles,
and the
size
chosen
prob
pends
upon
the
speed
of
the
airplane.
Thei
characteristics
are
as follows
Capacity
10
90
Weight
empty
Weight
charged
liquid)
(smoke
—
FumaL.9O
90 liters
(23.8
gals)
97
pounds
440
pounds
FumaL
__
190
liters
(
132
pounds
880
pounds
It
is
reported
that
about
1,000
of
these
s
paratuses
had
been
produced
at the
time
the
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26
ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL
WARFAR
pact
fuze,
an
area of
about
22
yards
radius
fr
of burst
is
contaminated. t is
provided
wit
burster
for
ground
contamination
and
with
burster
for
personnel
effect.
3)
250-hg
mustard
gas
bomb
X.C.
1S
250
a
time
fuze
to
operate
when
within
several
feet of
the
ground,
this bomb
will
contaminate
of
5,000
to
6,000
square yards.
t
is about
size as the S.C.
250-kg
HE
bomb.
The
Flam
case
may
be as
gas
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—
GERMANY OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
1) 1-kg
magnesium
bombs.—
These
are
o
lowing
types:
a)
The
normal
type
with
or
without
explosive
char
b)
The
type
with steel
nose
instead
of
ordinary
ele
c)
The bomb
with
six steel tail vanes.
d)
The
bomb
with
eight
light
alloy
tail
vanes.
2) 1-kg explosive-nose
bomb. The so-ca
incendiary
explosive-nose
bomb
actually
weig
(4.84 lbs) fig.
8).
With
the
ordinary
1-kg in
bomb
used
as a
base,
the
explosive charge
has
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28
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES
FOR
CHEMICAL
WARFAR
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—
MSI
GERMANY OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS
Screws
by
which
-Filling
cap
(r
tail
is attached
to collar
\
v
Rubb
A
washer
(blo
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30
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES
FOR CHEMICAL WARFAR
4) Sprengbrand
C.50
{Combination
in
bomb.)
This
bomb
fig. 10),
weighing
5
fairly
recent
development,
presents
several n
tures.
Upon
impact,
the
bomb case is
ruptu
ejects
6
pre-ignited
fire
pots
of the
magnesium
diary
type
and
60
odd small
incendiary
uni
thermite
type.
This
is followed almost
imm
by
the
detonation of
a
12-pound
charge
of
TN
nose
of the
bomb. The fire
pots
are
shaped
lik
tumbler,
2*4
inches
in diameter
at
the
base,
3
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GERMANY OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
p<
11
1/2
J
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GERMANY OFFENSIVE:
WEAPONS
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34
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES
FOR CHEMICAL.WARFAR
directs
the
flame. A
fuel
cart
with
a
four-ma
said
to
carry
3
refills for this flame-thrower.
b. Miscellaneous Flame-Throwers
(1)
General.
—
Unsubstantiated
reports
ref
type
of
flame-thrower
with
two
jets,
mann
crew of
eight;
another
with
four
jets;
and
tured
by
the Russians which is
reported
to
jets.
—
(2)
41.
A
new
type
of
German
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—
GERMANY OFFENSIVE WE PONS
c.
Flame-Thrower
Tanks
Krupp-type
Mark
anks
fitted
with
flame-
have been
reported
captured
in
Libya.
Th
size flame-thrower is fitted
in
place
of the
p
machine
gun
and three fuel
reservoirs
con
reserve
of
300 liters
l^A
g
s
oi
oil,
are
lo
the tank.
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Section IV.
DEFENSIVE
EQUIPMENT
1. G S MASKS
a.
Basic
Type
The
gas
mask
now
issued to
the
German
rces
is
based on
the
S
mask,
model
30/31, es
a
somewhat
rigid facepiece
with
a
snout-type s
drum canister. The
cylindrical
sheet-metal
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—
GERMANY DEFENSIVE
EQUIPMENT
—
1) Facepieces.
Two
types
of
facepieces
in
use.
The
Gm.
30
consists
of
layers
of
can
ber,
and
cotton
fabric,
with
a
fitting
band
leather and an
adjustable
head harness o
webbing
and
a
coiled steel
spring.
The
eyep
of
cellulose acetate
in
removable brass
rims.
ber-disk
inlet valve and
a
spring-loaded
m
outlet
valve, together
with
a
protective
grid,
ar
in the canister attachment
piece,
which
is
thr
receive
the
neck of
the
canister.
The canis
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38
ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL
WARFAR
troops.
The
spare
antidimming
disks are
c
a
pocket
on
the
side
of
the
carrier.
b.
Pioneer
Helmet
Some
pioneer troops
are
issued a
leathe
having under the
front
brim
a
rolled-up
rubber
in
which
eyepieces
are set. This
rolled down
quickly
over
the
face
and
fasten
band
around the head and
neck.
A
flat-appear
covers
the nose and
mouth.
The
purpose
of
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—
GERMANY
DEFENSIVE
EQUIPMENT
containing
a different
reagent ,
a
suction
p
drawing
air
through
the
tubes,
and
a
box
o
containing
200 of
each
of
the
types
of
The total
equipment
weighs
about
16
pounds.
the
presence
of a
gas
is
suspected,
a
phial
is
from
the
container,
and the
end
is
broken
off
nected
to the
pump.
The
reagents
in
the
p
tried in
turn
until a color reaction is obtaine
claimed
that
almost
every
known
gas
can be
with
the
exception
of
Lewisite,
which
can
b
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40
ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL
WARFAR
3. PROTE TIVE
CLOTHING
Considerable
attention
has
been
devoted
Germans
toward
the
development
of
gas
p
clothing,
which
consists
of
three
general
typ
a.
Light
Clothing
A
suit
of
light antigas clothing, captured
Middle
East,
consists
of
a
one-piece
suit
w
legs
and
an
open
back, thigh
boots, gloves,
an
The
material
of
the
suit is described as
h
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GERMANY DEFENSIVE
EQUIPMENT
jacket
worn
over
the
trousers
is
provided
substantial
rubber
belt
at
the
waist.
T
attached
to
the
jacket
at
the
neck
band
ca
flaps
which
join
under
the
chin. When
used
junction
with
the
gas
mask
these
flaps
form
tight
joint
The
sleeves
are
provided
wi
bands
of
rubber-covered
steel
wires
at the wr
wires fit under the
gauntlet
of the
glove
to
vapor-tight joint
The trousers
are
of
ample
proportions
a
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42
ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL
WARFAR
canvas
carrier,
these
troops
carried
gas-warni
painted yellow,
with
the
inscription
Achtu
and
other
gas signs consisting
of
triangular
yellow
cloth attached
to
a
wire frame
witha
bl
and
erossbones).
d. Protective
Cape
n addition
to
the
above-described
protective
the Germans
have
developed
for
general
Gastilt
a
gas
protective
cape,
which has
suc
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—
GERMANY DEFENSIVE EQUIPMENT
mention
has
been made of
experiments
and
gas-proofing
tanks
and
armored cars.
It
is
that
many
of the fixed
fortifications
in
Germ
equipped
with filtered ventilation.
To aid
in
crossing
contaminated
ground, t
provided
with
a
roll
of
impregnated
paper
proof
as well
as
gas-proof)
approximately
wide
and
55
yards long,
known
as
the
Gasldufe
can be
unrolled
at
a moment s
notice,
and
up
to
200
men to
pass
in
file with
d
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44 ENEMY
CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL
WARFA
b. Ground
Decontamination
Bleaching
powder
chloride
of
lime)
is
material
for
ground
decontamination.
Accor
German
manual
of
1941
(Manual
on the
Gr
Contaminated
Ground), heavily
contaminated
will
be
cleared
by
the
decontamination
batta
sec.
par.
2d
(2),
above).
As
previously mentioned,
each
platoon
of
t
tamination
battalion
is
equipped
with
six me
ton)
half-track trucks fitted with
hoppers
t
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—
GERMANY DEFENSIVE
EQUIPMENT
back
areas
is
carried
out
by
steaming,
hot
air
and
airing,
and
by
the use of various solvents.
d.
Decontamination of
Equipment
Decontaminant
40
(Entgiftungstoff 40 ,
powder
with
a
penetrating odor
of
chlorine,
ently
intended
for.
use
on
equipment
conta
with
Stickstofflost
presumably
nitrogen
must
against
which Losantin
is
not
sufficient
eve
scale of
1,000
grams- per square
is
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Section V. CIVILIANPROTECTION
During
the first
two
years
of
World
Wa
Germans
gave
only
limited
attention
to
the
p
of
their
civilian
population
against
air
attac
training
as
they
received
was
upon
a
volunta
However,
since
September
1941
the
Air P
League
(Luftabwehrdienst)
has been
respon
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GERMANY CIVILIANPROTECTION
would
possess
a
gas mask
even
to
the extent of
house
to
house canvasses.
ater
information
d
that
gas
masks were
being
collected
and
shippe
armed
forces
at
the
front
together
with
Cz
French
masks leaving
only
the
civilian-defen
sonnel
with masks.
However
t
is probable
towns
where chemicals and war
gases
are
manuf
and
stored gas
masks are
provided
for
local
r
and
war
workers
as
a
precaution against
re
bombing
raids.
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Part 11
Italy
Section
I
CHEMICAL TROOPS
1.
GENERAL
No
doubt the
almost
total
unpreparedness
Italians for
gas
warfare
in
the last
war,
w
sulted
in
many
thousands of
deaths and
c
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—
ITALY CHEMICAL
TROOPS
least
11
chemical
companies
have
been
identified.
Regiment
.
Chemical
An
officialItalian
publication
in
1940
stated
chemical
regiment,
commanded
by
a
colonel,
of
the
following
Headquarters,
One chemical
battalion,
composed
of
Three
chemical
companies,
One mixed battalion
composed
of
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50
ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL
WARFAR
—
(1)
(chemical
battalion.
—Thi s
This
battalion,
on
which
is
known
to
exist,
consists
of
two
heav
nies
and one
light company.
The
heavy
comp
said
to
be
provided
with
large
stocks
of
tox
together
with
the
equipment
and
protective
necessary
for their
dispersion,
as
well
as
met
cal
apparatus.
The
light company,
on
the
ot
is
provided
with
a
large
stock of toxic smoke
gas generators.
t is
possible
that this
could function
as
a
depot
for
issuing
and
filli
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—
ITALY
CHEMICAL
TROOPS
s
enemy
documents
examined
in
January
194
no
mention
of
the
existence
of
any
smoke
un
than
the
smoke-
platoons
of
the
chemical
co
d.
Alpine
Chemical
Company
Little
is
known
of
the
Alpine
divisional
company,
except
that
it has
4
platoons,
wit
strength
of
5 officers
and
223 enlisted
men,
ries
larger
stocks
of
mustard
gas
and
chemic
than
the
ordinary
chemical
company.
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52
ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL
WARFAR
regimental personnel
who
have
received
spec
ing
in
antigas
duties.
3. SCHOOLS
AND
TRAINING
The
Italian
Military
Chemical
Service
es
in
1923
includes
in
its
activities
the
study
which
might
be
used
in
chemical
warfare
processes
and
plants
necessary
for their
man
of
protective equipment
and
measures
and
vision of the
training
of
troops.
From
headqu
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—
ITALY CHEMICAL
TROOPS
This
manual describes
sound
i rather
ele
methods
of
gas protection
both individu l
lective. t
is
not
known however
whether th
ard
of
training
in
gas protection
is
very
hig
Italian
Army
While little is
known
regardi
ent
f cilities
for
training
officers
and
troops
measures
there
is evidence that the
special
companies
are trained
for
protection
against
wellas
for
offensive
operations
but the defens
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Section
11
MANUFACTURE AND
STO
The
Italian
chemical
industry
has
develop
considerable
extent
in
recent
years
and
ther
dence
of a number of factories in
Italy
for
th
facture
of
war
gases.
According
to
rough
the
following
maximum
quantities
of
chemic
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Section
111
OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS
1.
AGENTS
a
General
Should
Italy
resort
to
gas warfare,
it is
that
mustard
gas,
phosgene,
chlorpicrin,
and
smokes
are the
principal agents
that
would
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56
ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL
WARFAR
In a
list
of smoke and chemical shells for
among
the
documents
captured
in
Libya
in
1941,
mention was made of shells
filledwith
and also
with a
mixture of
80
percent
chlorp
20
percent
chloracetophenone.
That
the Ita
gard
chlorpicrin
as
a
lacrimator
as
well
as
a
ritant
is
shown
by
the
fact
that
containers
picrin
are
marked with
both
white
and
red
c
b.
Peril
No. 1
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TALY
OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS
the
British
3-inch
mortar.
ts
total
weigh
129
pounds
and it fires
both
chemical and
H
at
the
rate
of
18 to
20
rounds
per
minute.
T
ical
shells,
of
2
types,
weigh
approximately
8
"
A short"
type
has
a
maximum
range
of
1,98
whereas
the
range
of
the
"long"
type
is
sa
limited to
1,420 yards.
No information
is
concerning
the
nature of
the chemical
fi
either
type.
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58
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES FOR
CHEMICAL WARFA
all
types
of
hand
grenades
a
distance
of
3
In the
many
Italian
documents
available,
n
mention is
made
of the
guns
or
howitzers
emp
the
infantry.
d. Candles
and
Grenades
1)
Toxic smoke
candles.
Italian toxi
candles are
reported
to
be
of
the
following ty
a)
Small candle.
—
This small
candle
(ca
—
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FFENSIVE;
ITALY WEAPONS
—
(3)
Smoke
candles.
Smoke-screen
gener
candles
include
the
candela
fumogena (smok
ator)
and the candelotto
fumogeno
(smoke
Both
have
bodies of tin
plate equipped
w
igniter
caps.
They
are
filled
with
a
Berger-ty
ture,
3
consisting
of
approximately
50
percen
tetrachloride,
35
percent
zinc
powder,
5
perc
oxide,
and
10
percent
kieselguhr.
The can
painted
dark
green
and have
labels
giving
the
the
generator
and
the directions for
use, toge
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60
ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR
CHEMICAL WARFAR
smoke
in all
types
of
country.
The
followi
ment
is
described
in
Italian
documents
l)i
Knapsack
sprayer irroratore
spalleg
This
apparatus,
while
adaptable
for
producin
is
primarily
designed
for
spraying
mustard
consists
of
a
12-liter
3-gal)
container,
w
pressed-air
bottle and
discharge
jet,
all
carrie
back
by
means of
straps.
When
filled,
it
w
kg
70.4 lbs).
The
time
of emission is 5
min
t may
be
completely
refilled in 8 minutes.
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—
ITALY OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
of
emission is
9
minutes
and the drums
may
b
in
30
minutes.
When
used
as
a
smoke
weapon
hicle
is known as
antodovunque
mibe
cross
smoke
truck).
then carries
500
liters
132
chlorsulfonic
acid
in two
drums. With tw
its
time
of
emission
is
100
minutes;
with
fou
50
minutes.
5)
Four-wheeled
mustard-gas
truck
auto
—
yperite).
This
light
truck
carries two dru
liters)
gas,
a
compressed
air
cylin
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62
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES
FOR CHEMICAL
WARFAR
tin-plate
cylinder
with a
capacity
of
6
liters
of
mustard
gas.
It
may
be used
like
a
garde
ing
can
by
screwing
in
a
tube
with
a
sprinkl
end,
or
it
may
be
burst
by
an
explosive
charg
3. AERIAL
WEAPONS
a
Spray
Reports regarding
the
use
of
vesicant
means of
aerial
sprays
in
the
Abyssinian
camp
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ITALY OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
New
desig
Old
designs-
Nature
and
weight
of
Weight
of
com-
Diamet
nation-
tion
filling
pletebomb
bomb
b
Bomba- Bomba
Kg
Kg
Inche
500
C_-._
TV.
_
18
. 500
{^sfard
2 l0
:;:
}
280
«*
298
>
100
C
C. 100
P.K-
p^ j°
g
\
101. 9 10
40C-.-._
47.0 9
C.4OP ^
Q5
1
15
C____.
—-
16.0
4
.
isP._..{^^
5
-
}
4C._-._.p^°
{^niF-
:::
}
(I)
2
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64
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL WARFAR
Not included in
figure
15 is a smoke
(vent
having
a body
diameter
of
5.2
inches
and
an
length
of
17.3
inches. The
nature
and
weig
smoke mixture is
not
indicated.
c.
Incendiary
Bombs
The Italians
are
reported
to
have used
in
bombs
on
relatively
few occasions
to date
known to exist
are
listed in
figure
16.
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—
ITALY OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS
a.
Portable,
Model 35
This
apparatus
(fig.
17)
consists
of
two
carried on
the
back
of
the
operator,
a
length
o
tubing,
and
a
jet
tube,
which carries the
tri
ignition arrangement,
the
whole
weighing
27
lbs)
when
filled.
The
two
cylinders
are
identical
and each
nitrogen
under
pressure
and
fuel
oil,
which
off from the lower
end
through
a
connecti
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66
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES
FOR CHEMICAL WARFA
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ITALY-—
OFFENSIVE
WE PONS
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68
ENEMY C P BILITIES
FOR
CHEMICAL WARFAR
—
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FFENSIVE;
WEAPONS
TALY
After the fuel has
passed
the cone
valve
proportion
is
diverted
through
two
filters
an
ing
sprays adjacent
to
the
main
jet.
Both
jet
and
the
sprays discharge
into
the
ignition
where
a
standard automobile
spark plug ig
spray,
which
n
turn
ignites
the
main
jet.
T
plug
is
actuated
by
the
turbine-driven
magne
The fuel
used
in
this
flame-thrower
is
a
petroleum
distillate
containing
about
15
gasoline.
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Section
IV.
DEFENSIVE
EQUIPMEN
1.
GAS
MASKS
Italian
service
gas
masks are
of
two
gener
Group
A is like
the
U. S.
Army
service
ma
separate
canister
and
corrugated
rubber
co
tube;
group
B is similar
in
appearance
to
t
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is effected
by
a
change
in
the
position
of
pieces so as
to
give
a
better field
of
vision.
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72 ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL
WARFAR
sought by
providing
a
forked
rubber tube
incoming
air
over
the
eyepieces.
This
mode
ignated
B.M.F.
Regia
Marina,
fonic
Roy
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improves
the
speech
characteristic
ttt hmentask.
The haversacks for the
R.M
.
Regia
Marin
type
are
of
rubberized
fabric,
with
two
)ockets
carrying
a
spare
outlet
valve
and
a
anti-dimming
soap.
They may
be
carried
e
he
chest
or
at
the
side
n
the
manner
custom
naval
personnel.
b.
Facepieces
of
Group
B
74
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES
FOR
CHEMICAL
WARFAR
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the
adaptor,
in
which the
canister
is
screwe
the
outlet
valve.
(2)
F.T.
35.
7
This
facepiece
is
the
Navy
v
the T.
35. t
is
provided
with
a
voice-ampli
vice
similar
to
that attached
to
the
B.M.F.
ty
c.
Canisters
The
separate-type
canister
(originally
flat
i
consists of
a
cylindrical
container
made
of a
num
alloy, approximately
8
inches
long
and 4
—
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ITALY DEFENSIVE
EQUIPMENT
to
determine
whether decontamination of a
complete.
A
cherry
red
liquid,
contained
in
is
packed
with
a
number
of
strips
of
absorbe
board.
The
test
is
carried
out
by
pouring
four
drops
of the
liquid
on one
of
these
st
placing
it
on
the
object
to
be
tested.
the
st
pale blue,
or is
decolorized,
blister
gas
is
sti
and
further
decontamination
is
necessary.
known
i
Army
units
are
equipped
with this
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76
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES
FOR
CHEMICAL
WARFAR
berized
fabric,
probably
Pirelli
cloth,
type
described
is
an
overall
suit
made
of
a
thic
impregnated fabric,
with
hood,
socks
rubbe
and
heavy
rubber
gloves. Wearing
of the
and
heavy
combination suits would be limi
to
20
minutes
in
hot
weather
or
hour
weather;
the overall suit
could
be worn for s
longer
periods.
An
Italian
document
listing
antigas equip
sued to
units that 10
complete
antig
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78 ENEMY
CAPABILITIES
F6R
CHEMICAL
WARFA
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ber
of
persons
in
such
places
as
command
p
phone
exchanges,
and
dressing
stations.
Airtight
shelters are
provided
with
curtains
ably
attached
to a
frame in
an inclined
These
curtains
are to be
kept
dampened con
during
a
gas
attack.
The
number
of
hours
of shelter
may
be
used
without
change
of
a
culated
by
means
of
the formula
T=~=
wher
resents
the
cubic
content
in
meters)
of
the sh
—
ITALY
DEFENSIVE
EQUIPMENT
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magnesia alba,
particularly
the
latter,
were a
tioned
as
being
satisfactory.
The
use of
ashes
earth was recommended as a makeshift.
An
Army
pamphlet {First
Aid
for
Gas
C
1934)
mentions
the
removal of
liquid
mustard
the
skin
by
means of
absorbent blotting
pa
tained
n
the first-aid
"packet,"
or
by
wash
gasoline
for
3
to
5
minutes,
followed
by
applic
a
special
decontaminating powder"
also c
in
the
packet.
This
powder
was
to
be renewe
80
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES
FOR CHEMICAL WARFAR
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wheeled
cross-country
truck
(autodovunque)
light
four-wheeled
truck
(autocarretta)
.
C
and
61,
sec.
HI
par.
2e
4)
and
5),
above.)
The
trucks
carry
drums
of
bleaching
pow
which the
hoppers
are filled.
Details
of thes
and
their
equipment
are
as
follows:
Capacity
of
hopper_
Heavy
truck
1,100 pounds
4
Number of drums of
bleaching
powder
Weight
of
bleaching powder
Weight
of
apparatus
without
drums)
24
2,640
pounds
660
pounds
1
1
2
—
ITALY
DEFENSIVE
EQUIPMENT
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An official
Army
manual
{Defense
against G
describes
the
form zione
automobile
di
bonific
motorized
unit for
the
decontamination
o
nel), consisting
of
autobagno
mobile
bathi
carrying
a
tank
of
approximately
530
gallons
a
pump
for
filling
this
in 15
minutes,
and
a
second
truck
carrying
2
tents;
and
a
th
clothes
and
equipment.
For
use
the
2
tents
up,
at each side of
the
autobagno personnel
in
the first
tent, pass
under
the
12 showers
82
ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR
CHEMICAL
WARFAR
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water will ot be sufficient
to
cleanse
it
necessary
to
send it to a
gas protective
cente
special
means are
provided
for
doing
the
6. GAS
ALARMS
Gas alarms
to
be
employed
in
the event
attack
consist
of
sirens
or
klaxons
soundin
short
notes and
one
long
note
repeatedly.
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Section V. CIVILIANPROTECTION
The
TJNPA
(L TJnione
Nazionale
per
la
Pr
Anti-Aerea)
corresponding
to
the
Air
P
League
of
Germany,
undertook
the
matter
of
air
defense
organizations, disseminating
info
and
cooperating
in
the execution of
air defen
ures.
n
some
cases, especially
in
the
large
Pakt
111.
Japan
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Section I CHEMICAL
TROOPS
1.
GENERAL
For
some
years
past
the
Japanese
have
gaged
in
developing
the means of
employing
warfare
in
th ir
Army
and
Air Forces.
—
JAPAN
CHEMICAL
TROOPS
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2. ORGANIZATION
Chemical
warfare
organization
in
the
Army
is of
comparatively
recent
growth
W
tailed
information
on
the
subject
is
meager,
definite
information of undoubted
reliability
Japanese
Army
is
provided
with
some
chemica
The
following
units have been
reported
a.
Infantry
Regimental)
Temporary
Smoke
Compa
86
ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR
CHEMICAL WARFAR
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sioned
officer
and
23
men,
7 of
which are
driv
6
horse-drawn
carts.
The
section
works
in
of 3
men
each,
the
remaining
4
men
being
intercommunication
and
protective
duties
"
the
6
carts
carry
6
boxes
of
smoke cand
while the
remaining carry
rations
and
fo
10
days.
The
total number
of
candles
carried
by
the
is
3,240,
but it is not certain •whether this nu
plies
only
to toxic
candles,
ordina
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JAPAN CHEMICAL TROOPS
f Chemical
Warfare
Regiments
In
January
1941
the existence
of
the
sth
Chemical
Warfare
Regiments,
comprising
mately 1,500
men
each,
was
reported.
This is
report
of
chemical warfare units
being
organ
regiments,
and it
remains unconfirmed.
g
Miscellaneous
Units
A
Chinese
communique
19 August 1942)
88
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES
FOR CHEMICAL
WARFAR
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out the units to
which
they
were
assigned.
report
of
the
appointment
of
a
lieutenant
g
the head of this school
may
wellindicate its
imp
n addition
to
the
Army
Chemical
Warfar
at
Narashino
recent
reports place
two
other
s
Nagano
Prefecture
and
an
experimental s
Nagoya.
The
training
of
troops
in
defense
against
pears
to
be
well
organized
and
executed. A
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Section 11 MANUFACTURE
ANDSTO
The
Japanese
chemical
industry
shows a n
points
of
resemblance
to
the
Italian.
Both
veloped
mainly
since
1918,
and
under
strong
toward
self-sufficiency,
particularly
for
w
paredness.
90
ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL
WARFA
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was
reported
to
have been
filled into
shells
at
arsenals
at
Osaka
and
Kokura
and
at
the
Na
als
at
Maizuru
and
Kure. Mustard
gas
was
manufactured
at
the
Army
arsenals
at
Osaka
and
at
the
Navy
arsenals
at Maizuru
and
H
was
reported
that
lacrimators
were
manufac
Oji
and
Maizuru
and
that
smoke
chemicals
w
duced
at
the
Oji,
Iwahana,
and Hiratsuka
n
addition
to
those
previously mentioned,
—
JAPAN
MANUFACTURE AND
STORAGE
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their
intermediates.
is
sufficient
to
state
Japanese
appear
to
be
adequately
supplied
raw
chemicals
and
equipment necessary
to
ture war
gases
upon
a
large
scale.
The only
storage
depot
mentioned in
r
located
at
Kisarazu,
on
the
eastern
shore
o
Bay
some 30 miles south of
Tokyo
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Section
111
OFFENSIVE WEAPO
1.
AGENTS
The
Japanese
did
not
use
gas
in World
Wa
for
several
years
afterwards
studied
the
prob
from
the
point
of view
of
defense. After
1
began
to
give
serious consideration to the
dev
|
*
jj
S
m
\u25a0
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gases
any
used
now
shells;
aga
in
w eapons.
been
in
these
used
mixture.
us
Remarks
e
improbable
have
projectors
solution
used
fo
of
yet
these
also
might
of
May
improbable .
Ch lo rp ic r in /s ta n n ic
chloride
CCI
4
rea
n
•
Any
Now
J
Crude. In
None
•
and
mines ,
also
bombs
mortar
hand
g r e n a d e s
grenades ..
ont ami
aircraft
Weapon s
bombs
shells,
bulk
bombs
aircraft
bombs
perhaps
bombs.
candles,
hand hand
spray,
Cylinders..
bombs,
bombgj
grenades
and
nation.
Shells, Shells;
aircraft
Shells,
candles.
Shells,
94
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL
WARFAR
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Caliber 90.5 mm
(3
Length
of barrel 49.68 inches
Length
of recoil 5.04
to
7.92
Elevation
45
to
85
de
Weight
of b rrel 75.2
pounds
Weight
of mount 106
pounds.
Weight
of base
plate_
90.2
pounds
Weight
of
sight
2.97
pounds
Total
weight
349.8
pound
Maximum
range 4,155
yards.
Two
types
of
projectiles
for this
weapon
ar
APAN—OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS
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HalfSection
Transit
plug
~
Combination M
9
(not shown)
Burster
Burster contain
K)R
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96
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES CHfiMICAL
WARFAR
Half
Section
Red
tip
Blue band
•
Transit
plug
.
Delayed-action fuze
(not
shown)
Primer, 42
gm
1
1/
t
4
1/2
grooves
JAPAN OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS
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—
2)
81-mm
infantry
mortar. The
characte
the
standard
infantry
mortar
Stokes-Brandt
fig. 28 ,
which has
been
captured,
are as fol
Caliber
81
mm
3.
Total
weight
129
pounds.
Weight
of
projectile
:
Light
7.2
pounds.
Heavy
14.3
pounds
Maximum
range
Light
projectile
3,280 yards
98
ENEMY CAPABILITIES
FOR
CHEMICAL
WARFAR
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primer.
The characteristics of this
wea
reported
to
be as
follows
:
Caliber 160
mm
(6
\
Length
of
body
100 cm
(39
Total
weight
330
pounds.
Weight
of
projectile (filled)
48.4
pounds
Weight
of
chemical
filling
25.1
pounds
Weight
of
explosive
charge
0.66
pound.
Maximum
range
2 725
yards.
—
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By using fillings
of
blister
gas,
considerable
ground
may
be
heavily
contaminated.
Fi
phosgene
or
diphosgene might
also be
expect
projector is
a
simple
weapon
and not
very
and
firing
at
night
is
probably
accompanied
flash.
c. Grenade
Dischargers
—
(1)
50-mm,
model
89.
This
infantry wea
29 ,
known
as
the
model
89
grenade
discharg
100
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES
FOR
CHEMICAL
WARFAR
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The
small
artillery-like
shell is
projected
6
yards,
depending
upon
the
adjustment
of
the
There is no
mechanical
elevation,
the
proj
ing
held
by
hand
at
an
approximate
elevati
degrees.
Different
ranges
are obtained
by
the chamber
capacity
by
means
of
a knurl
attached
to
the
lower
right
of
the
barrel.
The
projectile
is hand-fired
by
means of
leather
thong
attached
to
a
trigger,
located
in
the
base
of the
barrel,
which cocks and
op
—
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WEAPONS
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d.
Artillery
Artillery
gas
shells are
reported
to
be
avai
the 75-mm and 105-mm
guns
and for the
150-
itzer
Fillings
are
reported
to
be
phosgene,
gas,
hydrocyanic
acid
(unconfirmed),
and a m
mustard
gas
and Lewisite.
A
distinction
is
made
between
"gas
shell,
the
explosive
charge
is
relatively
small
and
s
to burst the
body
of the
shell,
and combined
102
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES FOR
CHEMICAL
WARFAR
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Both toxic and non-toxic
smoke
fillings
are
to
be
provided
for
the
three
calibers mentio
French
report
in 1939 refers to
artillery
sh
withDA
diphenylchlorarsine)
and
DM
diph
inechlorarsine),
and a Russian
report 1936)
a CN
chloracetophenone)
filling.
White
phosphorus
WP) appears to
be
t
preferred
by
the
Japanese
for
ordinary
smok
In
1941,
the
Chinese
reported
a 75-mm
field-g
weighing
11
pounds,
which contained
1.1
pou
—
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f. Candles
and Grenades
A
wide
variety
of
candles
and
grenades
h
reported,
many
of which have been
captured
amined
by
the Allied
forces.
The
three
type
lacrimatory
(tear gas),
and
smoke
—
are des
follows
:
—
(1)
Toxic
smoke
candles and
grenades.
—
projecting
smoke
candle/
model
1612-K.
Th
(fig.
30),
captured
by
IT.
S.
troops
in
the S
Pacific,
consists an
light
steel
cyli
104 ENEMY CAPABILITIES
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Grey green
Black
band
~
White
numbers
Red
.57
inch
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8.
Screwed base
of
inner container.
15.
Fuze.
9. Ignition
cap.
16.
Cylindrical
steel
pa
10.
Bottom
lid sealed
with
adhesive
propellant.
tape.
17.
Propellant.
Wooden
disk with abrasive
edging.
18.
Fuze
tube.
12.
two
cardboard
packing
disks.
19.
.Fuze.
3
Bottom of outer
container
with
slot
20.
Lead
cover.
at center
for positioning
wooden
21
Inner container, wallt
block. 2.5 mm
(0.098 inch
14.
Wooden block drilled
for fuze
with 22.
Charge.
positioning
slot
at
bottom.
—
Figure
30.
Japanese
self-projecting
smoke
candle,
mod
ground
at
the desired
angle.
Amatch head
at
106
ENEMY
CAPABILITIES
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Wh
Plan
without
top
cover
Top
cover
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7.
Lid
with
lettering
136 A.
10.
Charge.
8.
Adhesive
sealing
tape.
11
.
Handle,
diameter 0.1
9.
Cylindrical
container, wallthickness
12.
Handle
clip.
0.0124
inch - painted
a bluish-
1
3.
Bottom
of
container.
gray
color.
Figure
31.
Japanese
toxic smoke
candle,
hand-throw
gray color,
with
a
red
band
several inches
top.
After removal
of
the
top cover,
the fuze
i
by
.means
of
a
match head.
This
fuze
ignite
mary
combustible
compound,
which in turn
108
ENEMY CAPABILITIES FOR CHEMICAL
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ribbed cardboard
packing,
which
is
impregna
sodium carbonate
as
a
neutralizing
agent.
tin
container
measuring
5%
inches
in
depth
inches
in
diameter,
khaki
in
color,
has a
%-
band
3%
inches
from
the
bottom.
Three
handles
are
provided,
one
on
the
l and the
o
on
the
side.
The
total
weight
is
4.6
pound
Metal
co
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tile
and
is
not
considered
very dangerous
ou
in
a
large
open
space.
2)
Lacrimatory
candles and
grenades.
—
crimatory candle,
model 89.
This
lacrimator
fig. 33),
7 6
inches
long,
weighs appro
8.5
ounces,
including
the chemical
fillingwei
110
ENEMY
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ounces.
The
lacrimatory
filling
consists
of
flakes
impregnated
with
CN
chloracetophenone
container
is
painted
a
greenish-gray
color.
The
label
16)
indicates
that the
candle
chief
uses:
to
enable
police
to
disperse
crow
etc., and,
on
maneuvers,
to
represent non-p
gas.
Instructions for
use state that the
candle
m
be
placed
on the
ground
or
be
thrown,
the
g
emitted
approximately
4
seconds
after
ign
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dunces,
including
the
lacrimatory
filling,
whic
4.84 ounces.
is
2.1
inches
in
diameter
and
5
long.
The
label
17)
on
the
body
gives
the
its
use
and
the
method
of
operation.
is
p
silver-gray
color.
112
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surface
2)
of
the
scratch
block
3),
and afte
of
4
to
5 seconds the
burster
charge
13)
ignited.
On
exploding,
the
grenade
is shatte
the
lacrimatory filling
14)
scattered. The
fil
chloracetophenone)
dissolved in carbon tetra
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jecting
smoke
candle,
model
99.
This
candle
the same
in
size
and
construction
as the
self
-p
toxic
smoke
candle previously described. O
states
that the
candle is
light gray
in
color wi
sighting